Suchergebnisse

Memorial parks are the main objects that fully illustrate the ideological component by elements of park space. Despite the thousand year history of the formation of the memorial complex, it is worth noting the particular qualities which art forming memorial ensemble has become in the twentieth century which is associated with a significant number of tragic events that fell in the past century, including the First and Second World Wars. An important feature of the war memorial in the former Soviet countries is not so much dedication to the tragic events of the Second World War as Soviet propaganda which is the echo of the cult "Great Patriotic War", which replace the cult of personality of Stalin in the second half of the twentieth century. And now it activates the impact of Soviet ideals on modern culture and personal development.Objective: Identification the most valuable in terms of historical and ideological component objects and components of park space using the results of complex investigation of the current state of the memorial parks in Kyiv.As research material we used the results of complex evaluation of territory of the memorial military topic parks in Kyiv. The research was made during 2011-2016. According to results of analysis of the functional purpose parks Kyiv there was found out that among 111 objects 18 are Memorial, 10 of them - and devoted to the events of war (8 events of the Second World War). As a result of research summarizing conducted in the memorial park in Kyiv during 2011-2016 we made complex evaluation of territory of the objects involved into the research using method of evaluating the cultural and historical values and means of expression of the ideological burden memorial parks. We defined the most valuable - 2 objects, valuable - 4, low value parks - parks 1 and not having a memorial values - 3.According to the research results the most valuable objects are the park "Slava(Glory)" and Pechersk Landscape Park which include a significant influence on urban planning and compositional structure of the city, occupies a prominent place in the landscape of Kyiv Right Bank. The value of these objects are not limited to historical, cultural, educational and recreational functions, as these items are examples of landscape art where indirect means of compositional expression were used for playing ideological and symbolic meaning.As valuable memorial parks, we defined "Babyn Yar" which is not only a symbol of he victims of the war but also an historical place those tragic events, and now it has the status of National Historical and Memorial Preserve. The main disadvantages of the park are a compositional inconsistency of memorial elements and other components of the park space with each other, discrepancy planing structure to the current city development situation and recreational load cause placing of playgroundThe "Sailors" park is a unique memorial object but at the current state it has a bunch of disadvantages which have a negative impact on the integrity of its volume-spatial composition. Along with an important memorial value, the park is a valuable recreational center and is the only landscaped object of general use on the island of Rybalsky. So "Babyn Yar" and the "Sailors" park are important memorial objects which perform informational and educational functions, illustrate the tragic events of the history of Ukraine in the first half of the twentieth century.The "Victory" park is connected with the tragic events of the Second World War, Its main subject is the victory over Nazism and it was Associated with a holiday. The idea of celebrating the victory resulted in the co-location of mournful memorials and amusement rides within the territory of the park. Similar features of the landscape organization can be traced also in the park of "Partisan Glory", its memorial zone has insignificant area. Which makes it impossible to dominate and define the memorial function as the main one. Characteristic of both parks is a striking contradiction between the entertainment and memorial functions of these objects - the nearby attractions and memorials devoted to World War II level out the functional and ideological significance of each other. Such contradictions were laid in the design of parks, which is evidence of the Soviet cult of war. Therefore, the ideological principles laid down in the creation of Parks "Victory" and "Partisan Glory" are aimed at Soviet propaganda "cult of war" and "great victory" and contradict modern concepts based on the tragedy of war as such and the memory of its victims. One of the solutions can be the adaptation of these parks for family rest, which needs to be solved at the legal and organizational levels.The Puskin park belongs to invaluable objects in the memorial, but is an important recreational center.A similar situation is observed in the park of General Potapov. In this regard, it is expedient to adapt the parks to modern conditions, radically changing their function and zoning. For objects that do not have a memorial value, there are two, completely different in their peculiarities and the idea of the park "Taraschanets" and park of International Warriors. their Combined by mismatch of the components to the park space of the memorial function, which determines the expediency of changing their functional purpose, taking into account modern recreational, urban, social realities and ideological considerations.According to results of complex evaluation of memorial park in Kyiv the most valuable memorial objects were the park "Glory" and Pechersk Landscape Park which have a significant influence on the town-planning and compositional structure of the city, take a prominent place in the landscape of the Right Bank of Kyiv. The most controversial in the ideological plan are such objects as "Victory" and "Partisan Glory" parks, which have an entertaining character that contradict the tragedy of war itself, but is subordinated to the Soviet ideology of education of youth. ; У статті надано результати комплексного дослідження сучасного стану меморіальних парків воєнної тематики м. Києва, що здійснювалося упродовж 2011-2016 рр. з урахуванням методики оцінювання культурно-історичної цінності та засобів вираження ідейного навантаження меморіальних парків. За результатами комплексного оцінювання меморіальних парків Києва визначено, що найціннішими меморіальними об'єктами є парк «Слава» та Печерський ландшафтний парк, які вирізняються суттєвим впливом на містобудівну та композиційну структуру міста, займають визначне місце у пейзажі Правобережної частини Києва. Найсуперечливішим в ідеологічному плані є такі об'єкти як парки «Перемога» та «Партизанської слави», які мають розважальний характер, що суперечить, власне, трагізму війни, а підпорядковується радянській ідеології виховання молоді і не відповідає сучасним ідеологічним поняттям про Другу світову війну, її причин та наслідків.Наведено концептуальні підходи зміни функціонального зонування малоцінних у меморіальному плані парків м. Києва («Таращанець», ім. генерала Потапова, ім. Ф. Пушиної), що ґрунтується на результатах комплексного оцінювання дослідних об'єктів, сучасних підходах адаптації паркових територій до потреб населення. Запропоновано підходи до адаптації меморіальних парків воєнної тематики на прикладі м. Києва, спрямовані на узгодження сучасних ідеологічних міркувань історичним подіям шляхом акцентування уваги на їхньому інформаційному та культурно-просвітницькому значенні за межами політичного контексту.

Son numerosos los edificios en los cuales la madera es un material protagonista. Ha sido utilizada a lo largo del tiempo como elemento estructural, conformando los pilares y las vigas de muchas construcciones gracias a sus propiedades mecánicas. La necesidad de mantener y rehabilitar este patrimonio construido ha sido siempre una de las grandes tareas en el mundo de la arquitectura. Tradicionalmente, cuando las necesidades estructurales de un edificio cambiaban, o simplemente la estructura estaba deteriorada, la intervención mediante sistemas metálicos, o la adición o sustitución de unos elementos de madera por otros en mejor estado, eran las técnicas más comunes de intervención. Con la aparición en el mercado de nuevos materiales, la cantidad de posibilidades de acometer una intervención estructural se han ampliado. Los materiales compuestos han sido parte importante de este cambio de prácticas. Su utilización ha sido más habitual sobre elementos de hormigón, sobre los cuales hay una mayor bibliografía y legislación escritas. Sus propiedades mecánicas con una excelente relación resistencia-peso, su gran capacidad de adaptación, y su comportamiento elástico lineal a tracción, hacen de ellos una alternativa muy efectiva para su uso en estructuras de madera. En líneas generales, el fallo producido en vigas de madera se localiza en la cara traccionada, la cual se comporta de un modo elástico y lineal hasta que se produce el fallo final. En el caso de que la madera contenga defectos significativos, como pueden ser nudos en dicha cara, la resistencia de la viga puede bajar sustancialmente ya que supone un corte en las fibras que confieren la resistencia a tracción. El refuerzo mediante materiales compuestos en dicha cara de las vigas tiene gran interés ya que minimiza la posibilidad de una rotura prematura de la madera y puede suponer un aumento de la capacidad portante de la viga. Los materiales compuestos de polímeros reforzados con fibra (FRP) han sido ampliamente estudiados a través de programas experimentales en los cuales se han reforzado las vigas en su cara traccionada a través de diferentes configuraciones de tejidos, platabandas y barras. Es en el ámbito de las reparaciones y la comparación de los diferentes materiales que pueden ser utilizados a día de hoy, donde la bibliografía es más escasa. Este trabajo por lo tanto, trata de aumentar el estado del conocimiento en ese sentido a través de un estudio en el cual se reparan vigas de madera con FRP de fibra de carbono (CFRP) y se realiza una comparativa en la cual se estudian diferentes fibras y se analiza el efecto de su uso como refuerzo para vigas de madera a partir de sus propiedades mecánicas. Para realizar esta investigación, se ha dividido la fase experimental en dos programas diferenciados, adaptando los ensayos y los materiales a las condiciones de partida para la obtención de los resultados. Para el estudio de las reparaciones y los refuerzos con CFRP, se ensayaron vigas a flexión sin refuerzo para la caracterización mecánica del lote, posteriormente se repararon y se volvieron a ensayar. Para la comparación de los resultados, se realizaron los mismos ensayos en vigas reforzadas sin haber sido colapsadas previamente. La comparación de los diferentes sistemas de refuerzo de FRP se llevó a cabo realizando ensayos de flexión a vigas de madera con diferentes configuraciones de refuerzo utilizando todas las fibras disponibles: basalto, vidrio, carbono, carbono de alto módulo elástico y metálica. Los resultados del estudio demuestran el buen comportamiento de las fibras que disponen un módulo de elasticidad más bajo (basalto y vidrio) respecto de las que tienen un módulo más alto, y que con la suficiente cantidad de fibra, se puede devolver la resistencia a una viga colapsada previamente mediante una reparación. ; There are numerous buildings where wood is a leading material. It has been used for a long time like a structural element, composing the columns and beams of many constructions due to its mechanical properties. The requierement to keep and rehabilitate this built heritage has always been one of the great tasks in the world of architecture. Traditionally, when the structural requirements of a building changes, or the structure was deteriorated, the intervention by metal systems, or the addition or substitution of wood elements by others in better condition, were the most common intervention techniques. With the appearance of new materials on the market, the number of possibilities for structural intervention has increased. Composite materials have been an important part of this intervention change. Its use has been more usual on concrete elements, where a greater bibliography and legislation can be found. Their mechanical properties with an excellent resistance to weight ratio, their great adaptability, and their elastic-linear tensile behavior, make them a very effective alternative for use in wooden structures. In general terms, the failure in wooden beams is produced in the tensile side, which behaves elastically and linearly until the final failure occurs. If the wood has many significant defects, such as knots in the face of the beam, the strength of the beam can be lowered substantially as it implies a cut in the fibers, which gives to the beam its bearing capacity. Reinforcement by composite materials on the face of the beams is very interesting, because it minimizes the possibility of premature breaking of the wood and may lead to an increase of the bearing capacity of the beam. The composite materials of fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) have been extensively studied through experimental programs where the beams have been reinforced through different configurations of fabrics, sheets and bars. It is on the area of repairs and the comparison of different materials that can be used, where the bibliography is limited. This work tries to increase the state of knowledge with a study where wood beams are repaired with FRP of carbon fiber (CFRP) and to make a comparison with different kinds of fibers, focused on the effect of its use as reinforcement material for wood beams. To carry out this research, the experimental phase has been divided into two different programs, adapting the tests and materials to obtain the results. For the research of repairs and reinforcements with CFRP, unreinforced beams were tested to bending up to fracture to the mechanical characterization of the wood used, and later repaired with CFRP and tested again. For the comparison of results, the same tests were performed on reinforced beams wich had not previously failed. The comparison of the different FRP reinforcement systems was carried out by bending tests to wood beams with different reinforcement configurations using all the available fibers: basalt, glass, carbon, carbon with high elastic modulus and metallic fiber. The results of the study demonstrate the good performance of the lower elastic modulus fibers (basalt and glass) in contrast to those with a higher elasticity modulus, and that with the enought amount of fiber, a repaired beam with FRP can recover its resistance.

The essence of the legal nature of relations between the non-entrepreneurial company and its participants is revealed. Analyzed the views of scholars on the definition and content of corporate rights in non-entrepreneurial societies. It is concluded that in a non-commercial partnership there are two types of legal relationships regulated by different methods of civil law: internal corporate relations or organizational, regulated by a method in which the decision of the majority is mandatory for minority, and property relations, which are regulated by the legal equality of parties, with all legal consequences.Formulation of the problem. Today many non-entrepreneurial companies have shown themselves to be active in such a way that real social issues are solved, which for a number of reasons the state does not manage. Among them, supporting and protection of the rights of socially vulnerable groups of the population (children, youth, women, military personnel, veterans, refugees, settlers, invalids, etc.); defending the rights of citizens to a favorable environment; complex of issues related to local self-government; leisure organization, education, retraining, social rehabilitation, etc.The variety of forms of non-entrepreneurial company directly depends on the specific purpose for which it is created and its functions. Some of them are created and operate for the sake of providing economic benefits to an indefinite number of people who are not participants of the non-entrepreneurial company itself (charities, institutions, foundations), others in order to meet the needs of all, the participants themselves of non-entrepreneurial company (public organizations, associations of co-owners of multi-apartment buildings residential buildings, credit unions).Analysis of the recent research materials and publications. The searching of certain issues of the legal status of NT was given attention in the works of V.I. Borisova, I.V. Spasibo-Fateyeva, I.M. Kucherenko, V.I. Zhukov, I.P. Zhigalkin, V.F. Poddubnaya, OO Belyaeva, VV Cochin, N.Y. Filatova and many other scientists, emphasizing the relevance of the research topic.Despite the considerable interest of scientists in the issues of non-entrepreneurial company activities, many outstanding issues remain, including the legal nature of the relationship between non-entrepreneurial company and its participants.Purpose of the article – to identify the legal nature of the relationship between non-entrepreneurial company and its participants, depending on the type of non-entrepreneurial company and the purpose of its creation.Presenting the main material. The legal nature of the relationship between the non-entrepreneurial company and its participants is based on the "right of participation" in the society enshrined in the law. For its researching it is necessary to determine the legal nature of the "right to participate" in non-entrepreneurial company as a legal entity. Along with the "participation", the term "membership" is also used by law, which in some cases is generally identified. It follows from the conclusion that for non-entrepreneurial company it is not fundamental, but it is more expedient to use the term "right of participation" to unify the use of the definition.Definition of the"right of participation" Civil Code is not provided. Therefore, in clarifying the essence of this right should proceed, first of all, from the general understanding of the concept of "participation" and to analyze the rights enshrined by law to the members of the companies. The legal nature of the right to participate in a company as a legal entity is the right of a companion to act on his own, which causes another person - the companion of the state of affiliation. It can be argued that the right to participate implies involvement in something that the person is involved in, that is, the fact that the person is in a certain connection with other persons is confirmed. This association is not an obligation. However, this is a right that is not opposed to any obligation.The peculiarity of the right of participation of a society is the actions of a companion in a company, which at the same time is both a power and a duty. The right to participate in the "union of persons" is simultaneously a duty in the "union of deposits". The "Union of Persons" adopted the method of legal regulation of intra corporate law, which consists in the decision of the body of the company, adopted by the majority, mandatory for the minority of companions. The method of democratic centralism. Does not have the right to veto, but there is a certain, intracorporate, subordination. In its legal nature, this is an organizational relationship (the right to participate), the subject of civil law. The "Union of deposits" inherent method of legal regulation is a method of civil law. This is a method of legal equality, that is, not subordination of subjects of civil legal relations to each other. This is a property relationship, in which its members, being companions, are related to each other as equal.Conclusions. Based on the foregoing can conclude that in the company, including non-entrepreneurial, two types of legal relations governed by various methods of civil law: internal corporate relations or organizational, regulated by the method in which the majority decision is mandatory for the minority, and property legal relations, which are regulated by the method of legal equality of the parties, with all legal consequences.In the non-entrepreneurial company, in which property contributions are significant and perform functions similar to functions of property contributions in entrepreneurial associations, there is a need for additional protection of the rights and legitimate interests of participants (members), which can be ensured, in particular, by improving the system of reporting on the activities of non-entrepreneurial company and the cost of material resources; mandatory creation in the non-entrepreneurial company of the bodies that control the activities of the organization; the extension of the list of questions submitted to the exclusive competence of the supreme management body of non-entrepreneurial company, etc. If the non-entrepreneurial company simply gives its participants (members) goods, works, and services typical of the external market for a fee, then they act in a role equivalent to the role of creditors. At the same time, the participants (members) are subject to general rules on the protection of creditors' rights. ; Раскрыта сущность правовой природы отношений между непредпринимательским товариществом и его участниками. Проанализированы взгляды ученых на определение и содержание корпоративных прав в непредпринимательских товариществах. Сделан вывод, что в непредпринимательских товариществах существуют два вида правоотношений – внутрикорпоративные и имущественные, которые регулируются различными методами гражданского права. ; Розкрито сутність правової природи відносин між непідприємницьким товариством і його учасниками. Проаналізовано погляди науковців щодо визначення та змісту корпоративних прав у непідприємницьких товариствах. Зроблено висновок, що в непідприємницькому товаристві існують два види правовідносин – внутрішньокорпоративні та майнові, які регулюються різними методами цивільного права.

Aufbauend auf einer Analyse aktueller Studien und wissenschaftlicher Literatur zur Bewertung von Ver-sorgungsrisiken und Rohstoffkritikalität werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit systematisch Ansätze zur Ergänzung bestehender Bewertungsmethoden insbesondere bezüglich der dynamischen Betrachtung der Versorgungssysteme erarbeitet. Hierzu werden zunächst Methoden aus dem Bereich der Multivariaten Statistik als Ergänzung statischer Multiindikatoransätze zur Quantifizierung von Versorgungsrisiken aufgeführt. Weiterhin werden erste indikatorbasierte Ansätze zur dynamischen Betrachtung der Kritikalitätsbewertung erarbeitet und am Beispiel von Deutschland und Japan als industriell hoch spezialisierte Volkswirtschaften erprobt. Den Kern der vorliegenden Arbeit bilden rohstoffspezifische dynamische Materialflussmodelle auf globaler und regionaler Ebene, mit deren Hilfe für die ausgewählten Rohstoffe Kupfer, Kobalt sowie für die Seltenerdelemente Neodym und Dysprosium die Verwendungszyklen simuliert werden sowie Recyclingpotenziale und weitere Möglichkeiten zur Steigerung der Ressourceneffizienz und zur Minderung von Rohstoffabhängigkeiten aufgezeigt werden. Mit Hilfe der Stoffstrommodelle konnte gezeigt werden, dass Kupfer als klassisches Industriemetall bereits über ein vergleichsweise effizientes Kreislaufsystem mit Recyclingraten aus obsoleten Materialströmen von knapp 50 % auf globaler Ebene und über 60 % in Europa verfügt. Während Kobalt als Legierungselement in metallurgischen Anwendungen (z.B. in Hartmetallen wie Wolframcarbide für Bohr- und Schneide-werkzeuge) innerhalb der etablierten Recyclingsysteme mit hohen Rückgewinnungsraten von über 70 % effizient im Kreis geführt wird, besteht vor allem durch die verstärkte Verwendung von Kobalt als Kathodenmaterial in Lithium-Ionen-Akkus für allgemeine Elektronikanwendungen seit der Jahrtausend-wende und die bisher wenig effiziente Sammlung und Verwertung der Altakkus erhebliches Verbesserungspotenzial, was mit den hier vorgestellten Modellen quantifiziert wurde und welches es in Europa in Zukunft besser auszuschöpfen gilt. Ähnliches gilt für die Wiederverwertung von NdFeB-Permanentmagneten (Neodym-Eisen-Bor), deren Verwendungsstrukturen hier auf globaler Ebene sowie für Deutschland untersucht wurden. Dabei wurde gezeigt, dass die Magnete im heutigen Schrottaufkommen hauptsächlich in Elektronikprodukten wie Festplatten, CD- und DVD-Playern enthalten sind, woraus eine Rückgewinnung aufgrund der starken Streuung und der geringen Magnetgröße wirtschaftlich kaum möglich erscheint und derzeit auch nicht praktiziert wird, während in Zukunft in obsoleten Produktströmen verstärkt mit größeren Magneten in elektrischen Synchron-Servomotoren aus dem Bereich allgemeiner Industrie- und Haushaltstechnik, aus elektrischen Kleinmotoren in konventionellen Pkw, aus den Traktionsmotoren von Hybrid- und Elektrofahrzeugen oder aus den Generatoren von Windkraftanlagen mit permanent-magnetischem Direktantrieb zu rechnen ist, für die in den kommenden Jahren ein geeignetes Sammel-system etabliert werden sollte. Basierend auf dem ``System-Dynamics-Ansatz'' wurden die Stoffstrommodelle auf globaler Ebene an-schließend um einfache dynamische Marktanpassungsmechanismen erweitert, wobei Rückkopplungs-effekte als Reaktionen auf vorübergehende Verknappung nach dem Prinzip des ``Regelkreises der Rohstoffversorgung'' sowohl auf Angebots- als auch auf Nachfrageseite berücksichtigt wurden. So wurde für Kupfer als Vertreter eines weitläufig genutzten Industriemetalls mit eigener Produktionsinfrastruktur ein einfaches dynamisches Marktmodell entwickelt, welches die grundlegenden Mechanismen am Weltmarkt abbildet und auf Basis von Einschätzungen zur zukünftigen Entwicklung der Weltwirtschaft eine Vorausschau des Kupfermarktes ermöglicht. Für die Technologiemetalle Kobalt sowie Neodym und Dysprosium wurde mit Hilfe der dynamischen Modelle die Auswirkung der Diffusion alternativer Antriebe in der Automobilindustrie auf die Nachfrage nach Kobalt als Kathodenmaterial für Lithium-Ionen-Batterien bzw. die Nachfrage nach Neodym und Dysprosium als Magnetmaterialien für elektrische Traktionsmotoren analysiert. Abschließend wird in dieser Arbeit erläutert, inwiefern derartige Rohstoffmodelle zu einem besseren Verständnis von Versorgungsrisiken und Kritikalitätsbewertungen beitragen können. Während die globalen Modelle in erster Linie als Werkzeug für erweiterte Szenarioanalysen verschiedener Marktentwicklungen geeignet sind, die eine Analyse der Widerstandsfähigkeit einzelner Rohstoffmärkte gegen Versorgungs-störungen beinhalten können, wird bezüglich der regionalen Stoffstrommodelle eine potenzielle Kopplung mit sektoralen ökonomischen Input-Output-Modellen diskutiert. ; Building upon a review and analysis of current studies and scientific literature about the assessment of supply risks and raw material criticality, this thesis systematically develops concepts to supplement current approaches of criticality determination especially regarding the step towards a more dynamic view on raw material markets and supply systems. Therefore, in a first step, different concepts from the field of multivariate statistics and an approach of criticality determination analyzing time dependent indicators as a supplement to static screening methods of criticality assessment are introduced and tested on the example of Germany and Japan. While the aforementioned screening methods are useful to analyze large numbers of raw materials and to identify those which are most critical for an economy, the key issue of this thesis is the development of dynamic global and regional material flow models for specific raw materials using a System Dynamics (SD) approach. Therefore, the anthropogenic material flows of copper, cobalt and the rare earth elements neodymium and dysprosium are analyzed. The dynamic material flow models for copper and cobalt were realized at the global and European level whereas the rare earth elements neodymium and dysprosium which are relevant for the production of NdFeB magnets (Neodymium-Iron-Boron) were examined at the global level and for Germany. As demonstrated with the dynamic material flow models, copper as a classical industrial metal has a relatively well established recycling system reaching an end-of-life recycling rate (EoL RR) of around 50 % at the global level and over 60 % within the European Union. While cobalt in the form of an alloying element for super alloys and hard metals (in aircraft turbines or cutting and drilling tools) is recycled with high efficiencies reaching more than 70 % of EoL RR, the material flow models show a considerable potential for cobalt recycling from cathode materials of end-of-life lithium-ion batteries. This is mainly due to the lack of efficient collection systems for end-of-life lithium-ion batteries and WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment) in general. The same is true for the recycling of NdFeB magnets which currently mainly occur in electronic waste such as obsolete hard disk drives (HDD) or CD and DVD players from which the recovery is technically challenging due to the high dispersion of the small magnets and therefore is economically not feasible based on current price levels. However, as simulated with the material flow model, in the nearby future increasing amounts of larger NdFeB magnets from obsolete synchronous electric motors contained in industrial machinery, general household appliances such as washing machines or heating pumps, magnets from smaller electric motors in conventional vehicles or from electric traction motors in hybrid and battery electric vehicles and large magnets from the generators of direct drive wind turbines (mainly in offshore turbines) are expected to enter waste management, for which a suitable collection system needs to be established in the coming years. In a second step, the dynamic material flow models at the global level were supplemented by dynamic market behavior and feedback effects aiming at developing a tool for future scenario analysis taking into account both physical material flows and market dynamics. For copper as a classical industrial metal, a market tool was developed which is capable to roughly reproduce historic market developments and which particularly takes into account cyclical market behavior due to delayed adjustment of supply caused by long lead times for the construction and implementation of new mining capacities. On the basis of exogenous assumptions for global economic development, this model may be used as a forecasting tool for the copper market. Regarding the technology metals cobalt or neodymium and dysprosium respectively, the dynamic market models were used for analyzing the effect of the diffusion of alternative drives in the automotive market on the demand for these metals. Thereby, the demand development for cobalt as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries as well as the demand for neodymium and dysprosium as magnet materials for electric traction motors were simulated. As shown with the models, the diffusion of alternative drives would particularly have a strong impact on the demand for dysprosium which is relevant for the heat resistance of NdFeB magnets and which is currently indispensable for the development of electro-mobility. Subsequently, the dynamic market models are applied for a scenario based resilience test analyzing the adaptive capacity of the respective raw material markets in the case of supply disruptions which is related to the static raw material criticality assessments forming the starting point of this thesis.

Purpose of the study. The article explores the socio-pedagogical prerequisites and the main stages in the development of student self-management as a socio-cultural phenomenon and as a special form of initiative, independent public activity of students aimed at solving important issues of life activity of the university, developing social activity, supporting civic initiatives of student youth. During the research a number of general scientific methods were used: historical, descriptive and comparative. With the help of the historical method, the main stages of the development of student self-government, the features of its transformation in the educational space, were analyzed. The descriptive method made it possible to single out and systematize the features of the functioning of bodies of student government at all stages of its development. The application of the comparative method helped to identify the main differences and general characteristics in the structures of student self-government and procedurally provided a comparison of the implementation of the rights and competencies of student self-government bodies. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the main stages of the formation and development of student self-government in the Higher State Educational Institution of Ukraine "Bukovina State Medical University" are systematically presented, the understanding of the essence and functions of student self-government in the higher educational institution was deepened, and ideas for attracting students as competent, active and constructive partners in creation and formation of the European Higher Education Area. Conclusions. It is proved that student self-government is a form of self-organization of students, a mechanism for representation and assertion of one's rights, the possibility of self-realization. It is student self-management that is called upon to protect the rights of students and be their representative in the administrations of universities. Student self-government is determined by the law and the real ability of the student community to independently resolve issues within the framework of the current legislation and the university statute. The authors analyzed the development of student self-government in the historical aspect, which made it possible to determine the direct relationship between the essential features of its development and socio-political tendencies in the state. ; But de l'étude L'article examine le contexte social et éducatif, et les principales étapes du développement de l'autogestion des étudiants en tant que phénomène social et culturel et comme une forme particulière d'initiative, les activités d'auto-sociale des étudiants pour faire face aux questions importantes de l'université de la vie, le développement de l'activité sociale, le soutien des initiatives civiles des étudiants. Au cours de la recherche, un certain nombre de méthodes scientifiques générales ont été utilisées: historique, descriptive et comparative. En utilisant la méthode historique ont été analysés par étapes principales étudiants de l'auto en particulier sa transformation en espace éducatif. méthode descriptive a permis d'identifier et de systématiser les caractéristiques de fonctionnement des organes d'autonomie gouvernementale des étudiants à tous les stades de son développement. L'utilisation de la méthode comparative a permis d'identifier les principales différences et caractéristiques communes dans la structure du gouvernement étudiant et la procédure a fourni une comparaison des droits et des compétences du gouvernement étudiant. Nouveauté scientifique. Pour la première fois présente systématiquement les principales étapes de la formation et le développement de l'autonomie des étudiants dans le Suprême « State Medical University Bucovine » établissements d'enseignement publics de l'Ukraine, en profondeur la compréhension de la nature et les fonctions du gouvernement étudiant à l'université, a été développé pour attirer les étudiants en tant que partenaires compétents, actifs et constructifs dans la création et la formation de l'espace européen de l'enseignement supérieur. Conclusions Il est prouvé que l'autonomie gouvernementale des étudiants est une forme d'auto-organisation des étudiants, un mécanisme de représentation et d'affirmation de leurs droits, la possibilité de réalisation de soi. Ce gouvernement étudiant destiné à protéger les droits des étudiants et d'être leur représentant dans les administrations des universités. Le gouvernement étudiant est déterminé par le droit et la communauté étudiante la capacité de résoudre des problèmes de façon indépendante dans le cadre de la législation en vigueur et le statut universitaire. Les auteurs ont analysé le développement de l'autonomie des élèves dans l'aspect historique, permettant de déterminer une corrélation directe entre les caractéristiques essentielles de son développement et les tendances socio-politiques du pays. ; Цель исследования. В статье исследованы социально-педагогические предпосылки и основные этапы развития студенческого самоуправления как социокультурного феномена и как особой формы инициативной, самостоятельной общественной деятельности студентов, направленной на решение важных вопросов жизнедеятельности вуза, развитие социальной активности, поддержку гражданских инициатив студенческой молодежи. При проведении исследования были использованы ряд общенаучных методов: исторический, описательный и сравнительный. С помощью исторического метода были проанализированы основные этапы развития студенческого самоуправления, особенности его трансформации в образовательном пространстве. Описательный метод дал возможность выделить и систематизировать особенности функционирования органов студенческого самоуправления на всех этапах его развития. Применение сравнительного метода способствовало выявлению основных различий и общих характеристик в структурах студенческого самоуправления и процедурно обеспечило сравнение реализации прав и компетенций органов студенческого самоуправления. Научная новизна. Впервые системно представлены основные этапы становления и развития студенческого самоуправления в Высшем государственном учебном заведении Украины «Буковинский государственный медицинский университет», углубленно понимания сущности и функций студенческого самоуправления в высшем учебном заведении, получили дальнейшее развитие идеи по привлечению студентов как компетентных, активных и конструктивных партнеров в создании и формировании Европейского пространства высшего образования. Выводы. Доказано, что студенческое самоуправление является формой самоорганизации студентов, механизмом представительства и отстаивания своих прав, возможностью самореализации. Именно студенческое самоуправление призвано защищать права студентов и быть их представителем в администрациях вузов. Студенческое самоуправление определяется правом и реальной способностью студенческой общины самостоятельно решать вопросы в рамках действующего законодательства и устава университета. Авторами проведен анализ развития студенческого самоуправления в историческом аспекте, что позволило определить прямую зависимость между сущностными особенностями его развития и общественно-политическими тенденциями в государстве. ; Мета дослідження. У статті досліджено соціально-педагогічні передумови та основні етапи розвитку студентського само- управління як соціокультурного феномену та як особливої форми ініціативної, самостійної громадської діяльності студентів, спрямованої на вирішення важливих питань життєдіяльності вузу, розвиток соціальної активності, підтримку громадянських ініціатив студентської молоді. При проведенні дослідження були використані ряд загальнонаукових методів: історичний, описовий та порівняльний. За допомогою історичного методу було проаналізовано основні етапи розвитку студентського самоврядування, особливості його трансформації в освітньому просторі. Описовий метод дав можливість виділити і систематизувати особливості функціонування органів студентського самоврядування на всіх етапах його розвитку. Застосування порівняльного методу сприяло виявленню основних відмінностей та спільних характеристик в структурах студентського самоврядування та процедурно забезпечило порівняння реалізації прав і компетенцій органів студентського самоврядування. Наукова новизна. Вперше системно представлені основні етапи становлення та розвитку студентського самоврядування у Вищому державному навчальному закладі України «Буковинський державний медичний університет», поглиблено розуміння сутності і функцій студентського самоврядування у вищому навчальному закладі, отримали подальший розвиток ідеї щодо залучення студентів як компетентних, активних і конструктивних партнерів у створенні і формуванні Європейського простору вищої освіти. Висновки. Доведено, що студентське самоврядування є формою самоорганізації студентів, механізмом представництва і відстоювання своїх прав, можливістю самореалізації. Саме студентське самоврядування покликане захищати права студентів і бути їхнім представником в адміністраціях ВНЗ. Студентське самоврядування визначається правом і реальною здатністю студентської громади самостійно вирішувати питання в рамках чинного законодавства і статуту університету. Авторами проведено аналіз розвитку студентського самоврядування в історичному аспекті, що дозволило визначити пряму залежність між сутнісними особливостями його розвитку і суспільно-політичними тенденціями в державі.

Introduction. According to Jürgen Habermas, a contradiction between the system and the life-world signifies a need for a concept that would describe the projective space of a relaxed and undistorted human communicative activity. Communicative action as a societal basis of the public sphere links this concept to the pragmatic principles of human existence in modern society. The public sphere is important in the age of the cyber revolution and the rule of networking technologies and it gets an anthropological dimension in its definition of the modern individual. Reviewed from the view of the interdisciplinary scientific community the public sphere as a dimension of human identity that is manifested in standardized terms of communicative interactions. The paper suggests that the public sphere has lost its conflict mode in respect to power and the tech-savvy social system. Purpose. The paper aims to establish the specifics of the anthropological interpretation of the public sphere in the contemporary philosophical tradition. Methodology. General scientific and special methods of philosophical research are used for conducting this study. The author has used the descriptive method to define the subject area of the anthropic measurement of the public sphere of politics. The method of logical synthesis allows to combine the abstract and specific content of the anthropological dimension of publicity. A retrospective analysis allows to determine the temporal peculiarities of the anthropic meaning of the public sphere. The comparative method gives an opportunity to compare the empirical manifestations of social and political publicity and compare anthropological effects of the media and interpersonal communication activities of modern people. Theoretical basis and results. The article examines the anthropological content of the public sphere of politics as one of the key concepts of communicative theory paying attention to the modification of the nature of publicity under the conditions of the cybernetic revolution. The author argues that the public sphere is not only a collection of self-presentations but also a set of messages of general significance, both textual and verbal. In this regard, the selection of news, of any importance, stands in one respect as a means of the worldview matching technique but also as the orientation amidst the unlimited information flow. The public sphere acts not just as a medium of verbal or textual self-expression of the individual but also as a dimension of human presence in the lives of others and its adequate perception. The more the public sphere stands away from the counter-factual image drawn in communicative theory, the more it loses its anthropological features and acquires the content of the technological and production network since a mode of communication is changed to the mode of information transmission. The paper establishes priorities of personality representation in the public sphere and examines the need and motives of communicative-pragmatic relationships between individuals. Originality. In the anthropological dimension the public sphere is a source of promising prospects and the formation of defining constraints. Publicity becomes the leading quality of the modern individual because of its need to be realized in communication practices. The networking nature of communication links enforces the modern individual to produce a certain image for self-presenting to society. Conclusions The article draws a conclusion about the directions of the public sphere transformation in a global perspective. ; Цель. Статья предполагает установление специфики антропологического толкования публичной сферы в современной философской традиции. Методология. В работе применены общенаучные и специальные методы философских исследований. Путем использования дескриптивного метода удалось выделить предметную плоскость антропного измерения публичной сферы политики. Метод логического синтеза позволил совместить абстрактное и конкретное содержание антропологического измерения публичности. Ретроспективный анализ позволил определить темпоральные особенности антропного значение публичной сферы. Компаративный метод дал возможность сравнить эмпирические проявления социальной и политической публичности, сопоставить антропологические последствия медийной и интерперсональной коммуникационной деятельности современного человека. Теоретический базис и результаты. В статье рассматривается антропологический смысл публичной сферы как одного из ключевых понятий коммуникативной теории, уделяется внимание видоизменению характера публичности в условиях кибернетической революции. Публичная сфера выступает не только совокупностью индивидуальных презентаций, но и совокупностью сообщений, текстовых и вербальных, которые имеют общую значимость. В связи с этим, подбор новостей как более или менее значимых, выступает, с одной стороны средством коррекции мировосприятия, а также ориентации в условиях безграничности информационного потока. Публичная сфера выступает не просто средой вербального или текстуального самовыражения индивида, а также плоскостью присутствия человека в жизни других и адекватного ее восприятия. Чем больше публичная сфера удаляется от контрфактического образа, намеченного в коммуникативной теории, тем больше она теряет антропные черты и приобретает содержание технологической и производственной сети, поскольку модус общения меняется на модус передачи информации. Устанавливаются приоритеты личностной репрезентации человека в публичной сфере. Рассматривается необходимость и мотивы установления коммуникативно-прагматических связей между отдельными индивидами. Новизна. В антропологическом измерении публичная сфера выступает источником многообещающих перспектив и формирования определяющих ограничений. Публичность становится ведущей качеством современного человека из-за необходимости реализации в практиках общения. Сетевой характер коммуникационных связей заставляет современного человека производить определенный образ для презентации себя обществу. Выводы. Делается вывод о направлениях трансформации публичной сферы в глобальном измерении. ; Мета. Стаття спрямована на встановлення специфіки антропологічного тлумачення публічної сфери у сучасній філософській традиції. Методологія. У роботі застосовані загальнонаукові й спеціальні методи філософських досліджень. Шляхом використання дескриптивного методу вдалося виокремити предметну площину антропного виміру публічної сфери політики. Метод логічного синтезу дозволив поєднати абстрактний та конкретний зміст антропологічного виміру публічності. Ретроспективний аналіз дозволив визначити темпоральні особливості антропного значення публічної сфери. Компаративний метод надав можливість порівняти емпіричні прояви соціальної та політичної публічності, зіставити антропологічні наслідки медійної та інтерперсональної комунікаційної діяльності сучасної людини. Теоретичний базис і результати. У статті розглядається антропологічний зміст публічної сфери як одного з ключових понять комунікативної теорії, надається увага видозміні характеру публічності в умовах кібернетичної революції. Публічна сфера виступає не лише сукупністю індивідуальних презентацій, але й сукупністю повідомлень, текстуальних і вербальних, які мають загальну значущість. У зв'язку з цим, добір новин як більш, або менш значущих, виступає з одного боку, або засобом корекції світосприйняття, а також орієнтації в умовах безмежності інформаційного потоку. Публічна сфера виступає не просто середовищем вербального або текстуального самовиразу індивіда, а також площиною присутності людини у житті інших та адекватного її сприйняття. Що більше публічна сфера віддаляється від контрфактичного образу, накресленого у комунікативній теорії, тим більше вона втрачає антропні риси і набуває змісту технологічної та виробничої мережі, оскільки модус спілкування змінюється на модус передавання інформації. Встановлюється пріоритети особистісної репрезентації людини у публічній сфері. Розглядається потреба і мотиви встановлення комунікативно-прагматичних зв'язків між окремими індивідами. Новизна. В антропологічному вимірі публічна сфера виступає джерелом багатообіцяючих перспектив та формування визначальних обмежень. Публічність стає провідною якістю сучасної людини через необхідність її реалізації у практиках спілкування. Мережний характер комунікаційних зв'язків змушує сучасну людину виробляти певний образ для презентації себе суспільству. Висновки. Робиться висновок про напрямки трансформації публічної сфери у глобальному вимірі.

The essence of the legal nature of relations between the non-entrepreneurial company and its participants is revealed. Analyzed the views of scholars on the definition and content of corporate rights in non-entrepreneurial societies. It is concluded that in a non-commercial partnership there are two types of legal relationships regulated by different methods of civil law: internal corporate relations or organizational, regulated by a method in which the decision of the majority is mandatory for minority, and property relations, which are regulated by the legal equality of parties, with all legal consequences.Formulation of the problem. Today many non-entrepreneurial companies have shown themselves to be active in such a way that real social issues are solved, which for a number of reasons the state does not manage. Among them, supporting and protection of the rights of socially vulnerable groups of the population (children, youth, women, military personnel, veterans, refugees, settlers, invalids, etc.); defending the rights of citizens to a favorable environment; complex of issues related to local self-government; leisure organization, education, retraining, social rehabilitation, etc.The variety of forms of non-entrepreneurial company directly depends on the specific purpose for which it is created and its functions. Some of them are created and operate for the sake of providing economic benefits to an indefinite number of people who are not participants of the non-entrepreneurial company itself (charities, institutions, foundations), others in order to meet the needs of all, the participants themselves of non-entrepreneurial company (public organizations, associations of co-owners of multi-apartment buildings residential buildings, credit unions).Analysis of the recent research materials and publications. The searching of certain issues of the legal status of NT was given attention in the works of V.I. Borisova, I.V. Spasibo-Fateyeva, I.M. Kucherenko, V.I. Zhukov, I.P. Zhigalkin, V.F. Poddubnaya, OO Belyaeva, VV Cochin, N.Y. Filatova and many other scientists, emphasizing the relevance of the research topic.Despite the considerable interest of scientists in the issues of non-entrepreneurial company activities, many outstanding issues remain, including the legal nature of the relationship between non-entrepreneurial company and its participants.Purpose of the article – to identify the legal nature of the relationship between non-entrepreneurial company and its participants, depending on the type of non-entrepreneurial company and the purpose of its creation.Presenting the main material. The legal nature of the relationship between the non-entrepreneurial company and its participants is based on the "right of participation" in the society enshrined in the law. For its researching it is necessary to determine the legal nature of the "right to participate" in non-entrepreneurial company as a legal entity. Along with the "participation", the term "membership" is also used by law, which in some cases is generally identified. It follows from the conclusion that for non-entrepreneurial company it is not fundamental, but it is more expedient to use the term "right of participation" to unify the use of the definition.Definition of the"right of participation" Civil Code is not provided. Therefore, in clarifying the essence of this right should proceed, first of all, from the general understanding of the concept of "participation" and to analyze the rights enshrined by law to the members of the companies. The legal nature of the right to participate in a company as a legal entity is the right of a companion to act on his own, which causes another person - the companion of the state of affiliation. It can be argued that the right to participate implies involvement in something that the person is involved in, that is, the fact that the person is in a certain connection with other persons is confirmed. This association is not an obligation. However, this is a right that is not opposed to any obligation.The peculiarity of the right of participation of a society is the actions of a companion in a company, which at the same time is both a power and a duty. The right to participate in the "union of persons" is simultaneously a duty in the "union of deposits". The "Union of Persons" adopted the method of legal regulation of intra corporate law, which consists in the decision of the body of the company, adopted by the majority, mandatory for the minority of companions. The method of democratic centralism. Does not have the right to veto, but there is a certain, intracorporate, subordination. In its legal nature, this is an organizational relationship (the right to participate), the subject of civil law. The "Union of deposits" inherent method of legal regulation is a method of civil law. This is a method of legal equality, that is, not subordination of subjects of civil legal relations to each other. This is a property relationship, in which its members, being companions, are related to each other as equal.Conclusions. Based on the foregoing can conclude that in the company, including non-entrepreneurial, two types of legal relations governed by various methods of civil law: internal corporate relations or organizational, regulated by the method in which the majority decision is mandatory for the minority, and property legal relations, which are regulated by the method of legal equality of the parties, with all legal consequences.In the non-entrepreneurial company, in which property contributions are significant and perform functions similar to functions of property contributions in entrepreneurial associations, there is a need for additional protection of the rights and legitimate interests of participants (members), which can be ensured, in particular, by improving the system of reporting on the activities of non-entrepreneurial company and the cost of material resources; mandatory creation in the non-entrepreneurial company of the bodies that control the activities of the organization; the extension of the list of questions submitted to the exclusive competence of the supreme management body of non-entrepreneurial company, etc. If the non-entrepreneurial company simply gives its participants (members) goods, works, and services typical of the external market for a fee, then they act in a role equivalent to the role of creditors. At the same time, the participants (members) are subject to general rules on the protection of creditors' rights. ; Раскрыта сущность правовой природы отношений между непредпринимательским товариществом и его участниками. Проанализированы взгляды ученых на определение и содержание корпоративных прав в непредпринимательских товариществах. Сделан вывод, что в непредпринимательских товариществах существуют два вида правоотношений – внутрикорпоративные и имущественные, которые регулируются различными методами гражданского права. ; Розкрито сутність правової природи відносин між непідприємницьким товариством і його учасниками. Проаналізовано погляди науковців щодо визначення та змісту корпоративних прав у непідприємницьких товариствах. Зроблено висновок, що в непідприємницькому товаристві існують два види правовідносин – внутрішньокорпоративні та майнові, які регулюються різними методами цивільного права.

CLARIN AND SWE-CLARIN CLARIN (Common Language Resources and Technology Infrastructure) is a European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC), an ESFRI (European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures) initiative which aims at (a) making extensive language-based materials available as primary research data to the Humanities and Social Sciences (HSS) research communities; and (b) offering state-of-the-art language technology (LT) as an e- research tool for this purpose, positioning CLARIN centrally in what is often referred to as the digital humanities (DH). Swe-Clarin as the Swedish CLARIN node was established in 2015 with funding from the Swedish Research Council by a consortium consisting of 9 members – so-called Swe-Clarin centers – representing the Swedish academic community as well as public memory institutions. The academic members are well balanced over the LT field, covering existing and possible research areas and user groups, and the memory institutions provide access to many of the language-based materials of interest to the users. Swe-Clarin is coordinated by Språkbanken, University of Gothenburg. From the start, Swe-Clarin has aimed to establish good relations to the HSS fields and open the door for all researchers who wish to work with DH research using text and speech as primary research data. To avoid being a project by language technologists for linguists, we strive to include the HSS researchers in the process as early as possible. Our preferred way of doing this has been to establish small pilot projects with at least one member from the HSS field and at least one Swe-Clarin consortium member, together formulating a research question the addressing of which requires working with large language-based materials. Ideally, the collaboration should additionally always include a data owner, a person or persons representing the institution where the text or speech data is kept – typically a memory institution. The pilot projects aim to spread the word of Swe-Clarin, show the potential of using language technology in DH research, create a user base for the tools and resources developed and maintained by Swe-Clarin, and last but not least, having this development being informed by input from users in the earliest possible stages of the project. Some pilot projects are already underway (see below). In addition to the pilot projects, we have arranged workshops and user days and published newsletters and a blog. The workshops held so far have been on topics such as: general introduction to Swe-Clarin, our tools and resources; historical resources and tools; making cultural heritage text data available for research; and HSS research on digitized speech data, such as those of the Swedish Media Archive. We have started a series of workshops called Swe-Clarin on tour where Språkbanken's widely used Korp corpus infrastructure (Borin et al. 2012) is used to explore previously unexplored materials in a hands-on manner, giving researchers of LT and HSS the opportunity to meet and discuss research questions and the potentials of using LT for DH. The experience from working with HSS researchers will help reveal the limitations of existing tools and hopefully also engender general methodological discussion, thus setting the stage for future development of tools more appropriate for DH research. The first such workshop was held at Stockholm University in the spring of 2016. It featured the ethnographic questionnaires collected by the Nordic Museum since the late 1920s and now digitized by them, and it was attended mainly by ethnologists. The next workshop in the series will be held in Umeå in conjunction with the Swedish Language Technology Conference in November 2016. There the material in focus will be the Swedish Government Official Reports (Statens offentliga utredningar, SOU), in the version digitized by the National Library of Sweden, comprising more than 400 million words covering the years 1922–1998. SOME SWE-CLARIN PILOT PROJECTS Attitudes Toward Rhetoric Over TimeIn this pilot project, a historian of rhetoric at Uppsala University together with the Swe-Clarin center Språkbanken explored how Språkbanken's Korp infrastructure could be applied to the research question of how the attitudes to rhetoric expressed in Swedish public discourse have changed over the last 200 years. The focus in the pilot project was on a large (almost 1 billion words) digitized historical newspaper material provided by the National Library, but some preliminary studies of modern social media were also included for comparison. (Viklund and Borin 2016) A Text Analysis Toolbox for Learner LanguageThe Swe-Clarin center at Uppsala University has developed SWEGRAM, a web service that provides automatic linguistic annotation at word and sentence level, which can subsequently be used to derive statistics on different linguistic characteristics of the texts, for example, the number of words and sentences in a text, the average length of a word, the distribution of word classes or different measures of readability. In a collaboration with researchers at the Department of Scandinavian Languages at Uppsala University, SWEGRAM has been made the basis for a web-based tool for annotation and quantitative analysis of student essays for the national exam in Swedish and Swedish as a second language for different grades (3rd, 6th, 9th grade). (Megyesi et al. 2016) The Annotated Strindberg CorpusThe Swe-Clarin center at Stockholm University in collaboration with the Swedish Literature Bank (Litteraturbanken) and the editorial team of the National Edition of August Strindberg's Collected Works aim to construct a linguistically annotated corpus of Strindberg's collected works. The National Edition consists of 72 volumes with about 6 million words published between 1981 and 2012. The annotated version of the corpus will enable new kinds of research to be conducted on this material, as well as pave the way for even deeper annotation in the future. (Nilsson Björkenstam et al. 2014) LAST BUT NOT LEAST We strongly encourage you to contact us if you are interested in any of our resources, in conducting a pilot study with us or if you have any ideas or questions regarding digital humanities research with respect to language technology and resources: . See also . REFERENCES Borin, L., Forsberg, M., & Roxendal, J. (2012). Korp – the corpus infrastructure of Språkbanken. In Proceedings of LREC 2012 (pp. 474–478). Istanbul: ELRA. Megyesi, B., Näsman, J., & Palmér, A. (2016). The uppsala corpus of student writings: Corpus creation, annotation, and analysis. In Proceedings of LREC 2016 (pp. 3192–3199). Portorož: ELRA. Nilsson Björkenstam, K., Gustafson Capková, S., & Wirén, M. (2014). The Stockholm University Strindberg Corpus: Content and possibilities. In R. Lysell (Ed.), Strindberg on international stages/Strindberg in translation. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Viklund, J., & Borin, L. (2016). How can big data help us study rhetorical history? In Selected Papers from the CLARIN Annual Conference 2015 (pp. 79–93). Linköping: LiU EP.

The essence of the legal nature of relations between the non-entrepreneurial company and its participants is revealed. Analyzed the views of scholars on the definition and content of corporate rights in non-entrepreneurial societies. It is concluded that in a non-commercial partnership there are two types of legal relationships regulated by different methods of civil law: internal corporate relations or organizational, regulated by a method in which the decision of the majority is mandatory for minority, and property relations, which are regulated by the legal equality of parties, with all legal consequences.Formulation of the problem. Today many non-entrepreneurial companies have shown themselves to be active in such a way that real social issues are solved, which for a number of reasons the state does not manage. Among them, supporting and protection of the rights of socially vulnerable groups of the population (children, youth, women, military personnel, veterans, refugees, settlers, invalids, etc.); defending the rights of citizens to a favorable environment; complex of issues related to local self-government; leisure organization, education, retraining, social rehabilitation, etc.The variety of forms of non-entrepreneurial company directly depends on the specific purpose for which it is created and its functions. Some of them are created and operate for the sake of providing economic benefits to an indefinite number of people who are not participants of the non-entrepreneurial company itself (charities, institutions, foundations), others in order to meet the needs of all, the participants themselves of non-entrepreneurial company (public organizations, associations of co-owners of multi-apartment buildings residential buildings, credit unions).Analysis of the recent research materials and publications. The searching of certain issues of the legal status of NT was given attention in the works of V.I. Borisova, I.V. Spasibo-Fateyeva, I.M. Kucherenko, V.I. Zhukov, I.P. Zhigalkin, V.F. Poddubnaya, OO Belyaeva, VV Cochin, N.Y. Filatova and many other scientists, emphasizing the relevance of the research topic.Despite the considerable interest of scientists in the issues of non-entrepreneurial company activities, many outstanding issues remain, including the legal nature of the relationship between non-entrepreneurial company and its participants.Purpose of the article – to identify the legal nature of the relationship between non-entrepreneurial company and its participants, depending on the type of non-entrepreneurial company and the purpose of its creation.Presenting the main material. The legal nature of the relationship between the non-entrepreneurial company and its participants is based on the "right of participation" in the society enshrined in the law. For its researching it is necessary to determine the legal nature of the "right to participate" in non-entrepreneurial company as a legal entity. Along with the "participation", the term "membership" is also used by law, which in some cases is generally identified. It follows from the conclusion that for non-entrepreneurial company it is not fundamental, but it is more expedient to use the term "right of participation" to unify the use of the definition.Definition of the"right of participation" Civil Code is not provided. Therefore, in clarifying the essence of this right should proceed, first of all, from the general understanding of the concept of "participation" and to analyze the rights enshrined by law to the members of the companies. The legal nature of the right to participate in a company as a legal entity is the right of a companion to act on his own, which causes another person - the companion of the state of affiliation. It can be argued that the right to participate implies involvement in something that the person is involved in, that is, the fact that the person is in a certain connection with other persons is confirmed. This association is not an obligation. However, this is a right that is not opposed to any obligation.The peculiarity of the right of participation of a society is the actions of a companion in a company, which at the same time is both a power and a duty. The right to participate in the "union of persons" is simultaneously a duty in the "union of deposits". The "Union of Persons" adopted the method of legal regulation of intra corporate law, which consists in the decision of the body of the company, adopted by the majority, mandatory for the minority of companions. The method of democratic centralism. Does not have the right to veto, but there is a certain, intracorporate, subordination. In its legal nature, this is an organizational relationship (the right to participate), the subject of civil law. The "Union of deposits" inherent method of legal regulation is a method of civil law. This is a method of legal equality, that is, not subordination of subjects of civil legal relations to each other. This is a property relationship, in which its members, being companions, are related to each other as equal.Conclusions. Based on the foregoing can conclude that in the company, including non-entrepreneurial, two types of legal relations governed by various methods of civil law: internal corporate relations or organizational, regulated by the method in which the majority decision is mandatory for the minority, and property legal relations, which are regulated by the method of legal equality of the parties, with all legal consequences.In the non-entrepreneurial company, in which property contributions are significant and perform functions similar to functions of property contributions in entrepreneurial associations, there is a need for additional protection of the rights and legitimate interests of participants (members), which can be ensured, in particular, by improving the system of reporting on the activities of non-entrepreneurial company and the cost of material resources; mandatory creation in the non-entrepreneurial company of the bodies that control the activities of the organization; the extension of the list of questions submitted to the exclusive competence of the supreme management body of non-entrepreneurial company, etc. If the non-entrepreneurial company simply gives its participants (members) goods, works, and services typical of the external market for a fee, then they act in a role equivalent to the role of creditors. At the same time, the participants (members) are subject to general rules on the protection of creditors' rights. ; Раскрыта сущность правовой природы отношений между непредпринимательским товариществом и его участниками. Проанализированы взгляды ученых на определение и содержание корпоративных прав в непредпринимательских товариществах. Сделан вывод, что в непредпринимательских товариществах существуют два вида правоотношений – внутрикорпоративные и имущественные, которые регулируются различными методами гражданского права. ; Розкрито сутність правової природи відносин між непідприємницьким товариством і його учасниками. Проаналізовано погляди науковців щодо визначення та змісту корпоративних прав у непідприємницьких товариствах. Зроблено висновок, що в непідприємницькому товаристві існують два види правовідносин – внутрішньокорпоративні та майнові, які регулюються різними методами цивільного права.

A lo largo de la presente tesis doctoral, se desarrolla un análisis evolutivo de la cultura política en España. Dicho análisis abarca desde las primeras elecciones de nuestra actual democracia hasta el año 2011. Con ello se pretende alcanzar un objetivo general de conocimiento de la evolución de la cultura política de la ciudadanía española, a través de un análisis longitudinal descriptivo, comparativo y causal de los diferentes elementos que la configuran. La consecución de este objetivo general se concreta a través de cinco objetivos específicos, a saber: Objetivo Específico 1: Analizar las influencias de los factores de cohorte, edad y período en el proceso de construcción de la cultura política de los españoles. Objetivo Específico 2: Establecer una diferenciación entre los factores actitudinales y comportamentales de la cultura política española para acometer un análisis de las interacciones entre variables de ambos subgrupos. Objetivo Específico 3: Conocer la evolución de los factores actitudinales y comportamentales de la cultura política de la ciudadanía española. Objetivo Específico 4: Determinar la influencia de las variables sociodemográficas en aquellas otras relacionadas con aspectos comportamentales. Objetivo Específico 5: Observar la influencia de los factores actitudinales de la cultura política (interés, conocimiento, orientación ideológica y fidelidad de voto) en los factores comportamentales de la misma (formas de participación política convencional y no convencional). Las conclusiones obtenidas al respecto del objeto de conocimiento que se perseguía alcanzar, giran en torno a las hipótesis planteadas en el inicio de esta tesis doctoral, a saber: 1. De los efectos cohorte, ciclo vital y período en la construcción de la cultura política de los españoles a lo largo del proceso democrático, aquel que afecta en mayor medida en dicha evolución es el efecto período, que será el que mayor peso ejerza como variable independiente en la construcción de la cultura política de los españoles a lo largo del actual periodo democrático español. 2. Existe una reducción de las diferencias en la cultura política de la población española a lo largo del proceso democrático en razón de las variables socio-demográficas de la población española. 3. El interés se constituye como la variable de cultura política de tipo actitudinal con mayor influencia, como variable independiente, respecto a aquellas otras variables de tipo comportamental referidas a las formas de participación política analizadas (participación electoral, afiliación a sindicatos, afiliación a partidos políticos, asistencia a manifestaciones y firma de peticiones). Con respecto a la primera de las hipótesis, a tenor de los datos obtenidos del análisis longitudinal de cuatro cohortes generacionales, se confirma la hipótesis alternativa que sostiene el mayor peso del efecto período sobre la evolución de la cultura política española. Por su parte, los datos descriptivos obtenidos del análisis de las tablas de contingencia, indican una reducción progresiva de las influencias de muchas de las variables socio-demográficas sobre las características de la cultura política de la población española. Por último, el análisis multivariante representado en los modelos loglineales obtenidos para cada momento del presente estudio (1980, 1989, 2000 y 2011), devuelve el protagonismo de la variable orientación ideológica en la configuración de la cultura política española. En consecuencia, podemos concluir que la cultura política española es una realidad dinámica que varía a lo largo del proceso democrático español. En ese proceso de cambio hay que destacar la influencia del efecto periodo y variables como la orientación ideológica. Por su parte, la influencia de variables socio-demográficas en la caracterización dicha cultura política, ha venido descendiendo a lo largo del estudio. ABSTRACT Throughout this thesis, an evolutionary analysis of the political culture in Spain is carried out. This analysis spans from the first elections of our current democracy until 2011. The aim is to achieve an overall objective of understanding the evolution of the political culture of the Spanish public, through a descriptive, comparative and longitudinal causal analysis of the different elements that make it up. The achievement of this overall objective is specified through five specific objectives, namely: Specific Objective 1: To analyze the influence of the group factors, such as age and period in the process of building the political culture of the Spaniards. Specific Objective 2: Establish the difference between the attitudinal and behavioral factors of the Spanish political culture in order to undertake an analysis of interactions of the variables between both subgroups. Specific Objective 3: Understand the evolution of the attitudinal and behavioral factors of the political culture of the Spanish citizens. Specific Objective 4: Determine the influence of the social demographic variables on those others related to behavioral aspects. Specific Objective 5: Observe the influence of the attitudinal factors of political culture (interests, knowledge, ideological orientation and fidelity of vote) on the same behavioral factors (forms of conventional and unconventional political participation). The conclusions that were sought and reached regarding the object of knowledge, revolves around the hypothesis proposed at the beginning of this thesis, namely: 1. Of the cohort effects, life cycle and the building period of the political culture of the Spaniards throughout the democratic process, the period effect is the one that most affects the development, being this period which will have a stronger weight as an independent variable in the construction of the political culture of the Spaniards during the current Spanish democratic period. 2. There is a reduction of the differences in the political culture of the Spanish population over the democratic process because of the socio-demographic variables of the Spanish population 3. The interest is constituted as a variable of the attitudinal political culture with a greater influence, as an independent variable, as opposed to behavioral related to the analyzed forms of political participation (voter participation, union membership, political party memberships, protest assistance and petition signing). With regard to the first hypothesis, according to the data from the longitudinal analysis of four generational cohorts, we confirm that the alternative hypothesis that sustains the greatest influence on the period effect with regards to the evolution period of the Spanish political culture. For its part, the descriptive data obtained from the analysis of contingency tables indicate a progressive reduction of the influences of many of the socio-demographic variables over the characteristics of the political culture of the Spanish population. Finally, the multivariate analysis represented in loglinear models obtained in each moment of this study (1980, 1989, 2000 and 2011), returns the prominence of the ideological orientation variable in the configuration of the Spanish political culture. Consequently, we can conclude that the Spanish political culture is a dynamic reality that varies throughout the Spanish democratic process. In this process of change we must mention the influence of the period effect and variables such as ideological orientation. For its part, the influence of socio-demographic variables in characterizing this political culture has been declining throughout the study.

The study aims to determine the factors involved in the collision of the administration of justice with ordinary communal administration in the crime against public security in the forro of illegal possession of firearms in the Awajún ethnicity of the province of Rioja, San Martín region. The research is descriptive, population and study sample confortned 458 inhabitants ofthis ethnic group, who were applied a survey; he meta 5 Heads or Apus of indigenous communities, 7 authorities linked to the ordinary courts: Judge not Legal Paz, the district govemor Awajún, the commissioners ofthe National Police Pardo Miguel (Orange) and Nueva Cajamarca, the Criminal Prosecutor of Nueva Cajamarca, the Director of the Public Defender of San Martín, the President of the Superior Court of San Martín. Records and sentences passed on culturally conditioned mistake and the case Wajajai Melvin Espinoza were analyzed for illegal possession of firearm. The results of the surveys of residents, interviews, literature and jurísprudence on the subject of study allow us to infer: that 91 % of respondents Awajun people use guns ( shotguns and trappers) for hunting, and community security as part of their custom and tradition, and Ap us heads interviewed said that the villagers do not know. the procedures for the registration of firearms, they just leam when they are operated by the National Police. 96% of people surveyed rely Apus the bosses and communities to resolve conflicts, 70% belíeved that cases of illegal possession of firearms should solve community justice, in general the higher rate of 71 % He prefers the communal justice, calling the ordinary courts of fair to poor between 55% and 14% and only a third said it was bad. The Commissioners of the National Police and Criminal Prosecutor, Awajún people believe that should be subject to the procedures established by the ordinary justice and indigenous justice must resolve minor cases in the case of illegal possession of firearms should treat the ordinary courts. Judge Legal Peaceforce, the District Govemor, the President of the Superior Court and the Director of the Public Defender of San Martín, agree in indicating that in these cases, must apply the common law and the requirements of art. 169, article 149 of the Constitution, Art. 15 of the Criminal Code on the error culturally conditioned, and the procedures established in the Protocol Coordination Justice Systems Intercultural approach. Villagers, Heads of native communities; the President of the Court and the Director of the Public Defender of San Martin; They agree on the creation of the Greater Community Council of Justice, with greater powers to resolve major cases including those of rape and murder; granting autonomy to the community justice. In conclusion: Despite the existence rules to resolve the conflict between the two types of justice; these remain: the absence of a sustainable training plan for judicial officers and Awajún population; the reigning doctrinal confusion among operators of justice on the powers of communal justice and ordinary justice, and misapplication of art. CP 15 "culturally conditioned mistake"; adding to it the wrong ideological and political ethnocentric conception of ethno-cultural superiority and discrepancies between integration-coordination-autonomy of the legal system. ; El estudio tiene como propósito determinar los factores que inciden en la colisión de la administración de justicia comunal con la administración ordinaria en el delito contra la seguridad pública en la modalidad de tenencia ilegal de armas de fuego en la etnia Awajún de la provincia de Rioja, región San Martín, 2015. La investigación es de tipo descriptiva, la población y muestra de estudio la conformaron 458 pobladores de dicha etnia, a quienes se les aplicó una encuesta; se entrevistó a 5 Apus (Jefes) de las comunidades nativas, a 7 autoridades vinculadas con la justicia ordinaria: La Jueza de Paz no Letrada, el Gobernador distrital de Awajún, los Comisarios de la Policía Nacional de Pardo Miguel (Naranjos) y Nueva Cajamarca, al Fiscal en lo Penal de Nueva Cajamarca, a la Directora de la Defensa Pública de San Martín, y al Presidente de la Corte superior de Justicia de San Martín. Se analizaron expedientes y sentencias aplicadas sobre error culturalmente condicionado y el caso Melvin Wajajai Espinoza por tenencia ilegal de arma de fuego. Los resultados de las encuestas y entrevistas aplicadas, el análisis de literatura y jurisprudencia sobre la materia de estudio nos permiten colegir: Que el 91 % de los pobladores Awajun encuestados utilizan armas de fuego (escopetas y tramperos) con fines de caza, y seguridad comunal, formando parte de su costumbre y tradición, los Apus (Jefes) afirman que los comuneros no conocen los procedimientos para el registro de armas de fuego, ellos recién se enteran cuando son intervenidos por la Policía Nacional. El 96% de los pobladores encuestados recurren a los Apus (Jefes) de las comunidades para resolver los conflictos, el 70% cree que los casos de tenencia ilegal de armas de fuego debe resolverlo la justicia comunal, en líneas generales el porcentaje superior del 71 % prefiere la justicia comunal, calificando a la justicia ordinaria de regular a mala entre 55% y 14% y sólo un tercio dice que es mala. Los Comisarios de la Policía Nacional y el Fiscal en lo Penal, consideran que los pobladores Awajún deben sujetarse a los procedimientos establecidos por la justicia ordinaria y la justicia indígena debe resolver los casos leves en el caso de tenencia ilegal de armas de fuego debe tratarlo la justicia ordinaria. La Jueza de Paz No Letrada, el Gobernador Distrital, El Presidente de la Corte Superior y la Directora de la Defensa Pública de San Martín, coinciden al indicar que en estos casos, debe aplicarse el derecho consuetudinario y lo prescrito en el art. 169 de la OIT, el art, 149 de la Constitución Política, el art. 15 del Código Penal sobre el error culturalmente condicionado, y los procedimientos establecidos en el Protocolo de Coordinación entre Sistemas de Justicia con enfoque Intercultural. Los pobladores, Apus (Jefes) de las comunidades nativas; el Presidente de la Corte y la Directora de la Defensa Pública de San Martín; están de acuerdo en la creación del Concejo Mayor de Justicia Comunal, con mayores competencias para resolver casos mayores incluyendo los de violación y asesinatos; otorgando la autonomía a la justicia comunal. En conclusión: Pese a la existencia normativa para resolver el conflicto entre ambos tipos de justicia; estos persisten: por la ausencia de un plan sostenible de capacitación a los operadores de justicia y a los población Awajún; por la confusión doctrinaria reinante entre los operadores de justicia sobre las competencias de la justicia comunal y la justicia ordinaria, y la aplicación indebida del art. 15 del CP "error culturalmente condicionado"; sumándose a ello la equivocada concepción ideológica política etnocentrista de la superioridad étnicocultural y las discrepancias entre la integración-coordinación-autonomía del sistema jurídico. ; Tesis

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The research is originated from the concern of understanding the role of architecture in a complex social phenomenon, as is the tangibility of social abstractions through institutions. lt is studied why and how this relationship between social and physical is produced in architecture, and specifically, how it is manifested in the case of the State of Chile, in a singular political social period, marked by a republican ethical sense. This investigation is born from the need to understand the role architecture has in the materialization of social abstractions through institutions, beyond stylistic or formal considerations. lt allows to demonstrate that the recognition of the main architectural works is simultaneously a recognition of a social volition which has an ethical and value-based character that is embodied in architecture, in parallel to its own spatial and technical values. Projects therefore are a social co-construction, a specific praxis that changes the behavior of the daily social life organization. History is observed in relation to a specific project and the categories of its time and its society, because they are a product of an evolution based on a social dialogue. The sociocentrism is revalidated in the study of architecture and history in general. The investigation is divided into three parts: first, an elaboration of a theoretical framework that addresses the concepts of abstraction, dialog and identity, as parts of a social significance process. This framework is orientated to explain the existence and strengthening of social abstractions that acquire identity by means of a social dialog and that operate over certain institutions to configure them as ideological state apparatuses. Second, an elaboration of the development of the Chilean state and its actions in the 1932-1973 period, in function of a group of ideas that are key to understand the institutions which establish a modern ethos, associated to social progress ideas. Third, the focus is on specifically, how the state has materialized a certain architecture, which has played a relevant social role in the configuration ofthe nation·s identity, through 8 key buildings: the Law School of the University of Chile, the Military Academy, the Votive Church of Maipu, the Bank of the State, the Medicine School of the University of Chile, the Naval Academy in Valparaíso, the Cepal Headquarters and the Ministry of Labor. These buildings were chosen from a series of public tenders, and are the most significant in the public works of the State. Finally, two emblematic cases are analyzed in depth: the Law School of the University of Chile and the Cepal Headquarters.These cases are considered paradigmatic examples of the relationship with national social abstractions: from the national developmentalist discourse to the abstraction of structural changes, which means, the ideology-utopia with which these study cases are refigured. For the Thesis is it relevant to study the state works as a whole, by its condition of being the physical support and simultaneously the testimony of an interaction between the particular abstraction of a peripheric and open mind society as the chilean one, with the generic abstractions of the dominant world culture. The study cases can be recognized as a partial synthesis situation in that interaction, and with identity value. lt is attached, in addition, a series of theoretical, historical, political annexes, that bring specific information about the study cases, that are part of the investigation, that allow timely deepening o wider frameworks to understand the presented phenomena. ; La investigación nace de la inquietud por comprender el papel de la arquitectura en un fenómeno social complejo como lo es la tangibilización de sus abstracciones sociales a través de instituciones. Se estudia por qué y cómo se produce esta relación de puente entre lo social con lo físico en la arquitectura y específicamente cómo se ha dado en el caso del Estado de Chile, en un período político social marcado por un sentido ético republicano. La utilidad de esta investigación está en incorporar una dimensión histórico social más abstracta en los antecedentes, que permitan valorar una cierta arquitectura sobre una base identitaria, más allá de consideraciones estilísticas o formales. Permite demostrar que el reconocimiento a algunas de las más importantes obras en Chile es simultáneamente un reconocimiento a una voluntad social de carácter ético y valórico que se plasmó en la arquitectura, en paralelo a sus propios valores espaciales y técnicos. Los proyectos por lo tanto, constituyen una co-construcción social, una praxis concreta que modifica conductas de la organización social de la vida diaria. Se observa la historia en función de un proyecto y de las categorías de su época y su sociedad, pues son producto de su evolución en base a un diálogo social. Se revalida el sociocentrismo en el estudio de la arquitectura y de la historia en general. Se desarrolla en tres partes: primero se elabora un marco teórico que aborda los conceptos de abstracción,dialogía e identidad, como partes de un proceso de significación social. Este marco se orienta a explicar la existencia y consolidación de abstracciones sociales que producto del diálogo socialadquieren identidad y que operan sobre ciertas instituciones para configurarlas como aparatos ideológicos del Estado. Segundo, se desarrolla el devenir del Estado de Chile y sus acciones en el período entre 1932 y 1973, en función de un grupo de ideas que son claves para comprender las instituciones que instauran un ethos moderno, asociado a ideas de progreso social. Tercero, se desarrolla específicamente cómo el Estado ha materializado una cierta arquitectura, que ha cumplido un rol social relevante en la conformación de la identidad nacional, a través de 8 proyectos claves: la Escuela de Derecho de la Universidad de Chile, la Escuela Militar, elTemplo Votivo de Maipú, el Banco del Estado, la Escuela de Medicina de la Universidad de Chile, la Escuela Naval de Valparaíso, la sede para la Cepal y el Ministerio del Trabajo. Estos edificios son los más significativos en la obra del Estado en el período y fueron convocados mediante concurso. Finalmente se resumen dos de ellos (la Escuela de Derecho de la Universidad de Chile y la sede para la Cepal) como ejemplos paradigmáticos de relación con las abstracciones sociales nacionales: desde el discurso nacional desarrollista a la abstracción de los cambios estructurales, es decir, la ideología-utopía con que se pueden refigurar estos casos de estudio. Para la tesis es relevante estudiar la obra del Estado como conjunto por su condición de ser el soporte físico y a la vez el testimonio de una interacción entre las particulares abstracciones de una sociedad periférica y abierta como la chilena con las abstracciones genéricas de la cultura mundial dominante. Los casos en estudio pueden ser reconocidos como situaciones de síntesis parcial en dicha interacción y con valor de identidad. Se adjuntan además una serie de anexos de carácter teórico, histórico, político y de información específica de los casos de estudio que forman parte de la investigación, que permiten profundizaciones puntuales o marcos más amplios para entender los fenómenos presentados. ; Postprint (published version)

El bullying sigue siendo uno de los principales problemas de los centros educativos en nuestro país desde hace décadas. Lacra social que guarda cierta correspondencia con la violencia familiar ambas arraigadas en el 'saber popular' a modo de mal inevitable que ha de padecerse y que de cualquier modo ha de quedar ajeno a las posibilidades de intervención de la justicia, en especial de la vía penal. Resulta indiscutible que el acoso escolar ha venido siendo socialmente tolerado con tal grado de condescendencia que es asimilado socialmente como suerte en el aprendizaje que el alumno ha de asumir a fin de aprender a: encajar, resistir y devolver aquellos golpes que pudiera venirle de uno u otro lado. Una clara analogía a la 'LEY DE LA SELVA en la que la tiranía del más fuerte se impone a la del más 'débil' que tiende a su extinción. Desde el caso de acoso del joven Jokin Z que acabó suicidándose en 2004, hasta víctimas tan recientes como Diego , un niño de 11 años que se quitó la vida en enero de 2016 al saltar desde su hogar en un quinto piso. El bullying viene cobrándose mundialmente un promedio de 200 mil vidas al año, tan sólo en la franja de jóvenes entre 14 a 28 años según un informe evacuado por la OMS en 2014.(Informe de la OMS sobre la prevención del Suicidio. "Prevención del Suicidio un Imperativo Global". 2014). El trabajo que aquí se presenta, está dividido básicamente en tres apartados: el primero de ellos dedicado a conceptos, características y sujetos, el segundo a tratar cuestiones sustantivas sobre la responsabilidad penal en los casos de bullying y finalmente, otro dedicado a cuestiones procesales asociadas al enjuiciamiento de este tipo de hechos. Se ha llevado a término mediante el estudio de la legislación aplicable, jurisprudencia, y documentos de la Fiscalía General del Estado y del Defensor del Pueblo. Si bien es cierto que de un tiempo a esta parte se ha avanzado en este asunto, a mi modo de ver aún no existe la suficiente información con la que erradicar este problema. Por ello este trabajo podría resultar de utilidad a cualquier persona u organización que pudiese estar sensibilizada con este asunto y precisara un enfoque jurídico sobre los puntos tratados. ; Bullying continues to be one of the main problems of educational centers in our country for decades. Social scourge that bears a certain correspondence with family violence, both rooted in 'popular knowledge' as an inevitable evil that must be suffered and that in any way must remain outside the possibilities of intervention of justice, especially the way penal. It is indisputable that bullying has been socially tolerated with such a degree of condescension that it is socially assimilated as luck in the learning that the student has to assume in order to learn to: fit in, resist and return those blows that could come from one or the other other side. A clear analogy to the 'LAW OF THE JUNGLE' in which the tyranny of the strongest prevails over that of the 'weaker' that tends to its extinction. From the case of harassment of the young Jokin Z who ended up committing suicide in 2004, to victims as recent as Diego, an 11-year-old boy who took his life in January 2016 by jumping from his home on the fifth floor. Bullying has claimed an average of 200 thousand lives a year worldwide, only in the group of young people between 14 and 28 years old according to a report evacuated by the WHO in 2014. (WHO Report on the prevention of Suicide. Suicide a Global Imperative". 2014). The work presented here is basically divided into three sections: the first of them dedicated to concepts, characteristics and subjects, the second to deal with substantive issues on criminal responsibility in bullying cases and finally, another dedicated to associated procedural issues to the prosecution of this type of facts. It has been carried out by studying the applicable legislation, jurisprudence, and documents of the State Attorney General's Office and the Ombudsman. Although it is true that for some time now, progress has been made on this issue, in my view there is still not enough information with which to eradicate this problem. For this reason, this work could be of use to any person or organization that could be sensitized to this matter and need a legal approach on the points discussed. ; El bullying segueix sent un dels principals problemes dels centres educatius al nostre país des de fa dècades. Xacra social que guarda certa correspondència amb la violència familiar ambdues arrelades al 'saber popular' a manera de mal inevitable que ha de patir i que de qualsevol manera ha de quedar aliè a les possibilitats d'intervenció de la justícia, especialment de la via penal. Resulta indiscutible que l'assetjament escolar ha vingut sent socialment tolerat amb tal grau de condescendència que és assimilat socialment com sort en l'aprenentatge que l'alumne ha d'assumir per tal d'aprendre a: encaixar, resistir i tornar aquells cops que pogués venir-li d'un o un altre costat. Una clara analogia a la 'LLEI DE LA SELVA en què la tirania del més fort s'imposa a la de el més' feble 'que tendeix a la seva extinció. Des del cas d'assetjament d'el jove Jokin Z que va acabar suïcidant-el 2004, fins a víctimes tan recents com Diego, un nen de 11 anys que es va suïcidar al gener de 2016 a l'saltar des de la seva llar en un cinquè pis. El bullying ve cobrant-mundialment una mitjana de 200 mil vides a l'any, tan sols a la franja de joves entre 14 a 28 anys segons un informe evacuat per l'OMS el 2014. (Informe delOMS sobre la prevenció delSuïcidi. "Prevenció del suïcidi 1 Imperatiu Global". 2014). El treball que aquí es presenta, està dividit bàsicament en tres apartats: el primer d'ells dedicat a conceptes, característiques i subjectes, el segon a tractar qüestions substantives sobre la responsabilitat penal en els casos de bullying i finalment, un altre dedicat a qüestions processals associades a la valoració d'aquest tipus de fets. S'ha dut a terme mitjançant l'estudi de la legislació aplicable, jurisprudència, i documents de la Fiscalia General delEstat i delDefensor del Poble. Si bé és cert que d'un temps ençà s'ha avançat en aquest assumpte, a la meva manera de veure encara no hi ha la suficient informació amb la qual eradicar aquest problema. Per això aquest treball podria resultar d'utilitat a qualsevol persona o organització que pogués estar sensibilitzada amb aquest assumpte i precisés un enfocament jurídic sobre els punts tractats.

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan "Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun" ile 18.06.2018 tarihli "Lisansüstü TEZlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge" gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır. ; This research has been conducted in order to determine decision making levels of sports federation staff with organizational justice perceptions and their organizational commitment levels, to investigate effects of demographic variables on organizational justice, decision making and organizational commitment, to investigate decision making with organizational justice and organizational commitment levels. According to the objectives of research, it has been formed by using quantitative research methods and techniques. Hence, it can be said that the research is both descriptive survey and relational research. The sample of the study consists of total 255 (General Secretary/Branch manager=29; Sports Expert=35; Sports Training Specialist=30; Official=161) people working in Sports Federations linked to Sports General Directorate under Ministry of Youth and Sports. "Organizational Justice Scale" which was developed by Niehoff and Moorman (1993), adapted to Turkish by Yıldırım (2002), whose validity and reliability study was conducted; "Organizational Commitment Scale" which was developed by Meyer et al (1993); "Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire" which was developed by Mann et al (1998), adapted to Turkish by Deniz (2004); and "Personal Information Form" which was developed by the researcher, have been used in the study. While analyzing the data, Mann-Whitney U Test has been used for binary comparisons and Kruskal-Wallis Variance Analysis has been used for multiple comparisons. In case of obtaining significant difference as a result of Kruskal-Wallis Variance Analysis, Mann-Whitney U test has been used in order to determine which groups this difference stem from. Spearman Brown Sequence Differences Correlation (r) coefficient technique was used in order to determine relationship between decision making level of sports federation staff with organizational justice perceptions and their organizational commitment levels. α=0.05 has been selected for significance level in the research. As a result of research, it has been determined that there is not significant difference between participants' organizational justice perceptions in terms of variables of gender, educational level, professional seniority, interest in sports. It has been concluded that distributive justice sub-dimension differentiates according to variables of age and having administrative task or not, procedural justice sub-dimension differentiates according to variables of university programs from which they graduated and status. It has been found that decision making styles of sports federations staff participating in research don't significantly differentiate according to variables of gender, educational level, universities from which they graduated, professional seniority, interest in sports and status; avoidant decision making and panic decision making which are sub-dimensions of decision making differentiate according to gender variable and careful decision making styles differentiate according to administrative task in favor of participants. It has been determined that organizational commitment levels of sports federations staff participating in research don't significantly differentiate according to variables of gender, educational level, universities from which they graduated, having administrative task or not, interest in sports in the past. It has been seen that emotional commitment level which is one of the sub-dimensions of organizational commitment significantly differentiate according to gender variable and it is very high in favor of female participants. It has been concluded that organizational commitment levels of participants and its all sub-dimensions significantly differentiate according to professional seniority variable, continuing commitment dimension significantly differentiates according to status variable. When relationship between self-esteem and decision making styles scale and organizational commitment scale dimensions in decision-making by participants with organizational justice is considered, it has been determined that there is low level of positive relationship between distributive justice, interactional justice and procedural justice which are sub-dimensions of organizational justice and normative commitment which is organizational commitment scale sub-dimension. Keywords: Sports Federations, Organizational Justice, Decision Making Styles, Organizational Commitment, Sports Manager. ; Bu araştırma; Spor Federasyonları personelinin örgütsel adalet algıları ile karar verme ve örgütsel bağlılık düzeylerini belirlemek, demografik değişkenlerin örgütsel adalet, karar verme ve örgütsel bağlılık üzerindeki etkisinin araştırılması, örgütsel adalet ile karar verme ve örgütsel bağlılık düzeylerinin araştırılması amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırma amacına uygun olarak nicel araştırma yöntem ve teknikleri kullanılarak şekillendirilmiştir. Buradan hareketle araştırmanın hem betimsel tarama hem de ilişkisel bir araştırma olduğu söylenebilir. Araştırmanın örneklem grubunu, Gençlik ve Spor Bakanlığı bünyesinde bulunan Spor Genel Müdürlüğü'ne bağlı Spor Federasyonlarında görev yapan toplam 255 (Genel Sekreter/Şube müdürü=29; Spor Uzmanı=35; Sportif Eğitim Uzmanı=30; Memur=161) kişiden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmada, Niehoff ve Moorman (1993) tarafından geliştirilen, Yıldırım (2002) tarafından Türkçeye uyarlanan ve geçerlilik güvenilirlik çalışması yapılan "Örgütsel Adalet Ölçeği", Meyer ve ark (1993) tarafından geliştirilen ''Örgütsel Bağlılık Ölçeği'', Mann ve ark (1998), tarafından geliştirilen ve Deniz (2004) tarafından Türkçe'ye uyarlanan "Melbourne Karar Verme Ölçeği" ve araştırmacı tarafından geliştirilen "Kişisel Bilgi Formu" kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde, ikili karşılaştırmalar için Mann-Whitney U Testi ve çoklu karşılaştırmalar için Kruskal-Wallis Varyans Analizi kullanılmıştır. Çoklu karşılaştırmalarda Kruskal Wallis Varyans Analizi sonucu anlamlı farkın çıktığı durumlarda, bu farkın hangi gruplar arasından kaynaklandığını belirlemek için Mann Whitney U Testi uygulanmıştır. Spor federasyonları personelinin örgütsel adalet ile karar verme ve örgütsel bağlılık düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemek için ise Spearman Brown Sıra Farkları Korelasyon (r) katsayısı tekniğinden yararlanılmıştır. Araştırmada anlamlılık düzeyi için α=0.05 seçilmiştir. Araştırmanın sonucunda, katılımcıların örgütsel adalet algılarında cinsiyet, eğitim düzeyi, mesleki kıdem ve sporla ilgilenme değişkenleri açısından anlamlı düzeyde farklılaşmanın olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Dağıtımsal adalet alt boyutunun yaş ve idari görevi olup olamama değişkenlerine göre farklılaştığı, işlemsel adalet alt boyutunun, bitirdikleri üniversite programı ile statü değişkenlerine göre farklılaştığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Araştırmaya katılan spor federasyonları personelinin, karar verme stillerinin yaş, eğitim düzeyi, bitirilen üniversite programı, mesleki kıdem, sporla ilgilenme ve statü değişkenine göre anlamlı düzeyde farklılaşmadığı; karar verme ölçeği alt boyutlarından kaçıngan karar verme ve panik karar verme stillerinin cinsiyet değişenine göre, dikkatli karar verme stillerinin ise idari görev değişkenine göre idari görevi olan katılımcılar lehine farklılaştığı tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmaya katılan spor federasyonları personelinin, örgütsel bağlılık düzeylerinin yaş, eğitim düzeyleri, bitirilen üniversite programı, idari görevi olup olmama ve geçmişte sporla ilgilenme değişkenine göre anlamlı düzeyde farklılaşmadığı belirlenmiştir. Örgütsel bağlılık alt boyutlarından duygusal bağlılık düzeylerinin cinsiyet değişkenine göre anlamlı düzeyde farklılaştığı, kadın katılımcıların lehine oldukça yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Katılımcıların örgütsel bağlılık düzeyleri ve bütün alt boyutlarının mesleki kıdem değişkenine göre, devam bağlılık boyutunun ise statü değişkenine göre anlamlı düzeyde farklılaştığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Katılımcıların örgütsel adalet ile karar vermede öz saygı ve karar verme stilleri ölçeği ve örgütsel bağlılık ölçeği boyutları arasındaki ilişkiye bakıldığında, örgütsel bağlılık ölçeği alt boyutlarından normatif bağlılığın, örgütsel adalet alt boyutlarından dağıtımsal adalet, etkileşimsel adalet ve işlemsel adalet arasında düşük düzeyde pozitif yönlü bir ilişkinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Spor Federasyonları, Örgütsel Adalet, Karar Verme Stilleri, Örgütsel Bağlılık, Spor Yöneticisi.