Suchergebnisse

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to present reasons for the mobility of women in senior management positions in South African higher education. Against the backdrop of women underrepresentation and retention challenges in institution of higher learning in this country, it is pertinent to share the experiences of senior women, with the aim of understanding institutional structures and cultures that make it difficult for women to survive in senior positions.


Design/methodology/approach
The paper used a qualitative approach. The focus of this paper was on the women who had held or were still holding senior management positions in higher education in South Africa. The requirement for this paper was that these women should have moved out or across institutions while at a senior management position. This paper drew from five women from different institutions and involved them in in-depth interviews. The women who fitted the category of senior management in this paper included deputy vice chancellor, deans and heads of departments.


Findings
The findings indicated that the decisions to opt out of senior management positions for the women ranged from personal to institutional. The personal reasons that emerged from this paper pointed mainly to issues of salaries. The women opted to move out of their positions for better salaries which they believed they would get in the private sectors or in other institutions. Professional development also led women to move to more promising spaces that could afford them an opportunity to grow. Apart from these personal reasons, hostile institutional cultures were cited by all women as the most serious contributory factor to their turnover. Of these, they cited patriarchal practices that led to oppression and dominance, which made it difficult for them to cope in the senior positions they held.


Originality/value
This paper aimed to respond to a gap in research on senior management women's mobility in higher education, specifically in South Africa. According to Samuel and Chipunza (2013), there is a serious concern that pertains to retention of senior management within African higher education. However, most studies do not provide a focused attention on women but offer a general interpretation of senior management turnover. There seems to be lack of research that aims at understanding the contextual reasons that lead to turnover of women senior management in South African higher education. Against the backdrop of low representation of women in senior positions in specifically South African higher education and calls for equity, the study looked at the reasons why higher education institutions at times fail to retain this most sought after group (women) in these positions of power. Understanding issues around this matter has the potential to contribute towards improved practices while adding a voice to discourses around gender equity and equality.

In the time period surrounding the American Revolution, social roles for women evolved alongside the political gains made by the colonies. No longer restricted to the domestic realm, American women became integral to the success of the new democratic republic, winning respect in terms of marriage, motherhood, education, and even business. As all citizens recognized their obligations to the republic, republican motherhood emerged, challenging women to educate themselves in order to raise competent children. With a fine eye to the past, one can see thier social progress documented in the portraiture of the most celebrated colonial painter, John Singleton Copley. During his residency in Boston, Copley paintd the portraits of hundreds of women. While many of his subjects hailed from the upper class, a select few represent the small demographic of self-made women. As a whole, a study of Copley's portraiture of Bostonian women provides an illustrative example of how women projected themselves in the progressive Revolutionary era.

Examines the activities of a selected group of Chicanas & Mexicanas in the United Farm Workers of America (UFW) in the mid-1960s-early 1970s, drawing on historical materials. These women were married to men who were heavily involved in UFW politics as leaders of an office established in Washington, DC. While the men addressed other unions & political figures, the women worked on gender-specific issues & maintained the integrity of the family unit. The latter effort was most difficult, as family needs typically became secondary to the demands of the UFW boycott. However, the women also participated in picketing & boycott or strike (huelga) activities, gave speeches before female constituents, & performed domestic duties that allowed other women to perform their office responsibilities. This gendered division of labor is taken to represent a family model of social activism in which men & women are assigned different roles & responsibilities. It is concluded that the participation of these women in the UFW during this critical period reflects the diversity of experiences of Mexican & Mexican American women during the latter 20th century. D. Ryfe

Around Her Table is a born-digital dissertation dedicated to collecting, preserving, and validating the Azorean-American woman's immigrant experience and cultural identity through the transformative power of participatory archives. The site address is www.aroundhertable.org. The digital exhibit features the oral histories and artifacts related to the domestic sphere of six Azorean-American families, with particular emphasis on artifacts related to the kitchen, hand-worked textiles, and religious practices. Driving the urgency for the creation of new archival records for this community is that fact that despite the nearly one million North Americans who trace their ancestry to the Azores, traditional institutional and civic archives have largely overlooked Azoreans' presence and contributions. These obscurations are even more profound for Azorean-American women whose lives are primarily connected to the private sphere of the home. This dissertation begins to redress these archival erasures while arguing for the need to devote greater resources to the documentation of the Azorean-American experience, contributing to equitable representation in the archival record upon which our histories are written. In addition to generating and exhibiting these digital artifacts, this dissertation is also an analytic autoethnographic study of the archival production processes. This method is grounded in reflexive narratives that document the researcher's situated decision-making and affective experiences that are then analyzed, in relation to current scholarship, in order to identify key considerations for developing cultural participatory archives. These narratives explore the archive's conceptualization, participation, funding, institutional influences, data collection procedures, and interface design. While inviting methodological critique, narratives inclusion also recognizes the influential forces that shape the archive, and thus frame users' experiences and meaning-making activities, providing transparency and enabling future researchers' need to account for implicit biases and critically consider the implications of the archival apparatus. This dissertation draws on feminist rhetorical and historiographic practices, operating with critical reflexivity and an ethics of care framework that prioritizes cultural stakeholders while honoring affective connections to scholarship. It is also positioned within archival studies' post-custodial turn that takes responsibility for the archive as a political space and calls for activist-archivists to generate new archival records in an effort to mediate social injustices through archival evidence and representation.

This article compares three environmental assessment (EA) cases in Nunatsiavut, Nunavut, and the Northwest Territories (NWT) to better understand how resource decision-making processes in northern Indigenous mixed economies are gendered. Advances in Indigenous jurisprudence and Indigenous peoples' assertions of their rights to lands and territories have influenced new cooperative resource management institutions and associated environmental assessment frameworks. Though previous research has pointed to the systemic ways in which EAs undermine self-determination, there has been little attention to how gender influences EA processes and outcomes. This article contributes to emerging scholarship on gender and EAs through a thematic analysis of the environmental assessments for the Voisey's Bay Mine and Mill in Nunatsiavut (1997); the Meadowbank Mine in Nunavut (2004–2006); and the Mackenzie Gas Project (2003–2009). The cases examined reflected a spectrum in the extent to which gender is accounted for and attended to in EA processes. Notwithstanding their differences, Indigenous women's interventions in each case challenged the narrowly scoped treatment of gender in EA processes by describing their broad concerns with development. Furthermore, in each case, EA processes emphasized participation in employment rather than community well-being, and inadequately addressed women's traditional harvesting activities. We argue that in failing to account for the totality of northern livelihoods, the EA process privileges resource extraction, re-inscribes gender hierarchies, and undermines Indigenous mixed economies. We conclude by offering several criteria for the successful inclusion of gender issues in the scope of EAs and reflecting briefly on new developments in the legislative framework for EAs and Indigenous governance initiatives that may support more fulsome inclusion of gender issues.

PURPOSE: Anthropometrics, aerobic fitness and muscle strength are measured in one-third of all 18-year-old Norwegian men and women during yearly selection for compulsory military service. The large sample size and geographical representativity make these data valuable for reference. The main purpose of this study was to present reference data for anthropometrics and physical fitness in young Norwegian men and women. METHODS: All 154,659 subjects (66% men and 34% women, 17–21 years old) who completed physical examinations at conscript selection from 2011 to 2019 were included in the study. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from height and weight measurements. Peak oxygen uptake (VO(2peak)) was estimated from performance on a maximal treadmill test. Muscle strength was measured by isometric chest and leg press, or seated medicine ball throw, standing long jump and pull-ups. RESULTS: Mean BMI (SD) was 23.1 (3.4) and 22.9 (3.3) kg·m(−2) in men and women, respectively (P < 0.001), and 24% of men and 21% of women had a BMI ≥ 25 kg·m(−2). Estimated VO(2peak) was 52.9 (4.6) and 42.7 (3.9) mL·kg(−1)·min(−1) in men and women, respectively (P < 0.001). Men performed significantly better than women on all muscle strength tests, with corresponding effect sizes varying from 1.14 for isometric leg press to 2.96 for seated medicine ball throw. CONCLUSION: The presented reference data on physical fitness in young Norwegian men and women can be used to evaluate population health, serve as reference material for future studies and describes sex differences in several physical fitness parameters. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00421-021-04784-4.

From a feminist institutionalist perspective, this article engages in a comparative analysis of South Africa, one of the only post-transition democracies where women organized as a distinct interest group representing gender interests were able to negotiate and gain access to political power, and India, where women's participation was predominantly as 'nationalist women'. It argues that constitution drafting is a decisive critical juncture when descriptive representation can be translated very effectively into the substantive representation of women as equal citizens, provided women qua women and as gender-conscious agents are able to intervene to promote the cause of their effective political participation.

From a feminist institutionalist perspective, this article engages in a comparative analysis of South Africa, one of the only post-transition democracies where women organized as a distinct interest group representing gender interests were able to negotiate and gain access to political power, and India, where women's participation was predominantly as 'nationalist women'. It argues that constitution drafting is a decisive critical juncture when descriptive representation can be translated very effectively into the substantive representation of women as equal citizens, provided women qua women and as gender-conscious agents are able to intervene to promote the cause of their effective political participation.