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Abstract
This paper examines the negotiated settlements of 20 market timing and late trading cases, comparing the restitution obtained for shareholders with an estimate of shareholder dilution. This restitution ratio varies from 0.04 to 5, or from 0.1 to 10 if penalties are included. While some of this variation is explained by differences in the defendants' conduct, controlling for this, settlement negotiations that involved New York as well as the Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) resulted in restitution ratios that were higher by a factor of 5-10. An analysis that uses the firms' headquarters location and customers' state of residence as instruments for New York's involvement suggests that this difference is causal, and not the result of New York involving itself in cases likely to lead to large settlements. Given the much larger staff and institutional expertise of the SEC, it is likely that these differences in outcomes are due to differences in effective aggressiveness, not prosecutorial resources. Differences in aggressiveness are consistent with popular conceptions of the regulators' career concerns, as well as with theories of industry focus and regulatory capture.

A clear theoretical understanding of the social production of unemployment is needed if the causal links between health and unemployment are to be illuminated. Such an approach is outlined using a theoretical perspective of classical Marxism which views unemployment as centrally linked to the capitalist mode of production. The present extent of unemployment may lead to a general undermining of the health of the population, both unemployed and working, via the overall reduction of the real social wage, unemployment benefits and concomitant lower nutritional levels and the increase of psychological stress. These effects can be mediated by the actions of the state, whose social security, health and welfare systems need to be analysed in conjunction with the underlying economic mode of production. The unemployment category is made up of different sub‐groups, e.g. women, ethnic groups and the disabled. The causal links between unemployment and health in these groups will differ. Interaction effects on the health of the unemployed's family are noted. A more theoretically‐based approach to the question of health and unemployment is needed.

Security concerns have for a long time dominated China's policy towards Central Asia. However, economic and energy sector objectives have gradually changed Beijing's agenda. As in Xinjiang to a certain extent, China has tried hard to solve regional security problems through the development of economic cooperation and trade, in other words through prosperity. In spite of China's successes in Central Asia, its strategy is facing important obstacles. Culturally distant from China and challenged by multiple domestic tensions, Central Asian countries have not invested as much capital as China in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Neither has Russia. The region remains suspicious of Beijing's policy in Xinjiang. The war in Afghanistan, the fight against Islamic extremism and drug trafficking have also complicated China's growing power in Central Asia, a part of the world that remains open to many different outside influences. Adapted from the source document.

Обеспечение экономической безопасности государства предполагает борьбу с угрозами такой безопасности. При этом чрезвычайно важно, во-первых, понять суть того, чем является угроза экономической безопасности, и, во-вторых, выявить сходные характеристики угроз, позволяющие систематизировать их и на этой основе определить необходимые меры по их нейтрализации. Традиционный подход предлагает классификацию угроз экономической безопасности в зависимости от сферы их возникновения, но он не позволяет определить степень опасности угрозы для экономики и способы их нейтрализации. В связи с этим предлагается выделение пяти групп угроз экономической безопасности в зависимости от ряда характеристик, определяющих уровень их негативного воздействия на экономику страны. Проведенная на данной основе классификация угроз экономической безопасности Таджикистана позволила определить, нейтрализация каких из них требует поддержки извне, каким следует уделять первоочередное внимание в рамках стратегии экономической безопасности и государственной экономической политики, а какие не требуют от правительства серьезных усилий и могут быть нейтрализованы автоматически при нейтрализации вызвавших их угроз. ; Ensuring of the state economic security suggests the fight against threats to such security. At the same time it is extremely important, firstly, to understand the essence of a threat to economic security and, secondly, to identify the common characteristics of threats allowing to systematize them and to determine the necessary measures to neutralize them on this basis. The traditional approach offers a classification of economic security threats depending on areas of their origin but it is impossible to determine the gravity of the threat to the economy and ways of neutralizing it.In this context we propose allocation of the economic threats to five groups depends on a number of characteristics that determine the level of their negative impact to the economy. Such classification of threats to economic security of Tajikistan helped to determine neutralization of which of them requires outside support, what requires priority within the framework of the strategy of economic security and national economic policy, and what does not require serious government efforts and may be neutralized automatically during neutralization of the other threats.

The essay examines the demands that Germany must 'carefully renew' its values. The author discusses the values re the orientation and practice of its foreign policy, touching on the ideal way. Then the author focuses on not only national interests for German society, but also those concerning globalization, demographic changes, and climate change, and other items, which are aimed at the direction of being measured globally. Then the author opines on power politics in Germany, the never-ending political debate, and reform difficulties of a multi-coalitional government; keeping in mind the state of world today, the Germany of the Bonn government days, along with today's failed states, human rights issues, the need for stabilization, the fight against terrorism and continued adherence to an alliance necessitating the continued deployment of resources for security needs. Photos, References. M Diem

"The Sword and the Shield" reveals for the first time declassified discussions that took place between the British, French and US governments for nuclear cooperation in the early to mid-1970s. In doing so, it sets the scene for the top secret upgrade to Britain's Polaris force, codenamed Chevaline, and how this could have brought down Harold Wilson's Labour government of 1974-1976. It also analyses the evolution of NATO strategy in this period into something that was capable of a flexible response to Warsaw Pact aggression - a response that, if enacted, could well have been apocalyptic.

Intro -- TERRORIST IDEOLOGY AND THEIMPLICATIONS OF RADICALIZATION -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- THE HOMELAND SECURITY IMPLICATIONS OFRADICALIZATION: HEARING BEFORE THESUBCOMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE, INFORMATIONSHARING, AND TERRORISM RISK ASSESSMENT OFTHE COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY, HOUSEOF REPRESENTATIVES* -- THE HOMELAND SECURITY IMPLICATIONS OF RADICALIZATION,WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 20, 2006, U.S.HOUSE OFREPRESENTATIVES, COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY,SUBCOMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE, INFORMATION SHARING,AND TERRORISM RISK ASSESSMENT,WASHINGTON, DC. -- FOR THE RECORD, PREPARED STATEMENT OFM. SAUD ANWAR MD,MPH, CHAIRMAN,AMERICAN MUSLIM PEACE INITIATIVE -- Immigrant American Muslims and European Muslims: Similarities andDifferences & Homeland Security Implications -- Introduction -- Quantitative Data and Analysis -- Qualitative Data -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- STATEMENT OF RANDALL BLAKE, CHIEF,AL-QA'IDA GROUP, NATIONAL COUNTERTERRORISM CENTER -- PREPARED STATEMENT FOR THE RECORDOF RANDALL A. BLAKE -- STATEMENT OF DON VAN DUYN, ASSISTANTDIRECTOR, COUNTERTERRORISM DIVISION,FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATIONS -- PREPARED STATEMENT OF DONALD VAN DUYN -- STATEMENT OF JAVED ALI, SENIOR INTELLIGENCEOFFICER, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY -- PREPARED STATEMENTFOR THE RECORD OF JAVED ALI -- Introduction -- Conceptual Approaches -- Methodology -- Key Findings -- Conclusion -- STATEMENT WALID PHARES, SENIOR FELLOW, FOUNDATION FORTHE DEFENSE OF DEMOCRACIES -- PREPARED STATEMENT OF WALID PHARES -- Identification of the Threat -- Development of the Threat -- Components of the Threat -- Strategic Penetration -- Threat Shield -- Looking at the Future -- STATEMENT OF FRANK CILLUFFO, DIRECTOR, HOMELANDSECURITY POLICY INSTITUTE,THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY -- PREPARED STATEMENT OF FRANK J. CILLUFFO.

IR Theory and the Ongoing Scramble for Contemporary Relevance -- Realism Rerouted? IR Theory and the Strategic Triangle Concept -- Kings of the East and the Evolving World Order -- US Foreign Policy and Trumpworld -- Triangles, Webs, and the Post-Cold War International Order -- Trapped in a Triangle? -- Reconsidering Agency and Context in the Foreign Affairs of the Great Powers -- A New Model for Understanding Epochal Great Power Politics in The Early-Twenty-First Century -- Ukraine: Fault Line in the New East-West Conflict? -- As the Post-Cold War World Turns...

Russia has been following an Arctic policy that is highly heterogeneous, combining efforts at preserving cooperation with Western neighbors with commitment to building up its own strength. Three distinct policy modes can be identified: realist/militaristic, institutional/cooperative, and diplomatic management. Each mode is based on a particular interpretation of Russia's various interests in the High North/Arctic: nuclear/strategic, geopolitical, economic/energy-related, and symbolic. Examination of policy modes and interests shows that each combination contains some elements that focus on preserving the status quo in the Arctic, while other elements push for changes in Russia's favor. This article finds that revisionist elements have been gaining in strength, but that current policy still attaches high value to sustaining traditional patterns, even if they demand more resources and provide fewer advantages and revenues.

Cover; Half title; Title page; Copyright page; Table of contents; List of illustrations; List of contributors; Acknowledgements; List of abbreviations; 1 Fighting poverty and social exclusion in the europe 2020 framework: an introduction; 2 Europe 2020 and the fight against poverty: from target to governance; 3 Europe domesticated: anti-poverty policy in the united kingdom under Europe 2020; 4 The reluctant European: EU2020, 'the poverty target' and the swedish welfare state; 5 The German way: reaffirming sovereignty, while accommodating the EU anti-poverty strategy.