Suchergebnisse

La infertilidad de origen uterino afecta a una de cada 500 mujeres en edad reproductiva impidiéndoles ser madres biológicas. Es la única causa de esterilidad para la que no se disponía de tratamiento hasta el desarrollo del transplante de útero, que todavía se encuentra en fase experimental. Los resultados del grupo de investigación del Dr. Brännström de Suecia están siendo prometedores, habiendo nacido cinco bebés sanos gracias a esta técnica. Se prevé una inminente demanda y polémica social en torno a los aspectos éticos y legales que la rodean. Las alternativas con las que cuentan las pacientes con este tipo de esterilidad son la adopción y la maternidad subrogada o vientre de alquiler. Ambas plantean también un reto ético-legal significativo que revisamos en el artículo. En el contexto de la legislación española, el uso de vientres de alquiler está prohibido, por lo que el trasplante de útero puede ser una solución alternativa para conseguir la maternidad en mujeres con esterilidad por causa uterina absoluta.Abstract:Uterine factor infertility affects one in 500 women on reproductive age preventing them from being biological mothers. It is the only cause of sterility for which treatment was not available until uterine transplantation was developed, although it remains an experimental technique. The results of Dr. Brännström's research group in Sweden are promising. Five healthy babies have been born after uterus transplantation. We expect an imminent demand and social controversy around the ethical and legal aspects that surround uterus transplantation. The alternatives for patients with this kind of sterility are adoption and surrogacy. Both raise significant ethical and legal issues that we review in this article. In the context of the Spanish legislation, surrogacy is prohibited; therefore, uterine transplantation could be an alternative to achieve motherhood in patients with absolute uterine factor infertility.

This paper discusses the extremely complex and important topic and dilemma of abortion. Specifically, that the pro-life versus pro-choice dilemma is an imperative one that continues to cause ethical tensions in the United States. For this reason, this issue and dilemma warrants close scrutiny. It affects many major areas including ethics, religion, politics, law, and medicine. Ethical theories and principles of the pro-life position and the pro-choice position will be contrasted. This paper will further discuss the arguments in the context of Roe v. Wade and its impact on laws in the United States. The general ethics of the pro-life argument and the pro-choice argument are founded on the issues of human rights and freedom. Three main principles that the pro-life argument argues (the Human Rights Principle, the Mens Rea Principle, and the Harm Principle) will also be discussed. This account will not include this author's own prescriptive response (in the form of recommendations, best practices, or similar types of judgments) and therefore, this paper does not go beyond a purely comparative method. Lastly, the Nuremberg Code, which was created at the Nuremberg Doctors' Trial, will be discussed. Specifically, the Nuremberg Code will be correlated in relation to laws in the United States, as well as contemporary bioethical debates, which are misleading when comparing the use of fetal tissue for transplants from abortions to experiments done during the Holocaust and crimes of Nazi biomedical science.

The article discusses the problem of ensuring the right to transplant people with mental disorders, behavior and psychological development.The purpose of the work is to study and analyze the regulatory legal acts governing the transplantation of anatomical materials, and to clarify the problems encountered in the implementation of this right by people with mental, behavioral, and psychological development disorders in accordance with section 06 of the International Classifi cation of Diseases ICD-11.The legal regulation of transplantation in Ukraine and the problems of access to transplantation of persons with mental disorders, behavior and psychological development are analyzed. It is theoretically substantiated that the presence in the patient's history of a mental, behavioral, psychological disorder cannot be the basis for refusing to transplant anatomical materials. Practical examples of the decisions of medical commissions on transplantation in relation to persons with mental disorders, behavior and psychological development are considered, on the basis of which factors are identifi ed that should be taken into account when deciding on the admission of these persons to transplantation. At the same time, it is noted that the medical institution should equally care about the health of all patients, regardless of their mental or psychological state, and cannot consider a person with mental disorders, behavior and psychological development as a deliberately unacceptable candidate for transplantation.It is necessary to focus more attention in legislation and medicine on an individual approach to solving the practical problems of access to transplantation of people with mental, behavioral and psychological development problems in order to integrate these people into society and prevent discrimination. ; В статье проанализировано нормативно-правовое регулирование трансплантации в Украине и проб лемы доступа к трансплантации лиц с расстройствами психики, поведения и психологического развития. Теоретически обосновано, что наличие в анамнезе пациента психического, поведенческого, психологического расстройства не может быть основанием для отказа в осуществлении трансплантации анатомических материалов. Рассмотрены практические примеры решений медицинских комиссий по трансплантации в отношении лиц с расстройствами психики, поведения и психологического развития, на основе которых определены факторы, которые следует учитывать при решении вопроса о допуске этих лиц к трансплантации. При этом, отмечается, что медицинское учреждение должно одинаково заботиться о здоровье всех пациентов, независимо от их психического или психологического состояния и не может рассматривать лицо с расстройствами психики, поведения и психологического развития как заведомо неприемлемого кандидата на трансплантацию. ; Стаття присвячена дослідженню та аналізу нормативно-правових актів, які регулюють трансплантацію анатомічних матеріалів людині та з'ясування проб лем, які виникають при реалізації права на трансплантацію особами з розладами психіки, поведінки та психологічного розвитку відповідно до 06 розділу Міжнародного класифікатора хвороб МКХ-11.

The article discusses the problem of ensuring the right to transplant people with mental disorders, behavior and psychological development.The purpose of the work is to study and analyze the regulatory legal acts governing the transplantation of anatomical materials, and to clarify the problems encountered in the implementation of this right by people with mental, behavioral, and psychological development disorders in accordance with section 06 of the International Classifi cation of Diseases ICD-11.The legal regulation of transplantation in Ukraine and the problems of access to transplantation of persons with mental disorders, behavior and psychological development are analyzed. It is theoretically substantiated that the presence in the patient's history of a mental, behavioral, psychological disorder cannot be the basis for refusing to transplant anatomical materials. Practical examples of the decisions of medical commissions on transplantation in relation to persons with mental disorders, behavior and psychological development are considered, on the basis of which factors are identifi ed that should be taken into account when deciding on the admission of these persons to transplantation. At the same time, it is noted that the medical institution should equally care about the health of all patients, regardless of their mental or psychological state, and cannot consider a person with mental disorders, behavior and psychological development as a deliberately unacceptable candidate for transplantation.It is necessary to focus more attention in legislation and medicine on an individual approach to solving the practical problems of access to transplantation of people with mental, behavioral and psychological development problems in order to integrate these people into society and prevent discrimination. ; В статье проанализировано нормативно-правовое регулирование трансплантации в Украине и проб лемы доступа к трансплантации лиц с расстройствами психики, поведения и психологического развития. Теоретически обосновано, что наличие в анамнезе пациента психического, поведенческого, психологического расстройства не может быть основанием для отказа в осуществлении трансплантации анатомических материалов. Рассмотрены практические примеры решений медицинских комиссий по трансплантации в отношении лиц с расстройствами психики, поведения и психологического развития, на основе которых определены факторы, которые следует учитывать при решении вопроса о допуске этих лиц к трансплантации. При этом, отмечается, что медицинское учреждение должно одинаково заботиться о здоровье всех пациентов, независимо от их психического или психологического состояния и не может рассматривать лицо с расстройствами психики, поведения и психологического развития как заведомо неприемлемого кандидата на трансплантацию. ; Стаття присвячена дослідженню та аналізу нормативно-правових актів, які регулюють трансплантацію анатомічних матеріалів людині та з'ясування проб лем, які виникають при реалізації права на трансплантацію особами з розладами психіки, поведінки та психологічного розвитку відповідно до 06 розділу Міжнародного класифікатора хвороб МКХ-11.

This article examines the drafting of the Omnibus Law on the Job Creation Bill, the original purpose of which was to facilitate investment or accelerate the economy. Starting from the disharmony of several overlapping regulations, out of sync between one law and another in the investment sector, a universal sweeping law that contains thousands of articles is needed. This study uses the theory of the formation of laws and regulations and the perspective of legal politics, with juridical analysis, to explain how a process of drafting a law, the principles of formation, and the political dynamics that gave birth to it. This paper emphasizes that the process and politics of the Omnibus Law legislation on the Job Creation Bill has minimal public participation and is not transparent. So the legal product of the Job Creation Law is formally flawed, and materially contains articles that are capitalist in content, opening up investment for investors but on the other hand harming the people. In this study, it was also found that the Omnibus Law of the Job Creation Act was born with more character instrumentalist-oligarchic, where the government transplants the Omnibus Law solely as a short-term pragmatic option to spread the 'red carpet' for investors. In other words, the Omnibus Law fails to create an instrumentalist-democratic character, which is oriented towards fulfilling and strengthening the values of the rule of law which is long-term oriented while at the same time creating a sustainable participatory-democratic climate.

AbstractThe global criticism of organ trafficking and transplant tourism requires many countries to pursue legal protection of living organ donors for organ transplantation. Japan is one of the criticized countries: more than 26 000 people have become living organ donors. This paper presents an exploration of living liver transplantation in Japan from legal, social and ethical perspectives. Since the first living liver transplantation in 1989, the cases have increased, with extremely high dependency in spite of a few deaths and cases of severe disability. Government and professional guidelines stipulate that living donors be "relatives" so that living organ transplantation can be privatized and regarded as a family issue, although it is strictly limited to altruistic cases in some countries. Based on results of the Living Liver Donor Survey conducted in 2004, Japanese liver donors have had various experiences. Most male donors were employed, felt some obligation and had concerns about financial effects or employment during decision‐making. In contrast, only a quarter of female donors were employed, felt guilty for their children, and did not have opportunities for regular health checkups after donation. Severe tensions and family break‐up were observed in adult‐to‐adult cases, although donors were satisfied with donation overall. The author suggests that we should rethink privatization of living organ donation and that independent advocates should support potential donors. Further research is necessary to explore the reasons why organ donation is privatized even in some forms of cadaver cases in Japan.

Kidney transplantation has been practiced in Indonesia by hundreds of patients with End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) and has been successful. Kidney transplant activity is considered legal as long as it does not contain elements of trading. Although buying and selling kidneys is considered a crime, there were more than 100 cases of covert kidney sales in Indonesia between 2015-2021. This crime must be eradicated by the Indonesian government, and in order for an effective eradication policy to be based on a study of the causes of people selling their kidneys, using rational choice theory as a theoretical and practical criminological theory is adequate. Based on the results of a study based on rational choice theory, people sell kidneys because they are based on self-assessment, and are always oriented towards the goal of getting money easily, quickly, and a lot. Kidney sellers use 3 criteria in selling kidneys, namely (a) selling kidneys is a preference and occupies the highest hierarchy in the calculation because it is financially profitable, (b) selling kidneys is safer from all risks and can maximize utility, (c) selling kidneys can be beneficial, easy to do, satisfying, and fun. Article visualizations:

The process of leaving the European Union (EU) will have profound consequences for health and the National Health Service (NHS) in the UK. In this paper, we use the WHO health system building blocks framework to assess the likely effects of three scenarios we term soft Brexit, hard Brexit, and failed Brexit. We conclude that each scenario poses substantial threats. The workforce of the NHS is heavily reliant on EU staff. Financing of health care for UK citizens in the EU and vice versa is threatened, as is access to some capital funds, while Brexit threatens overall economic performance. Access to pharmaceuticals, technology, blood, and organs for transplant is jeopardised. Information used for international comparisons is threatened, as is service delivery, especially in Northern Ireland. Governance concerns relate to public health, competition and trade law, and research. However, we identified a few potential opportunities for improvement in areas such as competition law and flexibility of training, should the UK Government take them. Overall, a soft version of Brexit would minimise health threats whereas failed Brexit would be the riskiest outcome. Effective parliamentary scrutiny of policy and legal changes will be essential, but the scale of the task risks overwhelming parliament and the civil service.

The process of leaving the European Union (EU) will have profound consequences for health and the National Health Service (NHS) in the UK. In this paper, we use the WHO health system building blocks framework to assess the likely effects of three scenarios we term soft Brexit, hard Brexit, and failed Brexit. We conclude that each scenario poses substantial threats. The workforce of the NHS is heavily reliant on EU staff. Financing of health care for UK citizens in the EU and vice versa is threatened, as is access to some capital funds, while Brexit threatens overall economic performance. Access to pharmaceuticals, technology, blood, and organs for transplant is jeopardised. Information used for international comparisons is threatened, as is service delivery, especially in Northern Ireland. Governance concerns relate to public health, competition and trade law, and research. However, we identified a few potential opportunities for improvement in areas such as competition law and flexibility of training, should the UK Government take them. Overall, a soft version of Brexit would minimise health threats whereas failed Brexit would be the riskiest outcome. Effective parliamentary scrutiny of policy and legal changes will be essential, but the scale of the task risks overwhelming parliament and the civil service.

Organ transplantation has become almost routine practice in many industrialized countries. Policy, ethical, and legal debates tend to center on fairness of allocation rules or alternatives to promote greater numbers of donations. There are also certain beliefs about the use of bodily materials that are often presumed to be homogenous across Euro–American societies. In Germany, however, the idea of using the bodies of some for the good of others, and the right to proclaim some bodies dead for large–scale medical and political purposes is highly charged. This is due to the historical context of medical experimentation, selection, and euthanasia under National Socialism, and the former East German socialist policies which intervened in the private lives and bodies of citizens. This article is based on an ethnography of organ procurement practices during the period when German policymakers struggled with writing a transplant law. Active public resistance revealed deep concern about state intervention in private matters and amplified the growing unrest over definitions of moral community in a changing, post–reunification society. The article shows how public disputes about health policy become a way through which societies deal with other social conflicts.

Kendala utama belum dapat dilaksanakannya penjatuhan sanksi administratif terhadap Pejabat Pemerintahan yang tidak bersedia melaksanakan Putusan Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara yang telah berkekuatan hukum tetap sebagaimana dimaksud Pasal 116 ayat (4) Undang-Undang Nomor 51 Tahun 2009 adalah belum diterbitkannya peraturan perundang-undangan sebagai aturan pelaksananya. Dengan diundangkannya Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 48 Tahun 2016 tentang Tata Cara Pengenaan Sanksi Administratif Kepada Pejabat Pemerintahan, muncul wacana untuk mentransplantasi ketentuan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 48 Tahun 2016 tersebut dalam pelaksanaan Eksekusi oleh Ketua Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara. Untuk itu, dilakukanlah penelitian hukum ini, dengan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Hasilnya adalah ketentuan sanksi administratif dalam Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 48 Tahun 2016 dapat diterapkan secara mutatis mutandis oleh Ketua Pengadilan dalam pelaksanaan Eksekusi terhadap Pejabat Pemerintahan yang tidak bersedia melaksanakan Putusan Pengadilan yang telah berkekuatan hukum tetap.The main obstacle to the implementation of administrative sanctions imposed on Government Officials who are not willing to implement the Decision of the Administrative Court which has permanent legal force as intended by Article 116 paragraph (4) of Law Number 51 of 2009 is not yet the issuance of legislation as the implementing rule . With the enactment of Government Regulation Number 48 of 2016 about Procedures for Imposing Administrative Sanction to Government Officials, there is a discourse to transplant the provisions of Government Regulation Number 48 of 2016 in the implementation of the Execution by the Chief of the Administrative Court. For this reason, this legal research was carried out, with a statute approach and a conceptual approach. The result is that the provision of administrative sanctions in Government Regulation Number 48 of 2016 can be applied mutatis mutandis by the Chief of the Administrative Court in the Execution of Government Officials who are not willing to enforce a Court Decision that has permanent legal force.

For the past two decades, human rights groups, medical organizations, and the international media have excoriated China for procuring transplant organs from executed prisoners. This practice was first authorized under China's 1984 "Temporary Rules Concerning the Utilization of Corpses or Organs from the Corpses of Executed Criminals" and it is widely used by the Chinese government. Reports from Chinese doctors and media sources reveal significant deficiencies both in the text and application of China's current organ-procurement laws. The lack of clear legal parameters and the absence of enforcement measures have opened the door to problems of interpretation and misapplication, resulting in the physical abuse of prisoners. This situation is further exacerbated by China's proclivity to sell prisoner organs to foreign buyers on the black market. For these reasons, advocacy groups view China's procurement of prisoner organs as an infringement of prisoner rights, and they promote its abolition. In response to international concern over China's participation in the organ trade, the Chinese government recently enacted the 2006 "Provisions on the Administration of Entry and Exit of Cadavers and Treatment of Cadavers," which prohibit organs from exiting Chinese territory without government authorization. Although it is premature to fully assess the efficacy of this law, the 2006 Provisions fail to modify the 1984 Order, leaving its most significant shortcomings intact. The 2006 Provisions do not regulate organ procurement from prisoner cadavers, nor do they address how organ-removal procedures are conducted or applied. China's present organ-procurement scheme is, consequently, inadequate to protect prisoners from abuse. Human rights groups continue to press for reforms in China's organ-procurement practice, but current lobbying efforts are ineffective because they lack compelling legal and political force in the Chinese system. Human rights groups must provide stronger legal support, and narrow the focus of reform ...

The market for corporate control is animportant corporate governance mechanism for the discipline of corporatemanagers. However, the process and substance of the regulation of hostiletakeovers differs remarkably among various jurisdictions. Existing andinfluential scholarship has focused on the differences in regulation between UnitedStates (US) and the United Kingdom (UK), with the explanations being founded ininterest group politics. Influential as it is, the question is whether thetheory can be extended outside of the US and the UK, particularly to theirlegal transplants in Asia? In the last few decades, many of the Asianjurisdictions have drawn heavily from the US and the UK when framing their owntakeover regulation. Yet, Asia differs significantly from the US and the UK,particularly in respect of the much higher concentration of shareholdings amongtheir publicly listed companies, and their institutions supporting takeoverregulation, such as the securities regulator, the stock exchange and thejudiciary, are very different. Thus, it is not surprising that the outcome ofthe substantive regulation also differs despite the legal transplantation,though there may be superficial formal convergence. The differences in takeoverregulation and the reasons for such differences are under-studied in theexisting scholarship. Our study fills the gap by focusing on theregulation of hostile takeovers. In this article, drawing from an earlier workwhich studies, among others, takeover regulation in six significant economiesin Asia (China, Hong Kong, Japan, India, Korea and Singapore), we examine thedifferences in the takeover law and regulation of the exporting countries (USand the UK) and recipient countries (the six Asian economies), and we explainthe reasons for the differences. In particular, we focus on three questions:first, what are the interest groups that are relevant to the choice of initialtakeover regulation in Asian economies? Second, after the selection hasoccurred, what are the reasons for the continued lack of functionalconvergence? Third, are there any unintended consequences of legaltransplantation of the US or UK model of takeover regulation in the Asianeconomies? We argue that takeover regulation in Asia must be viewed through alens that is different from the Anglo-American approach in view of the factthat the institutional factors that are at play when choices were (and arecontinuing to be) made. Our study has important implications on the academicdebates on the efficacy of legal transplantations, comparative studies ofhostile takeover regimes and the comparative study of interest groups inshaping takeover regulation to a wider set of Asian countries than examined bycurrent scholarship. Our study is relevant to emerging countries consideringtheir reforms of takeover regulation.

Introduction to personalised medicine, individual choice and the common good / Donna Dickenson, Britta van Beers and Sigrid Sterckx -- Personalised medicine and the politics of human nuclear genome transfer / Francoise Baylis and Alana Cattapan -- Stem cell derived gametes and uterus transplants : hurray for the end of third party reproduction! or not? / Heidi Mertes -- Personalising future health risk through 'biological insurance' : proliferation of private umbilical cord blood banking in India / Jyotsna Gupta -- Combating the trade in organs : why we should preserve the communal nature of organ transplantation / Kristof Van Assche -- When there is no cure : challenges for collective approaches to Alzheimer's disease / Robin Pierce -- Lost and found : relocating the individual in the age of intensified data sourcing in European healthcare / Klaus Hoeyer -- Presuming the promotion of the common good by large-scale health research : the cases of care.data 2.0 and the 100,000 genomes project in the UK / Sigrid Sterckx, Sandi Dheensa and Julian Cockbain -- My genome, my right / Stuart Hogarth, Julian Cockbain and Sigrid Sterckx -- 'The best me I can possibly be' : legal subjectivity, self-authorship and wrongful life actions in an age of 'genomic torts' / Britta van Beers -- I run, you run, we run : a philosophical approach to health and fitness apps / Marli Huijer and Christian Detweiler -- The molecularised me : psychoanalysing personalised medicine and self-tracking / Hub Zwart

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Chronologies -- Terminology and Abbreviations -- PART ONE. Imperial and Professional Strategies within the Field of State Power -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Retooling Statesmen to Restructure the State: From Heritiers of European Legal Culture to the Technopols Made in the USA -- 3. The Internationalization of Palace Wars -- PART TWO. Hegemony Challenged: Making Friends, the Cold War Roots of a Reformist Strategy -- 4. The Archeology of the New Universals: The Cold War Construction of Human Rights and Its Later Avatars -- 5. The Chicago Boys as Outsiders: Constructing and Exporting Counterrevolution -- 6. Fostering Pluralism and Reformism -- 7. The Paradox of Symbolic Imperialism: The Southern Cone as an Explosive Laboratory of Modernity -- PART THREE. Competing Universals: The Parallel Construction of Neoliberalism in the North and the South -- 8. The Reformist Establishment out of Power: Investing in Human Rights as an Alternative Political Strategy -- 9. From Confrontation to Concertacion: The National Production and International Recognition of the New Universals -- PART FOUR. Reshaping Global Institutions and Exporting Law -- 10. Fragmented Governance: A Washington Agenda for Reshaping Global Institutions and National Expertises -- 11. Top-Down Participatory Development: Putting a Human Face on Market Hegemony and Trying to Stem the Social Violence of Globalization -- 12. Lawyer Compradors as Opportunistic Institution Builders -- 13. Reformist Strategies around the Courts -- 14. The Logic of Half-Failed Transplants -- Notes -- References -- Index