Suchergebnisse

The paper raises the problems of developing international environmental law in its military aspects. The author maintains that current norms are insufficient for protection of existing natural resources which support the living of humanity. The efforts being made in this direction by the International Law Commission of the UN General Assembly are analyzed in some details. The author concludes that a special agreement might be currently elaborated in in order to protect the environment in wartime. This agreement should be formulated in such a way that it could be admitted in a short time by as many military developed powers as possible. A proposal concerning elaboration of the Fifth Geneva Convention on protection of the environment in wartime also seems realistic.

This paper will look at how the explosion of militant religious activism and violence against minorities in post-Suharto Indonesia is embedded in the state's failure to apply a proper management of religious diversity and civic pluralism. In the bottom of this issue lies controvertial Law No. 1 of 1965 on the prevention of the abuse or insulting of a religion, known as the Blasphemy Law. Debates have abounded on the extent to which the Law has transgressed the principles of religious freedom guaranteed by the Indonesian Constitution. This paper will thus also examine petitions filed by human rights activists and civil society organizations to demand judicial reviews of the Law before the Constitutional Court[Artikel ini akan menjelaskan bagaimana militansi aktifis agama dan kekerasan terhadap minoritas pasca Soeharto yang muncul akibat kegagalan Negara dalam mengelola keragaman agama dan pluralitas masyarakat. Dasar dari persoalan ini berpangkal pada kontroversi UU No. 1 Tahun 1965 tentang Pencegahan Penyalahgunaan dan/atau Penodaan Agama atau yang dikenal dengan UU Pencemaran Agama. Perdebatan yang panjang telah mengarah pada pelanggaran prinsip hukum mengenai jaminan kebebasan agama oleh konstitusi. Artikel ini juga akan membahas petisi yang diajukan oleh aktifis HAM dan ornop untuk mengajukan judicial reviews ke Mahkamah Konstitusi.]

1. Introduction -- 2. Introducing Guidelines on Article 2: Making a Case -- 3. Duty to Refrain from Unjustified Killing -- 4. Duty to Protect Life: By Law -- 5. Duty to Protect Life: Planning and Reasonable Steps -- 6. Enforced Disappearances -- 7. Duty to Investigate Suspicious Deaths -- 8. Right to an Effective Remedy and Article 2 of the ECHR -- 9. Special Challenges -- 10. CoE Bodies and Protecting Life