Suchergebnisse

Successful export sectors in manufacturing and agribusiness are important drivers of structural transformation in Sub-Sahara African countries. Backed by industrial policies and active state involvement, a small number of successful productive export sectors has emerged in Sub-Saharan Africa. This thesis asks the question: How do politics shape the promotion of export-driven industrialisation and firm-level upgrading in Sub-Saharan Africa? It exemplifies this question with an in-depth, qualitative study of the cashew processing industry in Mozambique in the period from 1991 until 2019. Mozambique used to be one of the world's largest producers and processors of cashew nuts in the 1960s and 1970s. At the end of the 20th century, the cashew processing industry broke down completely but has re-emerged as one of the country's few successful agro-processing exports. The thesis draws on theoretical approaches from the fields of political science, notably the political settlements framework, global value chain analysis and the research on technological capabilities to explore why the Mozambican Government supported the cashew processing industry and how Mozambican cashew processors acquired the technological capabilities needed to access the global cashew value chain and to upgrade. It makes an important theoretical contribution by linking the political settlements framework and the literature on upgrading in global value chains to study how politics shaped productive sector promotion and upgrading in the Mozambican cashew processing industry. The findings of the thesis are based on extensive primary data, including 58 expert interviews and 10 firm surveys, that was collected in Mozambique in 2018 as well as a broad base of secondary literature. The thesis argues that the Mozambican Government supported the cashew processing industry because it became important for the Government's political survival. Promoting the cashew sector formed part of an electoral strategy for the ruling FRELIMO coalition and a means to keep FRELIMO factions united by offering economic opportunities to key constituencies. In 1999, it adopted a protectionist cashew law that created strong incentives for cashew processing in Mozambique. This not only facilitated the re-emergence of the cashew processing industry after its breakdown. The law and the active involvement of the National Cashew Institute (INCAJU) also affected the governance of the local cashew value chain, the creation of backward linkages, and the upgrading paths of cashew processors. The findings of the thesis suggest that the cashew law reduced the pressure on the cashew processing industry to upgrade. The law further created opportunities for formal and informal rent creation for members of the political elite and lower level FRELIMO officials that prevented a far-reaching reform of the law. The thesis shows that international buyers do not promote upgrading among Sub-Sahara African firms in global value chains with market-based or modular governance. Moreover, firms that operate in countries where industrial policies are not enforced effectively cannot draw on the support of government institutions to enhance their capabilities and to upgrade. Firms therefore mainly depended on costly learning channels at firm level, e.g. learning by doing or hiring skilled labour, and/or on technical assistance from donors to build the technological capabilities needed to access global value chains and to remain competitive. The findings of the thesis suggest that researchers, governments, development practitioners and consultants need to rethink their understanding of upgrading in GVCs in four ways. First, they need to move away from understanding upgrading in terms of moving towards more complex, higher value-added activities in GVCs (functional upgrading). Instead, it is important to consider the potential of other, more realistic types of upgrading for firms in low-income countries, such reducing risks by diversifying suppliers and buyers or increasing rewards by making production processes more efficient. Second, they need to replace an overly positive view on upgrading that neglects possible side-effects at sector and/or country level. Third, GVC participation on its own does not promote upgrading among local supplier firms in Sub-Saharan Africa. The interests of lead firms and Sub-Sahara African supplier firms may not be aligned or even conflicting. Targeted industrial policies and the creation of institutions that effectively promote capability building among firms therefore become even more important. Finally, upgrading needs to be understood as a process that is not only shaped by interactions between firms, but also by local domestic politics. The findings of the thesis are highly relevant for scholars from the fields of political science, development studies, and economics. Its practical implications and tools, e.g. a technological capabilities matrix for the cashew industry, are of interest for development practitioners, members of public institutions in Sub-Sahara African countries, local entrepreneurs, and representatives of local business associations that are involved in promoting export sectors and upgrading among local firms.

This thesis is the first comparative study on the role of African constitutional courts in elections. Approximately 20 African countries have introduced such courts during the course of the third wave of democratisation. While it is a widespread scholarly assumption that constitutional courts are beneficial for democracy, studies on the actual democratic repercussions of these courts are rare. Moreover, we know little at present about the nature of African constitutional courts and their role in processes of democratisation. This thesis takes specifically the field of electoral disputes as an example by which to examine the influence of constitutional courts on democracy. Elections are a core feature of democracy, and therefore particularly pertinent for studying constitutional courts' repercussions on it. This approach is furthermore innovative because scholars of electoral integrity have recognised the importance of courts for democratic elections. Yet, theoretical and empirical works that examine this relationship in more detail are currently only pending. To begin to answer the question of how constitutional courts contribute to the democratic quality of elections in African electoral democracies, the constitutional courts of Madagascar and Senegal are examined in a structured, focused comparison. For this purpose, the study develops a novel theoretical framework that captures how constitutional court behaviour is linked, through their functional, ambiguous or dysfunctional interventions, to the democratic quality of elections. As a theoretical innovation, the thesis combines the concept of the "democratic quality of elections" with that of the "electoral cycle" in disentangling how the three democratic qualities of elections – participation, competition and legitimacy – are at stake throughout the six steps of the electoral cycle. For this thesis, an original dataset of 274 constitutional court interventions was compiled during field research stays in Madagascar and in Senegal. The analysis of these interventions was embedded in data from 78 interviews conducted with constitutional court judges, legal experts and politicians, as well as from secondary sources such as legal comments and election observation reports. The analysis revealed that in both countries all three qualities of democratic elections were subject to constraints during the periods of observation. Focusing on the courts' major decisions, it was observed that both courts responded to the existing constraints on competition and legitimacy with predominantly dysfunctional interventions. The interventions of the Madagascan High Constitutional Court had, however, more serious repercussions on the democratic quality of elections, which was reflected in the 2009 breakdown of the democratic regime. The discussion of the results against the backdrop of prominent theories of court behaviour shows that the appointment rules and practices in place hampered in both countries the emergence of independent constitutional courts. Furthermore, both courts lacked public support and did not strategically build up a support base – which made them more vulnerable to political pressure. Moreover, the study showed that the relationship between the rule of law and elections is inextricable intertwined. However, this inextricability ultimately leads to a stagnating process in which courts impede electoral integrity and whereby contentious elections undermine assertive judicial decision making. ; Diese Dissertation ist die erste vergleichende Studie über die Rolle von afrikanischen Verfassungsgerichten bei Wahlen. Etwa zwanzig afrikanische Staaten haben im Zuge der dritten Welle der Demokratisierung Verfassungsgerichte eingeführt. Obwohl die Annahme weit verbreitet ist, dass Verfassungsgerichte einen demokratieförderlichen Einfluss auf politische Regime haben, gibt es kaum Studien zu den tatsächlichen Auswirkungen von Verfassungsgerichten auf die Demokratie. Außerdem fehlen Erkenntnisse über die Entwicklung afrikanischer Verfassungsgerichte und ihre Rolle in Demokratisierungsprozessen. Diese Studie untersucht den Einfluss von Verfassungsgerichten auf die Demokratie am Beispiel von Wahlklagen. Wahlen sind ein Kernelement von Demokratie und eignen sich daher besonders für diese Fragestellung. Damit leistet die Arbeit auch einen Beitrag zum Forschungsfeld der fairen Wahlen. In diesem Gebiet wurde die Bedeutung von Gerichten für demokratische Wahlen erkannt, aber der genaue Zusammenhang zwischen diesen beiden ist bisher weder theoretisch noch empirisch wenig erforscht. In dieser Dissertation werden die Verfassungsgerichte Madagaskars und Senegals mit Hilfe eines strukturiert-fokussiertem Vergleichs analysiert. Die Untersuchung ist durch die Fragestellung, wie Verfassungsgerichte zur demokratischen Qualität von Wahlen beitragen, geleitet. Ein für diese Dissertation neuentwickeltes Analyseraster erlaubt die Unterscheidung von funktionalen, ambivalenten und dysfunktionalen Einflüssen der Verfassungsgerichte auf die demokratische Qualität von Wahlen. Zudem wird das Konzept der demokratischen Qualität von Wahlen mit dem des Wahlzyklus' auf innovative Weise verbunden. Dadurch kann genau ausdifferenziert werden, welche der drei demokratischen Qualitäten von Wahlen (Partizipation, Wettbewerb und Legitimität) in welcher Weise für die sechs Schritte des Wahlzyklus relevant sind. Für die empirische Untersuchung wurde auf Grundlage von Feldforschungsdaten ein neuartiger Datensatz mit 274 Verfassungsgerichtsinterventionen erstellt. Die Analyse wurde mit Daten aus 78 Interviews mit Verfassungsrichtern, Juristen und Politikern sowie mit Sekundärquellen wie juristischen Kommentaren oder Wahlberichten ergänzt. Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass in beiden Ländern die drei demokratischen Qualitäten von Wahlen während des Untersuchungszeitraums behindert wurden. Die Analyse der Hauptinterventionen hat ergeben, dass die Verfassungsgerichte auf die Behinderungen von Wettbewerb und Legitimität mit hauptsächlich dysfunktionalen Interventionen reagiert haben. Die Interventionen des madagassischen Verfassungsgerichts hatten jedoch schwerwiegendere Auswirkungen auf die demokratische Qualität von Wahlen, was am Zusammenbruch der madagassischen Demokratie im Jahr 2009 deutlich wird. Die Diskussion der Ergebnisse im Licht prominenter Theorien zum Verhalten von Gerichten zeigt, dass die Ernennungsregeln für Verfassungsrichter sowie die Art und Weise, wie diese angewendet werden, das Entstehen von unabhängigen Verfassungsgerichten in beiden Ländern erschwert haben. Darüber hinaus verfügen die Gerichte über keine gesellschaftliche Unterstützung und sind daher verletzlicher gegenüber politischer Einflussnahme. Dies liegt auch daran, dass die Gerichte keine strategischen Bemühungen unternommen haben, um gesellschaftliches Vertrauen aufzubauen. Außerdem zeigt die Dissertation, dass Rechtsstaatlichkeit und Wahlen untrennbar miteinander verbunden sind. Diese enge Verflechtung führt zu einem stagnierenden Prozess, in dem Gerichte faire Wahlen erschweren und umstrittene Wahlen wiederum die Entwicklung einer unabhängigen Rechtsprechung hemmen.

Addis Ababa, with an area of 540 km2 and with population of 3.1 million people is experiencing a rapid pace of socio-economic and physical transformation. The city is not only the political, commercial, economic and financial hub of the country but also an international city serving as the seat of the African Union and various international organizations. Alike many African Cities, Addis Ababa has been undergoing a high rate of urbanization. This process of rapid urbanization has resulted in the increase in the size of the population and the physical expansion of the city. As a consequence, travel demand and length of the trip are increasing. Transportation plays a key role in determining the socioeconomic development and shaping the spatial development framework of the city. Equally important, transportation as derived demand is also a fundamental means for residents to fulfill their various activities. In Addis Ababa motorization, although on the increase, is low and public transportation is the most important mode of motorized mobility for the large majority of the city's population. There are various formal and informal operators of the public transport mainly operating on individual basis. It is estimated that there are over 18,000 public transport vehicles that are daily running in Addis Ababa, most of them low capacity vehicles. Despite its importance, the public transport sector not only suffers from shortage, insufficient capital investment, and until recently lack of clear governmental policy and leadership but also from the absence of integrated approach to its operation, planning and management.Many cities in the North have embarked on integrating the provision of public transportation for nearly half a century now. In these cities, integration in public transportation has been recommended as a viable instrument for providing high quality and seamless urban transport and enhancing sustainable urban development. African cities which are characterized by their high urbanization rate, low level of private car ownership, deficient public transportation system and significant financial constraints lack public transportation integration experiences. The question is then 'how do African cities replicate and implement public transport integration practices?' that have been originally developed for the Cities of the North. The thesis attempts to answer this question and analyses the different forms of public transport integration. It then proposes a framework for implementing integrated public transport as a sustainable means of urban mobility in Addis Ababa. ; Addis-Abeba, qui s'étend sur 540 km2 et compte 3,1 millions d'habitants, connait aujourd'hui des transformations socio-économiques et spatiales rapides. Elle n'est pas seulement le coeur politique, commercial, économique et financier du pays mais aussi une ville internationale accueillant le siège de l'Union africaine et d'autres institutions internationales. Comme d'autres villes africaines, elle connait un rythme élevé d'urbanisation. Ce processus a impliqué la croissance du nombre d'habitants mais aussi une extension spatiale accrue. En conséquence, la demande de déplacements et la longueur des parcours ont augmenté. Le transport joue ainsi un rôle clé, pesant sur le développement socio-économique et la configuration de l'espace urbain. Tout aussi important, en tant que demande dérivée, il joue sur la capacité des citadins à accomplir leurs diverses activités. La motorisation des ménages restant faible en dépit d'une lente progression, le transport public constitue le principal moyen d'accès à une mobilité motorisée pour la majorité de la population. L'offre est constituée d'une multitude d'opérateurs formels et informels, travaillant selon un schéma artisanal. On estime à plus de 18 000 les véhicules de transport public, la plupart de faible capacité, qui parcourent chaque jour les rues d'Addis-Abeba. En dépit de son importance, le transport public souffre de capacités d'investissement insuffisantes ainsi que, jusqu'à récemment, du manque d'une politique publique claire et affirmée. Il pâtit également de l'absence d'une approche intégrée, pour sa planification, sa gestion et sa mise en oeuvre. De nombreuses villes du Nord, parfois depuis près d'un demi-siècle, ont choisi de construire un service intégré de transport public. L'intégration y est vue comme un outil viable pour offrir un transport urbain de haute qualité et « sans couture », permettant un développement urbain durable. Par contre, les villes africaines, caractérisées par une urbanisation rapide, des taux d'équipement automobile faibles, un système de transport public déficient et des contraintes financières majeures manquent de telles expériences d'intégration du transport public. Notre question est donc : « Comment les villes africaines peuvent-elles reproduire et mettre en oeuvre des politiques d'intégration du transport public ? », originellement développées dans les villes du Nord. La thèse essaie d'apporter des éléments de réponse à cette question. Elle s'appuie sur une analyse des différentes formes d'intégration du transport public. Puis elle propose un schéma de conception et de mise en oeuvre d'un système de transport public intégré, appréhendé comme un outil de mobilité urbaine durable pour Addis-Abeba.

Addis Ababa, with an area of 540 km2 and with population of 3.1 million people is experiencing a rapid pace of socio-economic and physical transformation. The city is not only the political, commercial, economic and financial hub of the country but also an international city serving as the seat of the African Union and various international organizations. Alike many African Cities, Addis Ababa has been undergoing a high rate of urbanization. This process of rapid urbanization has resulted in the increase in the size of the population and the physical expansion of the city. As a consequence, travel demand and length of the trip are increasing. Transportation plays a key role in determining the socioeconomic development and shaping the spatial development framework of the city. Equally important, transportation as derived demand is also a fundamental means for residents to fulfill their various activities. In Addis Ababa motorization, although on the increase, is low and public transportation is the most important mode of motorized mobility for the large majority of the city's population. There are various formal and informal operators of the public transport mainly operating on individual basis. It is estimated that there are over 18,000 public transport vehicles that are daily running in Addis Ababa, most of them low capacity vehicles. Despite its importance, the public transport sector not only suffers from shortage, insufficient capital investment, and until recently lack of clear governmental policy and leadership but also from the absence of integrated approach to its operation, planning and management.Many cities in the North have embarked on integrating the provision of public transportation for nearly half a century now. In these cities, integration in public transportation has been recommended as a viable instrument for providing high quality and seamless urban transport and enhancing sustainable urban development. African cities which are characterized by their high urbanization rate, low level of private car ownership, deficient public transportation system and significant financial constraints lack public transportation integration experiences. The question is then 'how do African cities replicate and implement public transport integration practices?' that have been originally developed for the Cities of the North. The thesis attempts to answer this question and analyses the different forms of public transport integration. It then proposes a framework for implementing integrated public transport as a sustainable means of urban mobility in Addis Ababa. ; Addis-Abeba, qui s'étend sur 540 km2 et compte 3,1 millions d'habitants, connait aujourd'hui des transformations socio-économiques et spatiales rapides. Elle n'est pas seulement le coeur politique, commercial, économique et financier du pays mais aussi une ville internationale accueillant le siège de l'Union africaine et d'autres institutions internationales. Comme d'autres villes africaines, elle connait un rythme élevé d'urbanisation. Ce processus a impliqué la croissance du nombre d'habitants mais aussi une extension spatiale accrue. En conséquence, la demande de déplacements et la longueur des parcours ont augmenté. Le transport joue ainsi un rôle clé, pesant sur le développement socio-économique et la configuration de l'espace urbain. Tout aussi important, en tant que demande dérivée, il joue sur la capacité des citadins à accomplir leurs diverses activités. La motorisation des ménages restant faible en dépit d'une lente progression, le transport public constitue le principal moyen d'accès à une mobilité motorisée pour la majorité de la population. L'offre est constituée d'une multitude d'opérateurs formels et informels, travaillant selon un schéma artisanal. On estime à plus de 18 000 les véhicules de transport public, la plupart de faible capacité, qui parcourent chaque jour les rues d'Addis-Abeba. En dépit de son importance, le transport public souffre de capacités d'investissement insuffisantes ainsi que, jusqu'à récemment, du manque d'une politique publique claire et affirmée. Il pâtit également de l'absence d'une approche intégrée, pour sa planification, sa gestion et sa mise en oeuvre. De nombreuses villes du Nord, parfois depuis près d'un demi-siècle, ont choisi de construire un service intégré de transport public. L'intégration y est vue comme un outil viable pour offrir un transport urbain de haute qualité et « sans couture », permettant un développement urbain durable. Par contre, les villes africaines, caractérisées par une urbanisation rapide, des taux d'équipement automobile faibles, un système de transport public déficient et des contraintes financières majeures manquent de telles expériences d'intégration du transport public. Notre question est donc : « Comment les villes africaines peuvent-elles reproduire et mettre en oeuvre des politiques d'intégration du transport public ? », originellement développées dans les villes du Nord. La thèse essaie d'apporter des éléments de réponse à cette question. Elle s'appuie sur une analyse des différentes formes d'intégration du transport public. Puis elle propose un schéma de conception et de mise en oeuvre d'un système de transport public intégré, appréhendé comme un outil de mobilité urbaine durable pour Addis-Abeba.

The objective of this document is to emphasize the attractiveness of African countries of foreign direct investment which can be linked to macroeconomic variables traditionally analyzed and confirmed, but also to other recent variables relating to the political climate linked to development of the institutional economy. The analysis of this attractiveness and its characteristics show the weak influence of these institutional determinants on FDI inflows, this negative influence which is in contradiction with recent studies and the theoretical contribution whose impact is positive. It seems that the unfavorable business climate encourages this attractiveness. The results confirm the positive impact of the exchange rate, the degree of openness and the size of the market on FDI inflows. In particular, the institutional quality, through political stability, voice and responsibility, and the quality of the regulator have a negative impact on improving the attractiveness of African countries in terms of FDI. While other institutional variables are not significant, such as the efficiency of government, the control of corruption and the role of the law. From the perspective of the foreign investor, most African countries present gigantic obstacles to investment, notably: corruption and cumbersome democracy, weak judicial systems, insufficient infrastructure, shortage of manpower. skilled labor and fears of political instability. To reduce corruption and bureaucracy and improve the image of these countries, specialized centers must be set up where investors can obtain all the necessary licenses and other authorizations, instead of having to face a multitude of administrative obstacles. time and allow local officials to demand bribes or other personal benefits. In addition, political instability and the various conflicts and violence that are found in many African countries discourage FDI inflows. Even countries far from conflict zones are not spared this negative image. Political stability and the absence of violence is one of the first determinants if we want to make these countries a more attractive pole of investment in the long term. Similarly, the legal, regulatory and legal framework of the country is essential in the establishment of companies which seem necessary to reform: company law, labor law, environmental law, regulation of public procurement and its accessibility to companies with foreign capital and the functioning of the judicial system. keywords: obstacles, conflict, business, legal, judiciary. ; L'objectif de ce document est de mettre l'accent sur l'attractivité des pays africains des investissements directs étrangers qui peuvent être liée à des variables macroéconomiques traditionnellement analysées et confirmées, mais aussi à d'autres variables récentes relative au climat politique lié au développement de l'économie institutionnelle. L'analyse de cette attractivité et ses caractéristiques montrent la faible influence de ces déterminants institutionnels sur les entrées d'IDE, cette influence négative qu'est en contradiction avec des études récentes et l'apport théorique dont l'impact est positif. Il semble que le climat des affaires non propice encourage cette attractivité. Les résultats confirment l'impact positif tu taux de change, le degré d'ouverture et la taille de marché sur les entrées d'IDE. Notamment, la qualité institutionnelle, à travers la stabilité politique, la voix et responsabilité, et la qualité du régulateur ont un impact négatif sur l'amélioration de l'attractivité des pays africains en matière d'IDE. Tandis que d'autres variables institutionnelles ne sont pas significatives, telles que l'efficacité du gouvernement, le contrôle de la corruption et le rôle de la loi. Du point de vue de l'investisseur étranger, la plupart des pays africains présentent des obstacles gigantesques à l'investissement, notamment : la corruption et les lourdeurs démocratiques, la faiblesse des systèmes judiciaires, l'insuffisance des infrastructures, la pénurie de main-d'œuvre qualifiée et les craintes d'instabilité politique. Pour réduire la corruption et la bureaucratie et améliorer l'image de ces pays, il faut mettre en place des centres spécialisées où les investisseurs pourraient se procurer toutes les licences et autre autorisations nécessaires, au lieu de devoir affronter une multitude des obstacles administratives qui prennent du temps et permettent aux responsables locaux d'exiger des pots-de-vin ou autres avantages personnels. En plus, l'instabilité politique et les différents conflits et violences qui se trouvent dans beaucoup des pays africains découragent les entrées d'IDE. Même les pays éloignés des zones de conflit ne sont pas épargnés de cette image négative. La stabilité politique et l'absence des violences est l'un des premiers déterminants si l'on veut faire de ces pays un pole d'investissement plus attrayant à long terme. De même, le cadre légal, réglementaire et juridique du pays est primordial dans l'implantation des entreprises ce qui semblent nécessaire de réformer : le droit des sociétés, le droit du travail, le droit de l'environnement, la réglementation de la commande publique et son accessibilité aux entreprises à capitaux étrangers et le fonctionnement du système judicaire. mots cle:obstacles,conflit,entreprise,legal,judiciare.

INTRODUÇÃO Esta dissertação tem por objecto de estudo os efeitos dos programas de política económica e social de estabilização e de ajustamento estrutural2 no bemestar das famílias urbanas da capital de um país africano, a cidade de Bissau, na República da Guiné-Bissau, no período de 1986 a 2001. O contexto mais geral em que a investigação se insere, respeita à evolução política, económica e social do país após a independência, em 1974. A antiga Guiné Portuguesa procurou organizar a sua economia a partir de uma governação centralizada, com intervenção significativa de instituições estatais da administração central3, nacionalização de empresas existentes ou criação de outras com o mesmo estatuto. A dinamização do processo de desenvolvimento coube ao Partido para a Independência da Guiné e Cabo Verde (PAIGC), que dirigira a luta de libertação contra o colonialismo e se tornou o partido único e o agente principal de toda a vida colectiva, social e económica do país. Os instrumentos privilegiados foram os Planos de Desenvolvimento, apoiados em investimentos de grande dimensão e na ajuda internacional de origem em países de diferentes ideologias políticas. O enquadramento político expressou-se na organização do partido único, com uma governação que se impunha ao Governo e à Assembleia Nacional Popular, com mobilização política da população para a produção, incentivo a formas cooperativas de organização empresarial no campo e na cidade, repressão à oposição e à actividade de comerciantes e empresários privados. Os resultados negativos quanto ao objectivo traçado pelo partido e governo, de conseguir um melhor nível de bem-estar para a população, estão entre as origens de um golpe de Estado ( 14 de Novembro de 1980) liderado por uma parte dos militantes do PAIGC, sobretudo de origem guineense. O novo poder enveredou por um caminho de liberalização gradual da economia, mas também não conseguiu, até 1986, cumprir os objectivos de desenvolvimento a que se propunha. ; This research tried to clarify the effects on the households welfare of the governance on economics and social politics, specially stabilization and structural adjustment programs. Th space is one African town in Guinea-Bissau, its capital, between 1986 and 2001. Two models of knowledge as been used: - The first based on theories built by authors mainly from universities without a strong practical concern. - The second based on the urgency found when situations require answers from internationals structures public or non profit. The methodology used begins with the asset that the well been in an African society must be analyzed giving a significant weight to its different components and that this cannot be accomplished with one single area of knowledge. Authors from economics, social psychology, sociology, anthropology and politics are fundamental to understand the importance of governance on the well been of households. We conclude that the stabilization and structural adjustment programs are the cause of a clear loss of independence in this African country. To establish the relationship between the households strategies and the governance we define a typology of politics on African countries and another to the different middle time households strategies. The main nationals politics actors as the government, the parliament, the president the Courts of Justice end the international as the IMF, WB, both has a share in the process of change the country to a dependent territory in temrs of the capacity of define and conduct an economics and social policy. The households has different success strategies in economics activities specially with agriculture, non specialized work and private sector; those who preferred the commerce has dubious results; those that preferred the public administration or the public sector has the less success. We verified that governance make a direct link between the households well being and the external conditions of definition of economics and social politics. The conclusions about the households capacity of controlling the effects on the appropriation of resources of those politics based only on the consumption expenses, show us that is not enough to consider only this variable to analyze the evolution of well being. The general conclusion is that even if Guinea-Bissau has a ensemble of social groups composed with about 32 racial groups with a very rich cultural and historical life, with a victorious fight for independence, with a large support from rural population to built a country based on resources enough to feed his population without military conflicts destroying people and structures, and an evolution from a only one party to a democratic political system, the country has much difficulty to give to his citizens the level of well being they want.

El presente artículo describe y analiza la experiencia de enseñanza de la investigación llevada a cabo en la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Los Andes (FOULA), Mérida, Venezuela, en los últimos 7 años. En 1999, se inició la ejecución de un plan de estudio, el cual contempla la enseñanza de la investigación integrada a las distintas áreas de estudio. Para su concreción, se creó en Departamento de investigación, el cual está conformado por una serie de asignaturas que procuran la formación de los estudiantes como investigadores durante toda carrera, haciendo énfasis en la lectura y producción de los distintos géneros discursivos que se leen, se escriben y se publican en la comunidad discursiva de Odontología. Con base en la integración docente y en la propuesta didáctica constructivista y democrática, y en un modelo integral de enseñanza de la lectura y la escritura, se desarrollan actividades de investigación, teóricas y prácticas, de dificultad creciente en cada año: estudios documentales, en 1.º año, investigaciones descriptivas, en 2.º y 3.º año, trabajos experimentales, en 4.º y 5.º Año, y, finalmente, el trabajo especial de grado. Al mirar retrospectivamente la experiencia, encontramos que los estudiantes han practicado la investigación de manera significativa, se les ha enseñado a investigar investigando, en situaciones reales, con el propósito de contribuir, de alguna manera, con la resolución de problemas de la comunidad. Se han familiarizado con los géneros discursivos que se leen y se escriben y se publican en Odontología, lo cual significa que han avanzado hacia su incorporación a esta comunidad. Pese a todas las dificultades enfrentadas, se ha contribuido con la formación de los estudiantes en investigación: lectura, escritura y nuevas tecnologías, al integrar la investigación, área esencial para la práctica odontológica integral en la actualidad. ; The present article describes and analyzes the experience of research teaching carried out in the Faculty of Odontolgy of the University of Los Andes (FOULA), Merida, Venezuela, during the last 7 years. In 1999, the execution of a plan of study initiated, which contemplates the research teaching integrated to the different areas of study. For its concretion, a Research Department was created, and it is shaped by a series of subjects that intend the formation of the students as researchers during any career, focusing on the reading and production of the different discursive kinds that are read, written and published into the discursive community of Odontolgy. With base on the educational integration and on the didactic, democratic, constructivist proposal, and also on an integral model of education of the reading and writing, theoretical and practical activities of research with increasing difficulty in every year are carried out: documentary studies, in 1st year, descriptive research, in 2nd and 3rd years, experimental works in 4th and 5th years, and, finally, the special work of degree. By looking at the experience retrospectively, we find that the students have significantly practiced research, they have been taught to research by researching, in real situations, with the intention of contributing, somehow, with the resolution of problems of the community. They have familiarized themselves with the discursive kinds that are read, written and published into the discursive community of Odontolgy which means that they have advanced towards their incorporation to this community. In spite of all the conflicting difficulties, it has been possible to contribute with the students' formation in research: reading, writing and new technologies, on having integrated the research, essential area for the integral practice of Odontolgy, at present. ; 5-18 ; oscarula@ula.ve, moralito_ve@yahoo.com ; josetona@ula.ve ; tonosula@hotmail.com

International audience ; Assyriology covers disciplines that concern the study of the ancient Near East, and more specifically the period and the geographic area defined by the use of cuneiform writing. Archaeologists, historians and art historians who conduct research in this field work in countries at war or in countries that do not respect the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They are confronted with situations that affect their daily work. To better understand these situations, it is essential to understand the recent history of these countries, the role played by Western researchers in the rediscovery of antiquity, and the relationship of local politicians and populations to their past. In 2003, Assyriologists created the International Association for Assyriology to better address the situation in the Near East, and since 2014, they have reacted through official statements, before reflecting on the ethical behaviour of researchers. This concerns respect for the laws of the countries under study, cooperation with local scientists, the training of future generations and the well-being of the workforce employed on archaeological excavation sites. It concerns the means to be implemented for the safeguarding and restoration of cultural heritage, without cooperating with dictatorial regimes. Finally, the ethical behaviour of the researcher depends on the transmission of knowledge to the public, and in particular information to potential buyers about the danger of contributing to the trafficking of antiquities. ; Proche-Orient antique, et plus spécifiquement sur la période et la zone géographique définies par l'usage de l'écriture cunéiforme. Les archéologues, historiens et historiens de l'art qui mènent des recherches dans ce domaine, travaillent dans des pays en guerre ou des pays qui ne respectent pas la Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme. Ils sont confrontés à des situations qui affectent leur travail au quotidien. Pour mieux appréhender les situations, il est indispensable de maîtriser ...

International audience ; Assyriology covers disciplines that concern the study of the ancient Near East, and more specifically the period and the geographic area defined by the use of cuneiform writing. Archaeologists, historians and art historians who conduct research in this field work in countries at war or in countries that do not respect the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They are confronted with situations that affect their daily work. To better understand these situations, it is essential to understand the recent history of these countries, the role played by Western researchers in the rediscovery of antiquity, and the relationship of local politicians and populations to their past. In 2003, Assyriologists created the International Association for Assyriology to better address the situation in the Near East, and since 2014, they have reacted through official statements, before reflecting on the ethical behaviour of researchers. This concerns respect for the laws of the countries under study, cooperation with local scientists, the training of future generations and the well-being of the workforce employed on archaeological excavation sites. It concerns the means to be implemented for the safeguarding and restoration of cultural heritage, without cooperating with dictatorial regimes. Finally, the ethical behaviour of the researcher depends on the transmission of knowledge to the public, and in particular information to potential buyers about the danger of contributing to the trafficking of antiquities. ; Proche-Orient antique, et plus spécifiquement sur la période et la zone géographique définies par l'usage de l'écriture cunéiforme. Les archéologues, historiens et historiens de l'art qui mènent des recherches dans ce domaine, travaillent dans des pays en guerre ou des pays qui ne respectent pas la Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme. Ils sont confrontés à des situations qui affectent leur travail au quotidien. Pour mieux appréhender les situations, il est indispensable de maîtriser ...

International audience ; Assyriology covers disciplines that concern the study of the ancient Near East, and more specifically the period and the geographic area defined by the use of cuneiform writing. Archaeologists, historians and art historians who conduct research in this field work in countries at war or in countries that do not respect the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They are confronted with situations that affect their daily work. To better understand these situations, it is essential to understand the recent history of these countries, the role played by Western researchers in the rediscovery of antiquity, and the relationship of local politicians and populations to their past. In 2003, Assyriologists created the International Association for Assyriology to better address the situation in the Near East, and since 2014, they have reacted through official statements, before reflecting on the ethical behaviour of researchers. This concerns respect for the laws of the countries under study, cooperation with local scientists, the training of future generations and the well-being of the workforce employed on archaeological excavation sites. It concerns the means to be implemented for the safeguarding and restoration of cultural heritage, without cooperating with dictatorial regimes. Finally, the ethical behaviour of the researcher depends on the transmission of knowledge to the public, and in particular information to potential buyers about the danger of contributing to the trafficking of antiquities. ; Proche-Orient antique, et plus spécifiquement sur la période et la zone géographique définies par l'usage de l'écriture cunéiforme. Les archéologues, historiens et historiens de l'art qui mènent des recherches dans ce domaine, travaillent dans des pays en guerre ou des pays qui ne respectent pas la Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme. Ils sont confrontés à des situations qui affectent leur travail au quotidien. Pour mieux appréhender les situations, il est indispensable de maîtriser ...

International audience ; Assyriology covers disciplines that concern the study of the ancient Near East, and more specifically the period and the geographic area defined by the use of cuneiform writing. Archaeologists, historians and art historians who conduct research in this field work in countries at war or in countries that do not respect the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They are confronted with situations that affect their daily work. To better understand these situations, it is essential to understand the recent history of these countries, the role played by Western researchers in the rediscovery of antiquity, and the relationship of local politicians and populations to their past. In 2003, Assyriologists created the International Association for Assyriology to better address the situation in the Near East, and since 2014, they have reacted through official statements, before reflecting on the ethical behaviour of researchers. This concerns respect for the laws of the countries under study, cooperation with local scientists, the training of future generations and the well-being of the workforce employed on archaeological excavation sites. It concerns the means to be implemented for the safeguarding and restoration of cultural heritage, without cooperating with dictatorial regimes. Finally, the ethical behaviour of the researcher depends on the transmission of knowledge to the public, and in particular information to potential buyers about the danger of contributing to the trafficking of antiquities. ; Proche-Orient antique, et plus spécifiquement sur la période et la zone géographique définies par l'usage de l'écriture cunéiforme. Les archéologues, historiens et historiens de l'art qui mènent des recherches dans ce domaine, travaillent dans des pays en guerre ou des pays qui ne respectent pas la Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme. Ils sont confrontés à des situations qui affectent leur travail au quotidien. Pour mieux appréhender les situations, il est indispensable de maîtriser ...

Although diminishing newsrooms - and gaping holes in community news coverage - have been acknowledged in the US for over a decade, the term "news desert" did not widely emerge in discourse among industry professionals to refer to places that lacked news outlets until the fall of 2018. While much work in various disciplines, including journalism studies, aims to uncover the causes behind news deserts and the effects of their proliferation, scant research attempts to understand how journalists themselves see these issues. Utilizing metajournalistic discourse analysis of journalism trade magazines, this study examined seven publications and found 97 articles published between January 1, 2017, and September 30, 2022, that used the term "news desert." The aim is to understand how industry insiders constructed the concept and explained the repercussions of the phenomenon to other journalists. This has broader implications for understanding how journalism as an interpretive community constructs the field and the issues confronting it, particularly in times of crisis. This study found that industry leaders cannot agree on a clear definition of news deserts, have only recently begun to acknowledge the ethnic and socioeconomic communities most affected by a lack of news coverage, and rarely articulate, beyond generalities, the effects news deserts have on citizens. These results are then considered through the lens of journalistic reflexivity, national audience response, and potential solutions.

This article examines analogies and differences between the Prometheus' myth of Plato Protagoras and the fifth Act of the Second Part of Goethe's Faust. While Goethe thinks that natural pressure is sufficient and necessary condition to build the political community, the Protagoras´ myth values this pressure as a necessary but not as a sufficient condition. To obtain a political community the sufficient condition is the political virtue, given by Zeus and distributed by Hermes. Protagoras is a democrat and Goethe has reticence to democratic thinking. In Protagoras there is a naive confidence in human being, in Goethe a bitter consciousness of its limits. ; Este artículo recoge analogías y diferencias entre el mito prometeico del diálogo Protágoras, de Platón, y el acto V de la segunda parte de Fausto, de Goethe. Mientras que el segundo texto considera que la presión natural es condición necesaria y suficiente para constituir una comunidad política, el mito protagóreo valora esa presión como condición necesaria de lo comunitario; así, es preciso para configurarlo la condición suficiente de la virtud política aportada por Zeus y distribuida por Hermes. Tras la concepción de Protágoras, hay una sólida conciencia democrática; tras la de Goethe, reticencias en este sentido. En Protágoras tal vez haya ingenua confianza en el género humano; en Goethe, amarga lucidez.

This comparative anthology showcases the rich and mutually intertwined folklore of three ethno-religious communities from northern Iraq: Aramaic-speaking ('Syriac') Christians, Kurdish Muslims and—to a lesser extent—Aramaic-speaking Jews. The first volume contains several introductory chapters on language, folkore motifs and narrative style, followed by samples of glossed texts in each language variety. The second volume is the anthology proper, presenting folklore narratives in several distinct varieties of North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic and Northern and Central Kurdish. The stories are accompanied by English translations. The material includes different genres such as folktales, legends, fables and anecdotes, and is organised into seven thematic units. The folkloristic material of these three communities is shared to a large extent. The anthology is, therefore, a testament to the intimate and long-standing relations between these three ethno-religious communities—relations that existed in a multilingual environment centuries before the modern era of nationalism.

This comparative anthology showcases the rich and mutually intertwined folklore of three ethno-religious communities from northern Iraq: Aramaic-speaking ('Syriac') Christians, Kurdish Muslims and—to a lesser extent—Aramaic-speaking Jews. The first volume contains several introductory chapters on language, folkore motifs and narrative style, followed by samples of glossed texts in each language variety. The second volume is the anthology proper, presenting folklore narratives in several distinct varieties of North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic and Northern and Central Kurdish. The stories are accompanied by English translations. The material includes different genres such as folktales, legends, fables and anecdotes, and is organised into seven thematic units. The folkloristic material of these three communities is shared to a large extent. The anthology is, therefore, a testament to the intimate and long-standing relations between these three ethno-religious communities—relations that existed in a multilingual environment centuries before the modern era of nationalism.