Suchergebnisse

Boundary disputes form an integral part of regular disputes commonly found across the world. There is no doubt that such disputes have occurred in both pre-colonial and colonial Nigerian societies, and more generally in both agrarian and nomadic economies around the African continent where land has been central to culture, political and family survival. Arguably, when these conflicts took place in pre-colonial polities of South-West Nigeria, they were settled. However, when the British colonial administration attempted to adjudicate in this kind of disagreement, they committed a number of procedural errors. This essay examines selected cases adjudicated by the colonial administrators who doubled as judicial officers during the colonial period with specific focus on these procedural issues. In some cases protocols were respected; but there were also cases where the procedures were relaxed in the interest of British colonial economy. It is argued here that where the procedures were followed, there was a fair resolution; whereas when procedures were relaxed, issues still remain unresolved very many years after.

Moin Ahmad Nizami, Reform and Renewal in South Asian Islam: The Chishti-Sabris in 18th–19th Century North India, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2017, 305 pp.

Property Rights in Time of War: Sequestration and Liquidation of Enemy Aliens' Assets in Western Europe during the First World War This article explores the policies on enemy property in Britain, France and Germany during the First World War and its immediate aftermath. As part of a more complex economic warfare, countries at war halted international trade, imposed system of controls on the trade of neutral countries and launched an attack on the commercial and personal assets of enemy aliens. Real estate, firms, shops, investments, ships, goods, shares, bank accounts, patents and trademarks, and personal belongings owned by citizens of enemy nationality were sequestered and then sold by state custodians to citizens of their own countries. These actions, which started at the very beginning of the conflict, were eventually legitimised by the peace treaties. By analysing these measures, their implementation and the discourse that justified them, the article investigates the emergence of «economic nationalism» and the shift provoked by the war: from the liberal recognition of the inviolability of property rights on a national and international scale to the re-affirmation of state sovereignty.

"Upsus" (Special Efforts) Program is a program to increase crop production and productivity to support the acceleration of food self-sufficiency held by the government. The targets are to increase the planting index (IP) by 0.5 and productivity by 0.3 ton/ha/Harvested Dry Grain (HDG). Increased productivity has not been reached optimally. This research aimed to determine the number/types of the dominant pests and natural enemies, and pests and diseases attack rates in the wetland rice plantation "Upsus" Program in Karawang District. Direct observation was carried out on four stages of plant development, in the nursery stage (10–14 days after sowing) 200–300 m², seedlings stage (10–20 days after planting), vegetative stage (5–6 weeks after planting), and reproductive stage (1–2 weeks after flowering) respectively within an area of 2000 m². Twenty samples were observed in the nursery stage and 50 samples in the following stages. The dominant pests and diseases found were Nilaparvata lugens, Leptocarisa oratorius, Schirpophaga incertulas, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Scotinophara coarctata, Mythimna separata, bacterial leaf blight (Xanthomonas. oryzae pv. oryzae), blast (Pyricularia grisea) and narrow brown spot (Cercospora oryzae). The recorded dominant natural enemies were Cyrtorhinus sp., Paederus sp., Tetragnatha sp., and Pardosa pseudoannulata. S. incertulas showed the highest attack intensity and the highest disease severity was found in bacterial leaf blight. The largest population of dominant pests and natural enemies was found in the generative stage. The high application of pesticides affected the population of pests, natural enemies, and the level of pest and disease attacks.

This paper is about the development, implementation and operation of SmartBay - a subsea cabled observatory and supporting infrastructure to stimulate the development of marine technology in Ireland. Blue Growth is the long term strategy of the European Union to support sustainable growth in the marine sector and offers great potential for innovation. The development of Ocean Technologies currently presents a number of challenges globally in terms of costs, reliability and longevity of infrastructure in the development of Renewable Energy, Blue Biotechnology, Water, and Environmental Monitoring & Management as well as more established markets such as Oil and Gas, Shipping and Security and Fishing and Aquaculture. We discuss the rationale behind the development of SmartBay in terms of addressing these challenges and focus particularly in the area of marine renewable energy technology development The design and installation phases of SmartBay are discussed. Costs were minimised, whilst maximising the range of features and applications that the infrastructure can provide to scientific and commercial users. The scientific subsea instrument node is also described in detail, along with the advanced supporting cyber-infrastructure that ensures the data is collected, processed archived and displayed as per end user requirements. The facility provides access to state of the art marine assets and resources for Researchers, Designers, Innovators and Entrepreneurs within Ireland and the EU and is a unique catalyst in the attraction of inward investment and venture capital investment. The SmartBay infrastructure platform centres on a core technology or service, the provision of high quality, time-series marine data. This is essential for a broader, interdependent ecosystem of businesses to develop and supply complementary value-added products and applications to wide multidisciplinary set of users. SmartBay's role as a key technology node in broader European initiatives Ocean Observation initiatives like the European Multidisciplinary Seafloor and water column observatory (EMSO), which has been established as a European Research Infrastructure consortium (ERIC) is also discussed. ; Peer Reviewed