Suchergebnisse

Book review "The Real Politics of the Horn of Africa: Money, War and the Business of Power" by Alex De Waal, 2015, Cambridge: Polity

Sulfadoxine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum undermines malaria prevention with sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine. Parasites with a highly resistant mutant dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) haplotype have recently emerged in eastern Africa; they negated preventive benefits of sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine, and might exacerbate placental malaria. We explored emerging lineages of dhps mutant haplotypes in Malawi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Tanzania by using analyses of genetic microsatellites flanking the dhps locus. In Malawi, a triple-mutant dhps SGEG (mutant amino acids are underlined) haplotype emerged in 2010 that was closely related to pre-existing double-mutant SGEA haplotypes, suggesting local origination in Malawi. When we compared mutant strains with parasites from the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Tanzania by multiple independent analyses, we found that SGEG parasites were partitioned into separate lineages by country. These findings support a model of local origination of SGEG dhps haplotypes, rather than geographic diffusion, and have implications for investigations of emergence and effects of parasite drug resistance.

YÖK Tez No: 649922 ; Bu çalışmada, Doğu ve Güney Afrika ülkeleri (COMESA) için dış kamu borcu ile reel gelir arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir. Çalışmada, 1990-2018 yılları arasındaki dönemi kapsayan panel veri seti kullanılmaktadır. En küçük karelar yöntemi, dinamik rassal etkiler modeli, dinamik sabit etkiler modeli, ve genelleştirilmiş moment yöntemi (GMM) modelleri uygulanmıştır. Kullanılan değişkenler şunlardır: reel kişi başı gelir, devlet borcu ödemeleri, kısa vadeli dış borç stok, dış borç stok (GSMH'nin yüzdesi), dış borç stok kamu garantisi, uzun vadeli dış borç stok, dış borç servisi, dış borç servisi (ihracatın yüzdesi), brüt sermaye oluşumu, işgücü, hükümet harcamaları ve reel enflasyon oranı. Tüm veriler Dünya Bankası Kalkınma Göstergelerinden (WDI) ve Uluslararası Para Fonu'ndan (IMF) alınmıştır. Söz konusu değişkenlerin seçiminde literatürdeki diğer çalışmalardan istifade edilmiştir. Regresyon analizindan önce, birkaç temel ve ön koşullu testler yapılmıştır. Yatay kesit bağımlılık testi, ikinci nesil birim kök testi, ikinci nesil eşbütünleşme testi, tek yönlü ve iki yönlü sabit etkiler ve rassal etkiler testi, değişen varyans ve otokorelasyon testi, eğim homojenlik testi ve araçsal uygunluk ve geçerlilik testileri yapılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuç göre, çoğu modellerin açıklayıcı değişkenlerin kişi başı reel geliri ile ters ilişkiye sahip olduklarına göstermektedir. Başka bir deyişle, gittikçe artan dış borç birikimi, Doğu ve Güney Afrika (COMESA) ülkelerinin ekonomik büyümesini üzerindeki etkisi negatiftir. ; This study examines the relationship between external public debt and real per capita income growth of Common Markets for Eastern and Southern African countries (COMESA). The study uses panel data covering the period between 1990-2018. We applied dynamic random effect, dynamic fixed effect, and generalized method of moments (GMM) models. Following the literature, we focus on variables of real per capita income (as a proxy for growth), gross general government debt, short-term external debt stock, external debt stock (% of GNI), external debt stock guarantee, long-term external debt stock, gross capital formation as an instrument for physical capital, labor force, real inflation rate, trade openness, external debt service, and debt service percentage of export. Our explanatory variables are gross government debt, short-term external debt stock, external debt stock (% of GNI), external debt stock guarantee, long-term external debt stock, debt service percentage of export, and external debt service, while the rest are used as control variables. Data come from the World Bank Development Indicators (WDI) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Keywords: Budget Deficits; COMESA; Dynamic Panel; Economic Growth; Gross Debt; GMM

SummaryPoor bureaucratization in prismatic (transitional) societies is attributed to malintegration of the ideal bureaucratic principles with subsisting traditional sociocultural features by Fred Riggs. Riggs has been severely criticized on many fronts, yet aspects of his theory remain relevant towards explaining persistent poor administrative behaviour in most African countries. This article applies Riggs' notion of poly‐communalism and poly‐normativism to explain the contribution of low state identity to persistent poor administrative behaviour in Africa. Historical institutionalism theory is also used to attempt at resolving the challenge of equilibrium for which Riggs' theory is commonly criticized. The author avers that communalism, a value that supports group interest in a traditional society, subsists in most poly‐communal transitional African countries, leading to distortions in administrative behaviour. A good number of African countries were mobilized through colonialism but poorly assimilated, thus lacking strong common state identity, which leads to ineffective public administration. The article suggests that resolving the trapping of the administrative system in Africa requires resolving the challenge of poly‐communalism and lack of common identity among a state population.

When discussing the end of British colonial rule in Africa, many historians have highlighted the role of postwar international relations and the impact of domestic imperial politics on decolonization and have failed to recognize the role of African nationalists. This article argues that such a viewpoint is flawed because it conceives of colonial policy makers as isolated and autonomous entities impervious to changes taking place in the colonies. The national liberation movements in Ghana, Central Africa, Kenya, and other regions of East Africa are explored in this article to illustrate the central role that colonial subjects played in the British decolonization of Africa. While dominant scholarship on the failures of the post-colonial state has made studies of decolonization and African nationalism less fashionable, it is becoming increasingly clear that our understanding of the nature and mechanics of the crises that beset the continent requires taking fresh stock of the record of European colonial rule in Africa. In this regard, the study of colonialism and decolonization in Africa continues to be of critical relevance.

On January 6, 1987, the French Court of Cassation denied the petition for annulment of the decision rendered by the Paris Court of Appeals on July 12, 1984 [23 I.L.M. 1048 (1984)] which set aside the award rendered by an ICC Arbitral Tribunal on March 11, 1983 in the SPP v. The Arab Republic of Egypt case [22 I.L.M. 752 (1983)].Ruling on the question of their own competence, the arbitrators accepted jurisdiction over the Arab Republic of Egypt on the ground that by affixing the words "approved, agreed and ratified" by the Minister of Tourism and the signature of the Minister of Tourism to a contract entered into "between" SPP and the Egyptian General Organization for Tourism and Hotels (EGOTH), the State had agreed to be bound by the ICC arbitration clause contained in that contract.

This article will concentrate on the development in the common law of succession and administration of estates versus the customary law of succession and inheritance as well as the winding up of estates pursuant to constitutional tendencies, case law, and statutory reform over the last ten years. The principles of customary law of succession and inheritance have become a contentious issue since the commencement of the Constitution and Bill of Rights which provide for a human rights dispensation in South Africa. As a pluralistic legal system was retained, the inevitable conflict between the principles of customary law of succession and the Constitution soon came to the fore. Although the South African Law Reform Commission reported on this issue and submitted their recommendations to the Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development, the report was never formally published. Aspects of intestate succession and the administration of estates of deceased blacks were challenged in court on constitutional grounds. This eventually lead to a number of principles of customary law being declared unconstitutional, and consequently invalid, by the Courts who had no choice but to provide relief until such time as the legislature enacted a lasting solution. As far as the intestate succession is concerned, the Intestate Succession Act 81 of 1987 was extended to all persons in South Africa, including those adhering to a system of customary law. No distinction will, for purposes of succession, be made in future between legitimate and illegitimate children, between a first born son and other siblings or between men and women. Notwithstanding several court judgments in this regard, the Intestate Succession Act has not been amended by the Legislature as yet. As far as the historical discrepancy in the winding up and administration of estates is concerned, all estates, including intestate estates of black persons that have to devolve under customary law, in the future will be administered by the Master. Magistrates no longer will be responsible for supervising and administering customary estates.

The concept of time is coeval with man's existence and coterminous with his endeavors. This is predicated on the fact that it sets and dictates the pace for man. People appreciate reality differently and this includes their concept of time. This premise informed Mbiti's idea of time in Africa. Mbiti in his submission posited that Africans have no idea of the "future" in time. A critical response to this position of Mbiti toward a restatement of the proper model of time in Africa is what this paper is concerned with. The paper employed the critical-analytic model to examine Mbiti's position and it was obvious that Mbiti's position was parochial and untenable. This paper then argued that time in African is rather polychromous, holistic, and existential. Africans "live in time" and if the future is part of the African life and world, then there is a future as far as time in Africa is concerned.

Florian Wittmann,1 Ethan Householder,2,3 Astrid de Oliveira Wittmann,4 Aline Lopes,2 Wolfgang J Junk,5 Maria TF Piedade2 1Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany; 2MAUA Working Group, National Institute for Amazon Research – INPA, Manaus, Brazil; 3Botanical Research Institute of Texas, Fort Worth, TX, USA; 4Institute for Biological Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas – UFAM, Manaus, 5National Wetland Institute – INAU, Cuiaba, Brazil Abstract: This review presents the current knowledge regarding South American wetlands and summarizes major outcomes of the implementation of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance for the South American continent. South America is the wettest continent on Earth, with wetlands accounting for ~20% of its area. Wetlands harbor an exceptional rich biodiversity also including many endemic plant and animal species. They provide numerous ecosystem services in terms of provisioning material goods, regulating biogeochemical cycles, providing habitat, sustaining cultural practices, and importantly, contributing to the maintenance and generation of regional biodiversity. Major threats to wetlands include agroindustrial expansion, deforestation, soil erosion, mining, pollution, inadequate resource use, and large infrastructural projects such as reservoir construction for hydropower. South American countries were slow in adopting definitions, delineations, and classifications of their wetlands and in inventorying wetlands according to their extent and ecological characteristics. However, Ramsar sites are increasing continuously in both numbers and extent, covering 113 sites, totaling an area of ~373,000 km2. Threats to wetlands and Ramsar sites are ongoing, mainly because of the lack of specific national wetland policies, limited financial and human resources, general lack of infrastructure, and limited monitoring capacity. The process of changing perceptions on the value of wetlands and their ecosystem services is improving, but it could be hastened by improved infrastructure and cooperation between Ramsar sites, wetland scientists, and local stakeholders. Outreach to raise awareness of societies, administrators, and governments of the critical importance of wetlands continues to be a major challenge for the conservation of South American wetlands. Keywords: hydropower, Ramsar sites, wetland classification, wetland inventories, conservation

Outlook in light of possible actions by South Africa.

Abstract The importance of fisheries and their central role in creating strong relationships in the territories of some coastal communities has generated a revision process of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) with the inclusion of Fishery Local Action Groups in the definition of bottom-up local development strategies that involve the participation and planning capacity of fisheries communities. Nowadays, in some EU areas, there is a lack of information on fishermen activities from a technical-economic point of view, with negative consequences in fishery planning at the local level. The present study provides an analysis of the economic performance of the vessels operating in the area of the "Stretto" Coast FLAG in Southern Italy. The information on costs and revenues have been gathered in 2015 through a technical-economic survey on a sample of 34 fishing vessels representing 24.11% of the total number of vessels active in the area. The direct survey aims at quantifying specific economic indicators in order to link the data on fishing effort with those on the profitability of enterprises, differentiated into 3 classes of Gross Tonnage (GT), for an assessment of the technical and socio-economic results of fisheries in the area.

The 10th issue of Middle East – Topics and Arguments engages with infrastructure studies from an interdisciplinary perspective. It presents different empirical cases and theoretical discussions that take infrastructural formations and their effects both to the center stage and as the analytical focus. In this editorial ; we first discuss two epistemic locations from which infrastructure can be studied. Then ; we highlight the featured authors and the way each of them make compelling cases through the lenses of material and social infrastructures in different MENA contexts. In light of these ; we argue that infrastructures ; as the material conditions of modern human life ; have shaped and continue to shape geographical constructs of the Middle East and North Africa. Lastly ; we call for further social and historical research to investigate how infrastructural systems as material and symbolic networks of imperial expansion and exploitation have contributed to the geographical and political entities that make up the construct called MENA.