Suchergebnisse

En este resumen presentamos el capítulo introductorio de International Relations Scholarship Around the World, publicado por Routledge en 2009. Los editores y también autores de esta introducción, Ole Wæver y Arlene B. Tickner, argumentan sobre la necesidad dentro de la teoría de Relaciones Internacionales de mirar más allá de los límites geográficos, espaciales y temporales actuales. Al plantear un debate en relación a los fundamentos epistémicos de la disciplina y en relación al cientifismo de los datos recolectados, Wæver y Tickner ponen en cuestión la supuesta globalidad de una disciplina que es más a menudo basada en la influencia que la identidad local proyecta en otras culturas y en otras situaciones políticas. Los autores buscan incorporar la teoría producida desde espacios alternativos muy importantes, aunque aún poco representados. Este libro no es solo acerca de otros espacios geográficos o trabajos no tradicionales desde el terreno, sino también de valiosas metodologías y prácticas diseñadas desde otras áreas actualmente no entedidas como Relaciones Internacionales (RRII). En este capítulo se crítica cómo el conocimiento es producido, cómo la academia y la investigación son financiadas, cómo dicha financiación influye en el contenido de la investigación y cómo esto prejuicia a los investigadores. Wæver y Tickner enfatizan los aportes de este libro para académicos e investigadores sobre el terreno en cuanto a los enfoques teóricos y los datos producidos por los estudios de caso. Por último, los autores nos invitan a considerar las RRII no solo desde la experiencia concreta sino también como una compilación de teorías inter-relacionadas que nos ayudan a comprender las realidades más allá de los espacios tradicionales ; This abstract describes the introductory chapter of International Relations Scholarship Around the World, published by Routledge in 2009.The editors and authors of this introduction, Ole Wæver and Arlene B. Tickner, argue the necessity within International Relations theory to look beyond current geographical, spatial and temporal borders. Posing a debate regarding the discipline's epistemic foundation and scientific data from mainstream sources, Wæver and Tickner contest the supposed globality of a discipline that is more often biased by local identity projected on other cultures and political issues. Wæver and Tickner seek to incorporate theory produced from important, yet unrepresented alternative sources. International Relations Scholarship Around the World is not only about other geographical spaces and non-traditional works from the field, but also valuable methodology and practices drawn from other fields currently not incorporated in International Relations. This introduction critiques how knowledge is produced, how academia and research is funded, how funding influences research content, and the effect of researcher bias. Wæver and Tickner call for International Relations Scholarship Around the World to advise scholars and researchers, emphasizing theoretical approaches, case study data, for international and local practitioners. Wæver and Tickner ask that we consider IR not just as a concrete experience, but also as a compilation of interrelated theories for understanding realities outside traditional spaces

Equality before the law, protection of the rights and non-discrimination are considered as core set of human rights norms and must form the whole legal system. Equality means that all people are born free and equal, have same rights and are equally respected and valued both in family and society. In accordance with the principle of equality of all people are equal in their natural rights and dignity, so no one should be denied human rights on grounds of nationality, ethnicity, race, religion, gender, age, language, sexual orientation, disability, political or other opinion which are based on other discriminatory basis. The principle of equality is inherent in the principle of non-discrimination which it complements and includes general and basic human rights. Non-discrimination principle in fact implies that there must be equality of rights between men and women in all spheres of life. Although the protection of human rights receive growing attention in the international community, however, there is still a concern for women's rights, as not always protecting international human rights and not always welcomed by Muslim countries, especially in areas that are closely associated with the Muslim religion and culture. This master's thesis will be analyzing a comprehensive gender equality in the legal family relations at the international level which is based on Sharia law. It will be focusing on the situation of women in the legal assessment of family relationships through marriage and divorce institutions that affect the realization of women's equality and non-status. The aim of this work is to compare the Sharia law compatibility with international human rights standards. It will also attempt to discern the potential to improve human rights protection system functioning Shari'a judges. Master thesis topic selection due to the fact that a woman's place in society is a question commonly mentioned society. On the other hand these days with increasing emigration growing number of mixed marriages, resulting in more frequent cultures, traditions and legal environments, which leads to the need to know and is traditionally perceived foreign legal systems. The main goal - to determine whether there is a breach of the principle of gender equality, if a woman of a family relationship status assessed on the basis of Muslim countries traditions and religion. In order to achieve this goal this work will analyze gender equality and the limits of the application. It will also analyze the situation of women in the family at the international level. The second part of the Master focuses on the situation of women in family law, the analysis of Shariah law, and declarations on human rights in Muslim countries. The third part deals with Sharia law and international compatibility of the provisions regulating the status of women in the family and the different conceptions of equality in those jurisdictions. The study shows that the hypothesis about the principle of gender equality of women in the family is proven to be assessed on the basis of Muslim countries traditions and religion, has proved on the condition that the principle of gender equality is perceived as it is interpreted by international human rights, especially the Convention on the all Forms of Discrimination against Women.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Birleşme, Kooperatiflerde BirleşmeÖZETKOOPERATİFLERDE BİRLEŞMEKooperatiflerin birleşmeleri ile ilgili 1163 sayılı kanunun 98. maddesin de "Bu kanunun aksine açıklama olmayan durumlarda Türk Ticaret Kanunundaki Anonim Şirketlere ait hükümler uygulanır" hükmü geçmektedir. Ülkemizde kooperatif birleşmeleri, Anonim şirketlerin birleşme hükümlerine bağlanmış ve bu şekilde birleşmeleri sağlanmıştır. Türkiye'de gerçekleşen kooperatif birleşmeleri 3 çeşit birleşme olarak görülmektedir. 1- birim kooperatif birleşmeleri (yatay birleşme), 2- kooperatif birlikleri (dikey birleşme), 3- kooperatif merkez birlikleridir.Gelişmiş ülkeler kooperatiflerin birleşmeleri ile ilgili ayrı kanunlar düzenlemiş, uluslar arası finansal standartlar ile bunu desteklemişlerdir. Bu ülkelerdeki kooperatifler, bulundukları sektörlerdeki diğer sermaye şirketleriyle baş edebilir duruma gelmiş hatta bazı kooperatif birleşmeleri bu sermaye şirketlerinin önüne geçmiştir.Kooperatifçilikte uluslararası örgütlenme çok eski yıllara dayanmaktadır. Dünyadaki en eski uluslararası örgütlerden biri Uluslararası Kooperatifler Alyansı'dır Günümüzde bile kurulan bölgesel seviyedeki bazı uluslararası örgütler ICA çatısı altında yer almayı tercih etmektedirler. Kooperatifler 115 yıl önce sadece ulusal çizgide kalmayıp, uluslararası düzeyde işbirliğinin temelini atmışlardır. 19-22 Ağustos 1895 tarihleri arasında 14 ülkeden 200 temsilcinin katılımı ile Londra Kooperatif Kongresinde bir araya gelen Avrupa kooperatif liderleri aldıkları karar sonucunda ICA çatısı altında bir araya gelmişlerdir. ICA'nın Merkezi İsviçre'nin Cenevre kentidir. İsviçre Medeni Kanununa göre tüzel kişilik olarak faaliyet gösteren uluslararası bir birliktir. Bugün örgüte 91 ülkeden 243 örgütün üyedir. Örgüte üye örgütlerin 800 milyondan fazla ortağı bulunmaktadır.Supervisor: Professor Osman AltuğDegree Awarded And Date: Master – November 2010 Keywords: Merger, Merger Of CooperativesABSTRACTMERGER OF COOPERATIVES The item of 98 in Law No. 1163 on cooperative merger cites ;"This is contrary to the law when there is no explanation, the provisions of law belonging to anonymous companies of the Turkish Commercial Law are applied. In our country, cooperative mergers has been linked to merger provisions of anonymous companies, and so supllied the mergers. 3 kinds of cooperative mergers are seen as the merger took place in Turkey. 1 - unit cooperative mergers (horizontal mergers), 2 - cooperative associations (vertical mergers), 3. central assosiation of cooperatives.Developed countries have organized different laws related to mergers of cooperatives, and supported it with international financial standards. Cooperatives in these countries has been able to cope with other capital stock companies in their sectors,moreever some cooperative mergers have taken precedence of these capital companies. International organization in cooperative trading system are based on previous years. One of the oldest international organizations in the world is 'International Cooperatives Alliance'. Even today, some international organizations established at the regional level seem to prefer to take place under the frame of ICA. Cooperatives have prepared the basis of cooperation, not only at the national line, but also at the international level 115 years ago. European cooperative leaders coming together by the participation of 200 representatives from 14 countries, between 19-22 August 1895 in the London Cooperative Congress has come together as a result of the decision under the frame of ICA.Centre of ICA is Swiss city of Geneva.According to the Swiss Civil Code,it is an international union of operating as a legal entity. Today, 243 organizations from 91 countries are members of this organization.There are more than 800 million partners of the organization.

Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Frage, welche Auswirkung die Zunahme irregulärer Migration aus den Gebieten Afrikas südlich der Sahara in die Europäische Union (EU) auf die politischen Beziehungen der Regionen zueinander hat. Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten zu internationaler und irregulärer Migration und ihrer Auswirkung auf die Internationalen Beziehungen sind bisher die Ausnahme. Die vorliegende Arbeit leistet einen Beitrag dazu, diese Lücke zu füllen und Migration aus einer politikwissenschaftlichen Perspektive zu beleuchten. Durch eine fundierte Analyse können Politikstrategien der Afrikanischen und der Europäischen Seite aufgezeigt, die Chancen der Interessensdurchsetzung bewertet und die Wirkung der Kooperation auf die Problematik der irregulären Migration eingeschätzt werden. Die Arbeit baut auf den gängigen Theorien der Internationalen Beziehungen auf, die Hypothesen beruhen auf einer Gegenüberstellung der kooperationspolitischen Annahmen des Neorealismus und des neoliberalen Institutionalismus. Die empirische Überprüfung beruht auf einer qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse zugänglicher Dokumente und Verträge der EU und der African Union (AU) sowie der Westafrikanischen Regionalorganisation ECOWAS. Ergänzt wird die Dokumentenstudie um Experteninterviews mit afrikanischen Botschaftern in Berlin. Die Arbeit kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass die Zunahme irregulärer Migration zu einer Veränderung in der Europäisch-Afrikanischen Kooperation geführt hat. Migrationspolitik ist zu einem strategischen Bereich der EU-Außenpolitik gegenüber Afrika geworden. In der Europäischen Politik überwiegen trotz Anerkennung der entwicklungspolitischen Möglichkeiten regulärer Migration restriktive Ansätze. Diese wirken sich nachteilig auf die Afrikanischen Herkunftsländer aus und begünstigen eine weitere Zunahme irregulärer Migration. Um angemessene Politikstrategien zu entwickeln ist aufgrund einer nicht zu erwartenden Veränderung der Europäischen Politik insbesondere die Afrikanische Seite gefragt. Hier dominierte in der Vergangenheit eine kritische Haltung gegenüber Personenfreizügigkeit. Erst seit kurzem kommt es zu einer abgestimmten supranationalen Positionierung auf ECOWAS- und AU-Ebene, in der positive Wirkungen regulärer Migration anerkannt werden. Diese spiegeln sich aber bisher nicht in nationalstaatlichen Politiken wider. ; The thesis deals with the question, whether the increased irregular migration from Sub-Saharan Africa to the European Union (EU) has an impact on the inter-regional relations. Papers dealing with international and irregular migration and its impact on international relations are still rare. The thesis contributes to fill this gap and to highlight migration from a political science point of view. By providing a comprehensive analysis, political strategies of the African and the European side are identified, the chances of enforcements of interests showed and the effect of cooperation on the prevention of irregular migration is assessed. The thesis is based on the established theories of international relations. The hypothesis are based on the assumptions of neorealism and neolibral institutionalism on international cooperation. The empirical testing is based on a qualitative content analysis reviewing of available documents and contracts of the EU and the African Union (AU) as well as the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). In addition, data derives from expert interviews conducted with African ambassadors in Berlin. The thesis comes to the conclusion that the increase in irregular migration let to a shift in the European-African cooperation. Migration policy now is a strategic part of the European foreign policy towards Africa. The European policy mainly pursues a restrictive policy although the chances of a regular form of migration have been officially recognized. This policy approach has a negative effect on the African countries of origin. At the same time, it favors a further increase of irregular migration. In order to develop an adequate policy, the African governments are particularly challenged as the European policy cannot be expected to change its politics towards migration. Here, in the past a critical position towards freedom of movement dominated. Only recently, a supranational position at ECOWAS-level comes up, which appreciates the positive effects of migration. However, this is not yet translated into policies at the national level.

Le coton africain a fait beaucoup parlé de lui depuis deux ans. Par le coton, les pays africains se sont montrés d'une activité peu ordinaire dans l'arène des négociations internationales. Au sortir de l'échec de la réunion ministérielle de l'OMC à Cancun, les pays africains producteurs de coton se sont rendus incontournables dans la poursuite et l'aboutissement du cycle de Doha. Un avantage fut incontestablement marqué mais l'on peut craindre que le cycle de Doha puisse aboutir aujourd'hui sans une réelle prise en compte de l'initiative sectorielle coton présentée par quatre pays africains à Cancun. Dans l'analyse des actions que l'Afrique peut entreprendre pour mieux vendre son coton, nous avançons deux idées qui peuvent paraître provocatrices. Dans la suite d'une réflexion initiée dès 2002, nous voulons d'abord souligner la faiblesse de l'effet prix que l'on peut attendre de la correction de distorsion introduite par les politiques de soutien de quelques pays. Nous mettons ensuite en lumière un autre phénomène de distorsion dont pâtissent les pays africains pour la vente de leur coton, et dont la correction n'a pas encore mobilisé les énergies nécessaires. L'attaque trop limitée aux subventions, la surestimation des coûts de soutien, la marge de manoeuvre dans le réaménagement des mesures de soutien dans les "boîtes" de l'OMC, ainsi que les pouvoirs de marchés des oligopoles du négoce sont les facteurs qui peuvent réduire de beaucoup l'augmentation du prix espéré à la suite d'une réduction/suppression du soutien au coton. Les actions à entreprendre pour contrecarrer ces facteurs sont proposées. Les négociations internationales abordent les produits de manière générique, comme le coton, mais les transactions se rapportent aux produits différenciés, pour lesquels les prix sont établis en fonction de la reconnaissance de leur qualité. C'est le domaine du négoce au quotidien qui échappe à l'emprise des règles décidées à l'échelle internationale. La somme d'énergie dépensée sur la scène internationale pour défendre le produit générique coton est sans effet sur la valorisation des produits différenciés qui sont vendus chaque jour, alors que les différentiels de prix entre les origines de coton peuvent être importants. L'engagement sur la scène des négociations internationales ne peut donc pas suffire pour obtenir le meilleur prix à la vente du coton. En dépit d'éléments objectifs attestant d'un certain niveau de qualité de son coton, les pays de l'Afrique de l'Ouest ne tirent pas bénéfice d'une prime de marché. C'est cette distorsion apparente de prix qu'il convient aussi de combattre. Ce combat ne se livre pas dans les arènes des négociations internationales. Il se remporte par une bonne compréhension des règles du négoce international et des pratiques qui priment actuellement en Afrique. Nous en donnons quelques éléments d'analyse pour indiquer que le combat contre cette distorsion plus discrète est d'abord à livrer sur le sol africain, tant à l'échelle d'un pays qu'à celle d'une région du continent, à partir de l'alliance établie entre tous les acteurs de la production du coton fibre et d'une coordination régionale pour équilibrer les relations avec les opérateurs internationaux.

Die Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) wurde nach über dreijähriger Vorarbeit des Megascience Forum der OECD im Frühjahr 2001 mit dem Ziel gegründet, wissenschaftliche Daten und Informationen zur Biodiversität über des Internet frei verfügbar und zur besseren Nutzung zu verknüpfen. Im Rahmen einer weltweiten Forschungskooperation wird GBIF von derzeit 47 Staaten und 29 internationalen Organisationen als Mitgliedern getragen, die sich alle zur freien Bereitstellung digitaler Biodiversitätsdaten nach gemeinsamen Standards über eigene, dafür selbst einzurichtende Datenknoten verpflichtet haben. Das internationale Vorhaben wird durch einen Aufsichtsrat mit Vertretern aller Mitgliedsstaaten und –organisationen geleitet, dessen Arbeit durch mehrere Komitees und Ausschüsse unterstützt wird. Das seit 2002 in Kopenhagen, Dänemark, angesiedelte GBIF-Sekretariat betreibt den Aufbau des internationalen GBIF Portals (www.gbif.net) und unterstützt koordinierend die Aktivitäten der einzelnen Mitglieder, die sich auf vier Programmbereiche erstrecken: Standardisierung und Verknüpfung von Datenbanken (DADI), Digitalisierung von Daten zu Sammlungsobjekten (DIGIT), Katalog der bekannten Organismennamen (ECAT), sowie Ausbildung und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit (OCB). Für die deutsche Beteiligung an GBIF wurden mit Unterstützung der Bundesregierung (BMBF) sieben Datenknoten an verschiedenen Forschungsinstitutionen aufgebaut, deren Zuständigkeit sich auf unterschiedliche Organismengruppen erstreckt: 1. Insekten (Wirbellose 1) am Staatlichen Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart; 2. terrestrische Wirbellose (Wirbellose 2) an der Zoologischen Staatssammlung München; 3. marine Wirbellose (Wirbellose 3) am Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Senckenberg in Frankfurt/Main; 4. Wirbeltiere am Zoologischen Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig in Bonn; 5. Pflanzen am Botanischen Garten und Botanischen Museum Berlin; 6. Pilze an der Botanischen Staatssammlung München; 7. Mikroorganismen an der Deutschen Sammlung für Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen in Braunschweig. Die aufgrund ihrer fachlich unterschiedlichen Ausrichtung innerhalb der einzelnen Knoten zur Erfassung von Sammlungsdaten verwendeten, verschiedenen Datenbankprogramme werden kurz angeführt.StichwörterBiodiversity information, international cooperation, internet, database, collection data, GBIF node. ; After more than three years of preparatory work by the OECD Megascience Forum, the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) was officially established in 2001 with the goal to make scientific biodiversity data freely available and more useful by linking databases through the internet. As a worldwide research endeavour, GBIF currently has 47 countries and 29 international organisations as its members, all of which have committed themselves to share freely biodiversity data according to common standards through their own data nodes. The organisation is controlled by a Governing Board consisting of representatives from all members, supported by several committees and advisory groups. The GBIF Secretariat has been established since 2002 in Copenhagen, Denmark, which develops the international GBIF portal and assists members by coordinating and supporting activities, which are focussed on four program areas: Data Access and Database Interoperability (DADI), Digitisation of Natural History Collection Data (DIGIT), Electronic Catalogue of Names of Known Organisms (ECAT), and Outreach and Capacity Building (OCB). - For the national contribution to GBIF, seven data nodes have been established at different research institutions in Germany with support from the Federal Government (BMBF), which are responsible for different groups of organisms: 1. Insects (Evertebrata 1) at the State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart; 2. Terrestrial invertebrates (Evertebrata 2) at the Bavarian State Collection of Zoology in Munich; 3. Marine invertebrates (Evertebrata 3) at Senckenberg Research Institute and Museum in Frankfurt; 4. Vertebrates at the Zoological Research Institute and Museum Alexander Koenig in Bonn; 5. Plants (botany) at the Botanic Gardens and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem; 6. Fungi (mycology) at the Bavarian State Collection of Botany in Munich; 7. Microorganisms (Prokaryota) at the German National Resource Centre for Biological Material in Braunschweig. Different database systems currently in use at these differently oriented institutions for capturing specimen based information are briefly introduced.KeywordsBiodiversity information, international cooperation, internet, database, collection data, GBIF node.

This article highlights the development of new facts and trends concerning asylum to and protection of refugees, especially between 1975 and 1980. Asylum is singled out as the fundamental act of protection and dealt with from its position in international law.

TOTALITARIAN DICATORSHIPS IN THE FINAL YEARS OF THEIR DECLINE ARE STUDIED BY THE AUTHOR, AS HE DISCUSSES WHETHER INTERNATIONAL SOLIDARITY CAN CONTRIBUTE TO SHORTENING THEIR DURATION OR IF ANY FORM OF FOREIGN INTERVENTION WILL MERELY STRENGTHEN THEM IF THEY ARE ALREADY FLOURISHING.

This article outlines some of the propositions on organizational growth and goal structure contained in the literature on organization theory. A number of hypotheses are derived from this body of material and these are tested against the International Labor Organization experience.1

All rhetoric aside, the fundamental long-range task facing the United States in its international strategy is to substitute processes of cooperation, order, and eventually world law for the anarchy and narrow nationalism that continue to endanger world peace and stability.

Diese Studie ist eine Untersuchung der Eskalation von kollektiver Gewalt in andauernden innerstaatlichen Konflikten. Das heißt, dass die Untersuchung sich nicht mit den Ursachen des Gewaltausbruchs in Bürgerkriegen beschäftigt, sondern mit der Gewaltdynamik im Krieg. Die Ergebnisse der ausgeführten Feldforschung und der intensiven Fallanalyse über den LTTE-Konflikt in Sri Lanka zeigen, dass die zusammenhängenden Beziehungen zwischen lokaler und internationaler Legitimität der Konfliktakteure und die unmittelbar entstehenden Opportunitätsstrukturen die plötzlich eskalierende Gewalt erklären können.Die neuen Hypothesen, die während dieser Studie entwickelt worden sind, versuchen folgende Forschungsfrage zu beantworten: Wie kann man die Logik der kollektiven Gewalt zwischen Krieg und Frieden analysieren, die Konfliktparteien entweder in eine stabile Form von Frieden oder in eine neue Eskalationswelle führen?

This advanced text successfully links the two fields of trade theory and economic development. It combines mathematical rigour with an exceptional breadth of approaches, including institutions, history and comparative economics. Uniquely, the book focuses not only on countries participating in globalized trade but also those failing to participate. - ;Combining the fields of international trade theory, economic development, and economic growth, this text provides an advanced exposition suitable for graduate students as well as researchers at all levels. It combines mathematical rigour with an

Abstract
How do states signal resolve and conduct coercive diplomacy differently on land and at sea? This question has important implications for security in the Asia-Pacific, which is predominantly a maritime region. While the field of International Relations has been criticized for exhibiting a Cold War and European bias, this article is based on the observation that the field may suffer from continentalism: a reliance on land-based issues and ideas. We thus examine the potential for incorporating the maritime domain more explicitly into IR to better address the challenges to security in the Asia-Pacific. Specifically, we consider how signaling restraint, costly signals of resolve, and engaging in limited conflicts to conduct violent coercive diplomacy differ on land and at sea. Our findings suggest that addressing the challenges to security in the Asia-Pacific can benefit from a deeper understanding of signaling, coercive diplomacy, and international relations in the maritime domain.

Abstract
What explains Japan's security policy change in recent decades? Heeding the 'emotional turn' in International Relations, this article applies a resentment-based framework, which defines resentment as a long-lasting form of anger and the product of status dissatisfaction. Leveraging interviews with 18 conservative Japanese lawmakers and senior officials, the article discusses the role, function, and prevalence of resentment in the remaking of Japan's security policy, premised on constitutional revision. The analysis reveals that conservative elites are acutely status-conscious; and that those who blame a perceived inferior status on Japan's alleged pacifism are more likely to see revision of Article 9 as an end in itself. For a subset of conservatives, however, the goal is rather to stretch the Constitution to enhance Japan's means of deterrence vis-à-vis objects of fear or in solidarity with allies. Overall, the article demonstrates that resentment provides a fruitful lens for analyzing status dissatisfaction in international politics.

This article examines recent interest in hedging as a feature of international politics in the Asia Pacific. Focusing on the small states of Southeast Asia, we argue that dominant understandings of hedging are misguided for two reasons. Despite significant advances in the literature, hedging has remained a vague concept rendering it a residual category of foreign policy behavior. Moreover, current accounts of hedging tend to overstate the strategic intentions of ostensible hedgers. This article proposes that a better understanding of Southeast Asia's foreign policy behavior needs to dissociate hedging from neorealist concepts of international politics. Instead, we locate the concept in the context of classical realism and the diplomatic practice of second-tier states. Exploring Southeast Asia's engagement with more powerful actors from this perspective reveals the strategic limitations of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the dilemma that Southeast Asian states face from a rising China challenging the status quo in the western Pacific.