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Innovation involves implementing new or significantly improved goods and services, production processes, marketing, or organizational methods for adding value. The measurement of innovation provides a mechanism for benchmarking national performance, as well as allows a better understanding of its relation to economic growth. Further, examining determinants and bottlenecks to innovation among firms provides inputs to mainstreaming of policies on innovation. In this paper, results of the 2015 Survey of Innovation Activities (SIA), conducted by the Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS), are described and discussed. Survey results suggest that less than half of the firms in the country were innovators, with larger-sized firms innovating more than the micro, small, and medium establishments (MSMEs). The most common innovative behaviour among firms was process innovation. Effects of innovation were observed to be largely customer-driven. Firms identified cost factors as the most important barrier to innovation. Knowledge and cooperation networks for innovation need strengthening. Government support and its role on innovation was also limited. Firms hardly accessed technical assistance from the government and research institutions. Similarly, firms have limited cooperation with the academe in terms of innovation activities. Firms cooperated more internally with establishments within their enterprise, their customers, and suppliers for their innovation activities. Given these issues, the government needs to have a champion for developing stronger policies and interventions to support and encourage innovation. It is also important to improve information dissemination regarding public programs available to assist firms to pursue innovation. Networking, linkages, and collaboration among the government, industry associations, and universities and research institutions also require further enhancement.

Abstract
Previous literature on the nexus between land, finance and business power has not systematically analysed the role of the liquidity of businesses' assets. Combining process tracing with a comparative design, this study contributes a perspective on the role of standardized assets for business power. It investigates land acquisition tax reforms asking why institutional landowners' structural and instrumental power was successful in Sweden but not in Germany. In Germany, a reform was passed in 2021 which disadvantages the private market institutional landowners compared to their public counterparts. This study argues that the standardization of landed property as liquid stock enabled publicly listed property companies to unite with other stock market actors, increasing their power resources and allowing them to successfully promote their interests due to the liquidity demands of their assets. This stands in contrast to the poorer reception of the liquidity of private market actors in their land-related transactions.

AbstractThis article attempts to offer an "integral" perspective for locating the business and industry sector in both political and socio-organizational realms and for capturing major game change strategies envisaged by this sector to contribute more or less actively to emerging sustainable development (SD) regimes. Corporate SD strategies are construed in terms of "three-level games": Level I - changing products through individual management systems; Level II - changing individual business environments; and Level III - changing the international institutional setting. This perspective will help address two overarching preoccupations: (1) how to free the business-society relationship from excess structural biases and reconstruct it through industry and other major social actors engaged in a joint process of "structuration" and (2) how to harness control over the local-global nexus or "vertical inter-linkages" in an operationally meaningful way that would help deepen and broaden existing major multilateral SD agreements.

The purpose of this investigation was to gain an understanding of the use, function, and support dimensions of developmental relationships for small business apparel retailers by applying focus group data collection techniques and interpretive analysis. Data collection took place through eight focus groups with small business owners/managers in six mid-western communities. Results indicate that, indeed, networks, role models, and mentors are viewed as necessary and important mechanisms for information, support, and guidance. However, focus group participants noted a lack of access to such developmental relationships. In terms of functions performed, having a business colleague to confide in, and relate to, was of particular importance in gaining access to knowledge and support in decision-making. Gender differences in the use and perceived value of the developmental relationship were also noted. Based on the study results, four hypotheses were inductively developed and pose areas for further research investigation.

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This paper investigates whether indicators on the ease of doing business explain variation of financial system vulnerability amongst eight biggest European economics between 1999 and 2014. Using mixed-effects estimation method for sectoral observations nested within countries, the results suggest that easy access to get credit is associated with increased financial vulnerability, as measured by decreased excess return in equity market. The significance of political stability, regulatory quality, and rule of law also marks the role of institutional environment towards vulnerability by facilitating the openness towards new business. Finally, a high degree of openness is not always good especially if they are combined with better institutional environment. This confirms the importance of the level of openness, as well as its channels, in determining the extent of vulnerability.

This paper compiles highlights from remarks by participants at the U.S.-Russian Business Dialogue on May 17, 2000. Participants include: Charles Kolb, President, CED; Robert Legvold, Professor of Political Science, Columbia University; George Russell, Jr., Chairman, Frank Russell Company; Peter Charow, Executive Vice President, EastWest Institute and former Vice President for commercial development and Chief Representative, BPA Exploration for BP Amoco in Moscow; Scott Blacklin, President, American Chamber of Commerce; Bernard Sucher, Troika Dialog; Aleksandr Surikov, Economic Senior Counselor, Embassy of the Russian Federation; John Price, Managing Director, Chase Manhattan Corporation; Eugene Lawson, President, U.S.-Russia Business Council; Doug Gardner, Partner, Arthur Anderson, Moscow; Jack Brougher, Director, Russia and Independent States, U.S. Department of Commerce; and John H. Schmidt, Director, Russian Cooperation Program, Boeing.

In this open access publication, the social cohesion of urban neighborhoods and their residents is examined, which is often viewed as vulnerable since increased mobility, individualization, wider socio-economic and demographic changes have fundamentally altered the basis for everyday social interaction in urban neighborhoods. Anna Steigemann gives scholarly attention to the concrete places where neighborly interactions still take place and to how these interactions affect local community building. She illuminates and explores the ordinary everyday interactions and social practices in and around shops and gastronomic facilities on a shopping street in Berlin-Neukölln, revealing how these businesses are important places where community is practiced, but also why they are increasingly threatened by commercial and residential gentrification. Contents Social Life and Trade on a Metropolitan Shopping Street Sensitizing Theoretical Concepts and Social Practice Approach Ethnographic Research Design for the Study of Local Businesses The Social and Spatial Context of the Case Businesses Businesses as Third Places Store Owners on a Gentrifying Street: Public Characters that Offer "More" Target Groups Researchers and students in the fields of urban studies, urban sociology, geography, and planning Practitioners and decision-makers in the fields of urban-planning , urban and local economic development The Author Dr. Anna Steigemann is an Urban Sociologist and works as an Assistant Professor at the Chair of International Urbanism and Design at Technical University Berlin

A city of Stevenson Washington business card on which is printed "Walline Fuller Mayor" with the address and phone number of City Hall.

South Africa is facing the reality of extremely high youth unemployment rates. The problem poses a threat to the country's economic development and future labour force projections. In response, the South African government has promulgated the Employment Tax Incentive Act (Act 26 of 2013), a targeted employer-side supply wage subsidy which requires a significant degree of public-private sector co-operation. The purpose of this study is to determine perceptions of local businesses regarding youth unemployment and the aforementioned act to determine its feasibility as an appropriate tool to address this problem. A qualitative research approach was used to collect data. A total of 13 in-depth interviews were conducted with business representatives in the Vaal Triangle region, Gauteng Results of the study indicated that 92 percent of the interviewed business representatives support the act. However, its effectiveness in contributing to the employment of the youth is impeded by supply side issues of the said crisis that make businesses reluctant to hire young people. Strict labour polices and laws also induce difficulties restricting its implementation.

Introduction -- The European and Greek shipping firm -- The Vagliano ship masters: creating a business empire 1820s-1850s -- An international trading house from Russia to the U.K., 1850s-1880s -- The Russian government v. Mari Vagliano, 1881-1887 -- The Vagliano fleet and innovation in ship management -- Merchant to shipowner: Onassis from Buenos Aires to London and New york, 1923-1946 -- The Onassis fleet, 1946-1975 -- The United States government v. Aristotle Onassis, 1951-1958 -- Innovation in global shipping: the Onassis business -- Diachronic presence: an epilogue.

The study is an attempt to provide empirical elaboration, in the context of business and management education, for the "onion" and cognitive control models of cognitive style. Using a sample of 226 business and management undergraduates the research explored the relationship between cognitive style (measured using the cognitive style index and learning preference. Using principal components analysis, three categories of learning preference were discerned (active, reflective and individual). Correlational analysis and one way analysis of variance revealed statistically significant relationships between preferences for reflective and individual methods and cognitive style. The results provide some support for the "onion" and cognitive control models; the implications for business and management education, training and development are discussed.