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Developing countries have lately begun to make use of computer technology. Manufacturers provide training strongly oriented toward encouraging dependence on their products. Computer usage is predominantly for accounting, payrolls, or inventories, despite an abundant supply of clerical labor that makes such applications economically difficult to justify. Many computers are seriously underutilized. Computers used are largely obsolete; in particular, mainframe computers are still predominant, though many of their functions could be performed equally well at lower cost by minicomputers. Computers often serve more as status symbols than as useful tools. Labor unions in many countries have begun to protest their use as inappropriate in countries with cheap labor widely available. 7 Tables, 4 Figures, Appendix. W. H. Stoddard.

In the 21st century, teaching and learning a foreign language obviously includes teaching and learning about culture. In this regard, a new method of teaching English has emerged that is equally focused on language and culture. Teaching English through an intercultural approach actually teaches students about cultures by developing their intercultural communicative competence while at the same time developing their language skills. Although this approach to English language teaching is relatively new, this paper will analyze the basic principles of an intercultural approach to English language teaching, lesson planning, and textbook selection. An intercultural approach to teaching English enables students to understand the differences that can occur in communication between people coming from the English-speaking world; develop skills, attitudes and awareness of different values; beliefs and worldviews in these cultures, at the same time improving language competence and skills as well as getting to know one's own culture. In the real world, however, it should be borne in mind that the acquisition of intercultural competence is never complete and perfect. A successful intercultural communicator does not require perfect knowledge of English and/or cultural competence. There is no perfect model for successful teaching and learning intercultural competence, as there is no complete definition of what an intercultural approach to English language teaching actually encompasses, and whether it is possible to assess objectively students' knowledge upon completion of the course. However, as the world inevitably becomes culturally diverse due to migration for economic and/or political reasons, it is vital that students accumulate intercultural knowledge in a foreign language course, which certainly poses a challenge for the language teachers.

Like other newcomers to American society, Haitians resettling in New York City have experienced conflicts over social identity and status. It is the contention of this article that Haitians express these conflicts in their controversies over language usage. The argument is presented through an analysis of a dispute over the primary language — Haitian Creole or French — to be used in the Catholic Mass conducted at a Brooklyn church. The language issue also serves as a vehicle for debate over leadership within the Haitian milieu and representation within American society.

comments on educational issues in Chimbutane's case study of the Mozambican bilingual education program ; questions éducatives dans le livre de Chimbutane qui présente une étude de cas du programme d'éducation bilingue au Mozambique

comments on educational issues in Chimbutane's case study of the Mozambican bilingual education program ; questions éducatives dans le livre de Chimbutane qui présente une étude de cas du programme d'éducation bilingue au Mozambique

comments on educational issues in Chimbutane's case study of the Mozambican bilingual education program ; questions éducatives dans le livre de Chimbutane qui présente une étude de cas du programme d'éducation bilingue au Mozambique

More than 40 percent of the world's estimated 7,100+ languages are in danger of disappearing by the end of this century. As with the decline of biodiversity, language loss has been attributed to environmental degradation, developmentalism, and the destruction of Indigenous communities. This book brings together leading experts and younger scholars across the humanities and social sciences to investigate what global language justice looks like in a time of climate crisis. Examining the worldwide loss of linguistic diversity, they develop a new conception of justice to safeguard marginalized languages.Global Language Justice explores the socioeconomic transformations that both accelerate the decline of minoritized languages and give rise to new possibilities through population movement, unexpected encounters, and technological change. It also critically examines the concepts that are typically deployed to defend linguistic diversity, including human rights, inclusiveness, and equality. Contributors take up topics such as mapping language communities in New York City or how Indigenous innovation challenges notions of linguistic purity. They demonstrate the need to reckon with linguistic diversity in order to achieve a sustainable global economic system and show how the concept of digital vitality can push language justice in new directions. Interspersed with their essays are multilingual works by world-renowned poets and artists that engage with and deepen the book's themes. Integrating ambitious theoretical exploration with concrete solutions, Global Language Justice offers vital new perspectives on the place of linguistic diversity in ongoing ecological crises

Data preparation for computer simulation of cross-wedge rolling (CWR) process based on ANSYS/LS-DYNA finite element code is considered in the article. In order to automate the process of developing CWR models and performing their finite element analysis, specialized software (PSPD) was developed. This software provides creation of a finite element (FE) model of the rolling process considering the specifics of CWR technological processes and different aspects of the application of the finite element methods (FEM) in the metal-forming processing. PSPD interacts with the base system through APDL scripts, that describe individual sequences of actions for preparing the FE model and choosing solver parameters to run the task. PSPD provides a graphical user interface (GUI) which allows users to enter necessary data for generating APDL scripts, the model builds automatically in ANSYS in batch mode when scripts are run. Also, PSPD provides preparation of the FE model for solver and provides managing the calculation process. In addition to describing the functionality and features of the program and its GUI, the article provides techniques and methods of FE model preparation for computer analysis using the developed software as well as the main steps of creating FE model in ANSYS/LS-DYNA, which are automated in PSPD. PSPD can significantly reduce the demand for knowledge in the field of computer simulation to the engineers engaged in the development of tools and technical processes for rolling, it allows quickly creating and modifying FE models, performing CWR research for a variety of input data of process technology and solver parameters.

Discusses the Canadian government practice of enforced residential schooling of aboriginal peoples, from 1869-1986, and resulted in suppression of language and culture that still affects First Nations peoples.

Working from Radcliffe-Brown's landmark concept of social sentiments, anthropologists and linguists examine pragmatic and cognitive dimensions of emotion-language in several societies. Introductory and concluding chapters devote special attention to emotional consciousness. Chapters cover language primordialism in Tamil (Harold Schiffman), the erasure of lamentation in Bangla in favor of referential language praxis (James Wilce), women's discourse in Java that creates dignity by reframing the pain of humiliation (Laine Berman), speech styles signalling intimacy and remoteness in Japanese (Cynthia Dunn), divergent conceptions of love in Japanese and translated American romance novels (Janet Shibamoto-Smith), the syntax of emotion-mimetics in Japanese (Debra Occhi), the grammar of emotion-metaphors in Tagalog (Gary Palmer, Heather Bennett and Lester Stacey), and the lexical organization of emotions in the English and Spanish of second language learners (Howard Grabois). Zoltán Kövecses (with Palmer) examines the complementary relationship of social construction theory to the search for universals of emotional experience. (Series B)