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AbstractSection 101A of the Water Industry Act 1991 requires that sewerage undertakers provide a public sewer to replace private wastewater systems if certain conditions are met. These include identification of pollution and amenity problems attributable to the private systems and economic justification of public sewer provision. Economic justification necessitates that the costs and the benefits of public sewer provision are compared. An environmental valuation study, using the contingent valuation method, has been carried out in three locations in south‐east England to provide the average monetary value of the benefits accruing to households with unsatisfactory private systems. A statistical analysis of the survey‐response data has yielded a monetary value which can be used in the assessment of the benefits of first‐time public sewerage schemes.

Nicholas Said, born in Sudan, Africa ca. 1836, was the grandson of his small country's ruling chief. As a child, he was kidnapped by another African tribe and sold into slavery. He changed hands several times, and traveled throughout much of the world, including Africa, Russia, Europe, the West Indies, and North America. While in Russia and Europe, he was owned by Prince Troubetzkoy, a member of a Polish/Lithuanian royal family with ties in Russia. Said became a Christian during his time with the Prince. Many of Said's owners are depicted as kind masters, although he does note that he was regularly whipped by certain masters. After arriving in the United States, his last master went to Quebec, Canada, and never returned. Left with nothing as his few possessions were taken to pay his master's debt, Said traveled throughout the United States, teaching, working as a deckhand, tutoring, and writing his Autobiography, which was published in 1873 and contains descriptions of the politics, customs, and landscape of the various towns and countries he traveled to and lived in. He expresses concern about the plight of American slaves and freedmen, as well as that of those in the West Indies, but his own experiences in slavery are rarely addressed and he does not present mistreatment as a focus of his life experiences. ; Nicholas Said, born in Sudan, Africa ca. 1836, was the grandson of his small country's ruling chief. As a child, he was kidnapped by another African tribe and sold into slavery. He changed hands several times, and traveled throughout much of the world, including Africa, Russia, Europe, the West Indies, and North America. While in Russia and Europe, he was owned by Prince Troubetzkoy, a member of a Polish/Lithuanian royal family with ties in Russia. Said became a Christian during his time with the Prince. Many of Said's owners are depicted as kind masters, although he does note that he was regularly whipped by certain masters. After arriving in the United States, his last master went to Quebec, Canada, and never returned. Left with nothing as his few possessions were taken to pay his master's debt, Said traveled throughout the United States, teaching, working as a deckhand, tutoring, and writing his Autobiography, which was published in 1873 and contains descriptions of the politics, customs, and landscape of the various towns and countries he traveled to and lived in. He expresses concern about the plight of American slaves and freedmen, as well as that of those in the West Indies, but his own experiences in slavery are rarely addressed and he does not present mistreatment as a focus of his life experiences. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; will digitize ; The online edition of this book in the public domain, i.e., not protected by copyright, has been produced by the Emory University Digital library Publications Program

Within the FP7 EUPORIAS project we have assessed the utility of dynamical and statistical downscaling to provide seasonal forecast for impact modelling in eastern Africa. An ensemble of seasonal hindcasts was generated by the global climate model (GCM) EC-EARTH and then downscaled by four regional climate models and by two statistical methods over eastern Africa with focus on Ethiopia. The five-month hindcast includes 15 members, initialised on May 1 st covering 1991–2012. There are two sub-regions where the global hindcast has some skill in predicting June–September rainfall (northern Ethiopia – northeast Sudan and southern Sudan - northern Uganda). The regional models are able to reproduce the predictive signal evident in the driving EC-EARTH hindcast over Ethiopia in June–September showing about the same performance as their driving GCM. Statistical downscaling, in general, loses a part of the EC-EARTH signal at grid box scale but shows some improvement after spatial aggregation. At the same time there are no clear evidences that the dynamical and statistical downscaling provide added value compared to the driving EC-EARTH if we define the added value as a higher forecast skill in the downscaled hindcast, although there is a tendency of improved reliability through the downscaling. The use of the global and downscaled hindcasts as input for the Livelihoods, Early Assessment and Protection (LEAP) platform of the World Food Programme in Ethiopia shows that the performance of the LEAP platform in predicting humanitarian needs at the national and sub-national levels is not improved by using downscaled seasonal forecasts. ; This work was done in the EUPORIAS project that received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) for Research, under grant agreement 308291. ; Peer Reviewed