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The broad-spectrum herbicide glyphosate (common trade name "Roundup") was first sold to farmers in 1974. Since the late 1970s, the volume of glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) applied has increased approximately 100-fold. Further increases in the volume applied are likely due to more and higher rates of application in response to the widespread emergence of glyphosate-resistant weeds and new, pre-harvest, dessicant use patterns. GBHs were developed to replace or reduce reliance on herbicides causing well-documented problems associated with drift and crop damage, slipping efficacy, and human health risks. Initial industry toxicity testing suggested that GBHs posed relatively low risks to non-target species, including mammals, leading regulatory authorities worldwide to set high acceptable exposure limits. To accommodate changes in GBH use patterns associated with genetically engineered, herbicide-tolerant crops, regulators have dramatically increased tolerance levels in maize, oilseed (soybeans and canola), and alfalfa crops and related livestock feeds. Animal and epidemiology studies published in the last decade, however, point to the need for a fresh look at glyphosate toxicity. Furthermore, the World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer recently concluded that glyphosate is "probably carcinogenic to humans." In response to changing GBH use patterns and advances in scientific understanding of their potential hazards, we have produced a Statement of Concern drawing on emerging science relevant to the safety of GBHs. Our Statement of Concern considers current published literature describing GBH uses, mechanisms of action, toxicity in laboratory animals, and epidemiological studies. It also examines the derivation of current human safety standards. We conclude that: (1) GBHs are the most heavily applied herbicide in the world and usage continues to rise; (2) Worldwide, GBHs often contaminate drinking water sources, precipitation, and air, especially in agricultural regions; (3) The half-life of glyphosate in water and soil is longer than previously recognized; (4) Glyphosate and its metabolites are widely present in the global soybean supply; (5) Human exposures to GBHs are rising; (6) Glyphosate is now authoritatively classified as a probable human carcinogen; (7) Regulatory estimates of tolerable daily intakes for glyphosate in the United States and European Union are based on outdated science. We offer a series of recommendations related to the need for new investments in epidemiological studies, biomonitoring, and toxicology studies that draw on the principles of endocrinology to determine whether the effects of GBHs are due to endocrine disrupting activities. We suggest that common commercial formulations of GBHs should be prioritized for inclusion in government-led toxicology testing programs such as the U.S. National Toxicology Program, as well as for biomonitoring as conducted by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ; Other UBC ; Non UBC ; Reviewed ; Faculty

The broad-spectrum herbicide glyphosate (common trade name "Roundup") was first sold to farmers in 1974. Since the late 1970s, the volume of glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) applied has increased approximately 100-fold. Further increases in the volume applied are likely due to more and higher rates of application in response to the widespread emergence of glyphosate-resistant weeds and new, pre-harvest, dessicant use patterns. GBHs were developed to replace or reduce reliance on herbicides causing well-documented problems associated with drift and crop damage, slipping efficacy, and human health risks. Initial industry toxicity testing suggested that GBHs posed relatively low risks to non-target species, including mammals, leading regulatory authorities worldwide to set high acceptable exposure limits. To accommodate changes in GBH use patterns associated with genetically engineered, herbicide-tolerant crops, regulators have dramatically increased tolerance levels in maize, oilseed (soybeans and canola), and alfalfa crops and related livestock feeds. Animal and epidemiology studies published in the last decade, however, point to the need for a fresh look at glyphosate toxicity. Furthermore, the World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer recently concluded that glyphosate is "probably carcinogenic to humans." In response to changing GBH use patterns and advances in scientific understanding of their potential hazards, we have produced a Statement of Concern drawing on emerging science relevant to the safety of GBHs. Our Statement of Concern considers current published literature describing GBH uses, mechanisms of action, toxicity in laboratory animals, and epidemiological studies. It also examines the derivation of current human safety standards. We conclude that: (1) GBHs are the most heavily applied herbicide in the world and usage continues to rise; (2) Worldwide, GBHs often contaminate drinking water sources, precipitation, and air, especially in agricultural regions; (3) The half-life of glyphosate in water and soil is longer than previously recognized; (4) Glyphosate and its metabolites are widely present in the global soybean supply; (5) Human exposures to GBHs are rising; (6) Glyphosate is now authoritatively classified as a probable human carcinogen; (7) Regulatory estimates of tolerable daily intakes for glyphosate in the United States and European Union are based on outdated science. We offer a series of recommendations related to the need for new investments in epidemiological studies, biomonitoring, and toxicology studies that draw on the principles of endocrinology to determine whether the effects of GBHs are due to endocrine disrupting activities. We suggest that common commercial formulations of GBHs should be prioritized for inclusion in government-led toxicology testing programs such as the U.S. National Toxicology Program, as well as for biomonitoring as conducted by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

© 2016 Myers et al. The broad-spectrum herbicide glyphosate (common trade name "Roundup") was first sold to farmers in 1974. Since the late 1970s, the volume of glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) applied has increased approximately 100-fold. Further increases in the volume applied are likely due to more and higher rates of application in response to the widespread emergence of glyphosate-resistant weeds and new, pre-harvest, dessicant use patterns. GBHs were developed to replace or reduce reliance on herbicides causing well-documented problems associated with drift and crop damage, slipping efficacy, and human health risks. Initial industry toxicity testing suggested that GBHs posed relatively low risks to non-target species, including mammals, leading regulatory authorities worldwide to set high acceptable exposure limits. To accommodate changes in GBH use patterns associated with genetically engineered, herbicide-tolerant crops, regulators have dramatically increased tolerance levels in maize, oilseed (soybeans and canola), and alfalfa crops and related livestock feeds. Animal and epidemiology studies published in the last decade, however, point to the need for a fresh look at glyphosate toxicity. Furthermore, the World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer recently concluded that glyphosate is "probably carcinogenic to humans." In response to changing GBH use patterns and advances in scientific understanding of their potential hazards, we have produced a Statement of Concern drawing on emerging science relevant to the safety of GBHs. Our Statement of Concern considers current published literature describing GBH uses, mechanisms of action, toxicity in laboratory animals, and epidemiological studies. It also examines the derivation of current human safety standards. We conclude that: (1) GBHs are the most heavily applied herbicide in the world and usage continues to rise; (2) Worldwide, GBHs often contaminate drinking water sources, precipitation, and air, especially in agricultural regions; (3) The half-life of glyphosate in water and soil is longer than previously recognized; (4) Glyphosate and its metabolites are widely present in the global soybean supply; (5) Human exposures to GBHs are rising; (6) Glyphosate is now authoritatively classified as a probable human carcinogen; (7) Regulatory estimates of tolerable daily intakes for glyphosate in the United States and European Union are based on outdated science. We offer a series of recommendations related to the need for new investments in epidemiological studies, biomonitoring, and toxicology studies that draw on the principles of endocrinology to determine whether the effects of GBHs are due to endocrine disrupting activities. We suggest that common commercial formulations of GBHs should be prioritized for inclusion in government-led toxicology testing programs such as the U.S. National Toxicology Program, as well as for biomonitoring as conducted by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Los estudios basados en corpus lingüísticos han aportado gra ndes beneficios para la didáctica de lenguas extranjeras ; así mismo, con ayuda de las bases de datos digitales, son una herramienta inestimable en el campo de la traducción especializada. En este trabajo se propone un análisis de los discursos sobre extran jería (relacio nados con inmigra ntes, refugiados y control del territorio) en lengua italiana , a partir de la recopilac ión de un corpus multilingü e escrito constituido por documentos emitidos por las Administraciones públicas de España, Francia, Italia y Re ino Unido entre 2011 y 2013 . El corpus LADEX (Lenguaje jurídico administrativo sobre extra n jería) ha sido compilado con el fin de analizar la huella cultural del sujeto extranjero en una tipología textual aparentemente neutra. Sin embargo, l os datos releva dos del sub - corpus en italiano muestran una abundancia de unidades léxicas estereotipadas con un marcado significado socio - político; dichas construcciones evolucionan muy rápidamente, según disposiciones de ley circunstanciales, erogadas en correspondencia con situaciones de emergencia y afluencia masiva de inmigrantes . Se presentan aquí ejemplos significat ivos de dichas unidades , que actualmente marcan una tendencia en la formación de terminología especiali zada; además observamos en ellas las connotaciones ideológicas y sus implicaciones culturales. Las primeras conclusiones, basada s en muestras de lengua reales, ofrecen nuevas perspectivas para la enseñanza del italiano como L2, así como para el desarrollo de materiales para la traducción y la mediación cu ltural ; Studies based on linguistic corpus have brought great benefits to the teaching of foreign languages. Likewise, with the aid of digital databases , they are an invaluable tool in the field of specialized translation. This paper presents an analysis of discourses on immigration (related to immigrants, refugees and control of territory) in Italian, by means the compilation of a multilingual written corpus, consisting of documents issued by public authorities of Spain, France, Italy and the United King dom , between 2011 and 2013. The Ladex corpus (Administrative and Legal Language for Foreigners) has been compiled in order to analyze the cultural imprint of the foreign subject in a seemingly neutral text type. However, the data gathered from the sub - corp us in Italian show an abundance of lexical units stereotyped with a strong socio - political meaning; such constructions evolve very rapidly, according to circumstantial laws, enacted in correspondence with emergency and massive influx of immigrants. Signifi cant exampl es of these units, currently mark a tendency in forming amministrative terminology presented here; also we can see in them the ideological connotations and its cultural implications. The first conclusions, based on samples of actual language, of fer new perspectives for teaching Italian as L2 and for the development of materials for translation and cultural mediation

The broad-spectrum herbicide glyphosate (common trade name "Roundup") was first sold to farmers in 1974. Since the late 1970s, the volume of glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) applied has increased approximately 100-fold. Further increases in the volume applied are likely due to more and higher rates of application in response to the widespread emergence of glyphosate-resistant weeds and new, pre-harvest, dessicant use patterns. GBHs were developed to replace or reduce reliance on herbicides causing well-documented problems associated with drift and crop damage, slipping efficacy, and human health risks. Initial industry toxicity testing suggested that GBHs posed relatively low risks to non-target species, including mammals, leading regulatory authorities worldwide to set high acceptable exposure limits. To accommodate changes in GBH use patterns associated with genetically engineered, herbicide-tolerant crops, regulators have dramatically increased tolerance levels in maize, oilseed (soybeans and canola), and alfalfa crops and related livestock feeds. Animal and epidemiology studies published in the last decade, however, point to the need for a fresh look at glyphosate toxicity. Furthermore, the World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer recently concluded that glyphosate is "probably carcinogenic to humans." In response to changing GBH use patterns and advances in scientific understanding of their potential hazards, we have produced a Statement of Concern drawing on emerging science relevant to the safety of GBHs. Our Statement of Concern considers current published literature describing GBH uses, mechanisms of action, toxicity in laboratory animals, and epidemiological studies. It also examines the derivation of current human safety standards. We conclude that: (1) GBHs are the most heavily applied herbicide in the world and usage continues to rise; (2) Worldwide, GBHs often contaminate drinking water sources, precipitation, and air, especially in agricultural regions; (3) The half-life of glyphosate in water and soil is longer than previously recognized; (4) Glyphosate and its metabolites are widely present in the global soybean supply; (5) Human exposures to GBHs are rising; (6) Glyphosate is now authoritatively classified as a probable human carcinogen; (7) Regulatory estimates of tolerable daily intakes for glyphosate in the United States and European Union are based on outdated science. We offer a series of recommendations related to the need for new investments in epidemiological studies, biomonitoring, and toxicology studies that draw on the principles of endocrinology to determine whether the effects of GBHs are due to endocrine disrupting activities. We suggest that common commercial formulations of GBHs should be prioritized for inclusion in government-led toxicology testing programs such as the U.S. National Toxicology Program, as well as for biomonitoring as conducted by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

The year 2015 seems to have been an historic turning point in combatting climate change. Not only did the world agree on the first universal climate agreement, but the United Nations established the Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development. Implementing the Paris commitment means limiting global warming to below 2°, striving even for 1.5°. In practice, this implies the radical decarbonisation of our economies, which entails fundamental changes in the financial world towards what has been termed "green finance". Green finance represents a positive shift in the global economy's transition to sustainability through the financing of public and private green investments and public policies that support green initiatives. Two main tasks of green finance are to internalise environmental externalities and to reduce risk perceptions in order to encourage investments that provide environmental benefits. The major actors driving the development of green finance include banks, institutional investors and international financial institutions as well as central banks and financial regulators. Some of these actors implement policy and regulatory measures for different asset classes to support the greening of the financial system, such as priority-lending requirements, below-market-rate finance via interest-rate subsidies or preferential central bank refinancing opportunities. Although estimations of the actual financing needs for green investments vary significantly between different sources, public budgets will fall far short of the required funding. For this reason, a large amount of private capital is needed. However, mobilising capital for green investments has been limited due to several microeconomic challenges such as problems in internalising environmental externalities, information asymmetry, inadequate analytical capacity and lack of clarity in the definition of "green". There are maturity mismatches between long-term green investments and the relatively short-term time horizons of savers and – even more important – investors. In addition, financial and environmental policy approaches have often not been coordinated. Moreover, many governments do not clearly signal how and to what extent they promote the green transition. In order to increase the flow of private capital for green investment, the following measures are crucial. First, it is necessary to design an enabling environment facilitating green finance, including the business climate, rule of law and investment regime. Second, the definition of green finance needs to be more transparent. Third, standards and rules for disclosure would promote developing green finance assets. For all asset classes – bank credits, bonds and secured assets – voluntary principles and guidelines for green finance need to be implemented and monitored. Fourth, because voluntary guidelines may not be sufficient, they need to be complemented by financial and regulatory incentives. Fifth, financial and environmental policies as well as regulatory policies should be better coordinated, as has happened in China.

The Companies (Amendment) Act, 1990 as amended has proven to be one of the most controversial pieces of commercial legislation introduced in the State. This thesis investigates for the most part formal company rescue law in Ireland, that is the Companies (Amendment) Act 1990, as amended, and now found in the Companies Act 2014, so as to determine whether or not they are efficient mechanisms which are fit for purpose. The major conclusion of this thesis is that examinership to date has been successful in catering for a comparatively limited number of large or sometimes medium-sized Irish companies in distress. Those who designed it in its original form did not intend it for small companies or did not give the question much thought. If such is the range of consideration, examinership using the yardsticks developed by Finch is at least efficient and has been substantially a success. Moreover, prepack examinership of the kind exemplified in the Eircom rescue has proven itself to be very worthwhile. On the other hand, examinership to date has had very little to offer most Irish companies. Examinership lite, for its part, has yet to prove itself. Given the significant obstacles which still remain for small to medium-sized companies in the examinership process, it is difficult to be optimistic about the examinership lite development. The major argument of this thesis is that if examinership is to have meaning for small companies in Ireland, it should take the form of that outlined in the Donnelly proposal and to a lesser extent in the recommendation of the Company Law Review Group; that is to say an examinership mechanism which would be initiated by a non-judicial administrative procedure. This simplified procedure would extend only to the appointment of an examiner. It would remain necessary in this model to obtain the approval of the Circuit Court for any scheme of arrangement that the examiner would recommend. This would allow creditors to receive at least as much as they would in any other possible outturn. In addition, the small company in distress would be incentivised to use this approach because of the drastically reduced costs involved. The methodology employed has been that of functional comparative law. Planning and negotiation features of company rescue law in the three jurisdictions selected ?that is, the United States, the UK and the Irish Republic- as well as the related moratoria have been analysed. The relevant case law and literature has also been considered. ; TARA (Trinity?s Access to Research Archive) has a robust takedown policy. Please contact us if you have any concerns: rssadmin@tcd.ie

Здійснено спробу попереднього, далеко неповного за фактажем, глибиною аналізу та масштабами, наукового осмислення позиції України на міжнародних форумах з проблем охорони довкілля і сталого розвитку. Поряд з фаховим обґрунтуванням конкретних інституційних положень сталого розвитку – необхідністю визнання ідеї Екологічної Конституції Землі з одночасним заснуванням Світової Екологічної Організації та екологізацією знань як фактора становлення зеленої економіки – порушено питання безвідповідального ставлення чиновників до використання наукових здобутків у цій сфері, що не сприяє піднесенню міжнародного іміджу України та утвердженню її геополітичної ролі у світі. Наголошується, що проблема сталого розвитку перебуває в центрі уваги Організації Об'єднаних Націй, починаючи з другої половини 80-х років ХХ ст. Вона досі залишається невирішеним ключовим завданням світової науки, господарської практики та національної і міжнародної політики. Таке завдання можна вирішити лише спільними зусиллями науки, влади і громадянського суспільства. ; The paper presents preliminary attempt of scientific comprehension for what is the position of Ukraine at international fora on issues of environment protection and sustainable development. This attempt is far from being complete by facts range, depth of analysis and scope. It focuses mainly on professional substantiation for specific institutional provisions of sustainable development, before all the need to recognize the idea of World Environmental Constitution while establishing the World Environmental Organization and greening of knowledge as a factor for formation of a green economy. Also the questions are raised squarely pertaining irresponsible attitude of officials to proper use of scientific achievements in this area, that does not improve the international image ofUkraineand does not make its geopolitical role in the world stronger. The author noted that the problem of sustainable development is the focus of United Nations since the second half of 80 s of last century. It remains so far unresolved key objective for the world science, business practices as well as for national and international policy. This tusk can be fulfilled only by joint efforts of science, governments and civil society. ; Осуществлена попытка предыдущего, далеко неполного по фактажу, глубине анализа и масштабам, научного осмысления позиции Украины на международных форумах по проблемам охраны окружающей среды и устойчивого развития. Рядом с профессиональным обоснованием конкретных институционных положений устойчивого развития – необходимостью признания идеи Экологической Конституции Земли с одновременным основанием Мировой Экологической Организации и экологизацией знаний как фактора становления зеленой экономики – затронуты вопросы безответственного отношения чиновников к использованию научных достижений в этой сфере, которая не способствует подъему международного имиджа Украины и утверждению ее геополитической роли в мире. Подчеркнуто, что проблема устойчивого развития находится в центре внимания Организации Объединенных Наций, начиная со второй половины 80-х годов ХХ века. Она до этого времени остается нерешенным ключевым заданием мировой науки, хозяйственной практики и национальной и международной политики. Такое задание можно решить лишь совместными усилиями науки, власти и гражданского общества.

Though many love-struck couples exchange the promise to be with each other 'til death do us part', many of these marriages are not quite parted by death. About 50% of marriages end in divorce in the U.S., and the number is even higher for subsequent marriages (American Psychological Association, n.d.). The high divorce rate means that about half of all marriage relationships are not maintained. Relationship maintenance requires a relationship to exist, and the termination of a marriage suggests unsatisfactory conditions. This implies at least half of marriages become unsatisfactory. Because many people are not achieving satisfying marriages, it is important to study the communication within marriage in order to increase marital satisfaction and sustainability. Marriage is an interpersonal relationship that requires attention in the Communication field because it is prevalent in our society and most pmis of the world. The United States heavily bases marriage on love as opposed to many other societies which practice marriage as a means for social, economic, or political ends (Campbell & Wright, 2010). Because of the prevalence of marriage, studying marital communication may aid in understanding the maintenance of satisfying love-based marriages. Components of marriage such as sexual communication and flirtation are important to study because they have been found to contribute to marital intimacy and satisfaction (Frisby & Booth-Butterfield, 2012). As the frequency of flirting in marriage has been found to be the smne or even more than in dating relationships (Frisby, 2009), it is important to distinguish between marital flirtatious behavior from non-marital flirtation in order to analyze the goals, motives and outcomes of spouse flirtation. Apart from other relational flirting contexts, marriage flirtation is often associated with sexual behavior or sexual initiation (Frisby & Booth-Butterfield). This study will evaluate flirtation and sexual initiation in marriage. Flirtation and sexual initiation are influential tools for achieving desired outcomes within interactions between spouses and can be useful in increasing marital satisfaction. Existing research has explained how flirting shows communication competence, conceptualized flirting styles, explored the motivations behind flirting, discussed the goals and outcomes of flirtation and sexual initiation, evaluated risks and consequences of non-marital flirtation, and discovered gender differences regarding flirtation (e.g. Hennginsen, 2004; Frisby, 2009; Henningsen, Kartch, Orr, & Brown, 2009). Though many aspects of flirtation and sexual initiation have been explained and explored through previous research, still little is known about what specific behaviors are being used by spouses to flirt and to initiate sex. This current study explores what nonverbal and verbal behaviors husbands and wives use to flirt with their spouses and initiate sex with their spouse.

México ha mantenido una larga tradición de política exterior cimentada tanto en la firma de tratados internacionales como en la adhesión a organismos supranacionales. Los ha habido en diversos temas: diálogo político, cooperación, libre comercio, entre otros; sin embargo los que interesa para efectos de esta artículo son los relativos a los derechos humanos. Así como en diversos temas de alcance jurídico, también para el derecho internacional la reforma de 2011 a la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (CPEUM) es un referente, especialmente por dos temas; el primero de ellos por colocar a los derechos humanos como uno de los principios de política exterior mexicana y el segundo, no menos importante, por darle a los tratados internacionales en derechos humanos un valor jerárquico especial y diferente al que de manera tradicional ocupan este tipo de instrumentos. No olvidemos que, como lo establece el artículo 133 constitucional, forman parte del orden jurídico interno, adquieren el carácter de obligatorios y deben aplicarse en todo el territorio nacional. Bajo esta tesitura, el propósito de este artículo es analizar la ubicación jerárquica de los tratados internacionales en materia de derechos humanos a la luz de la reforma de 2011 y de algunas interpretaciones alusivas al tema. / Mexico has had a long tradition of foreign policy based on, the signing of international treaties and the attachment of supranational bodies to such legal instruments. Throughout time international treaties have been created in various topics such as: political dialogue, cooperation, free trade, among others; however for the purposes of this article we are interested on the international treaties related to human rights. Just as in various legal scope issues, international law has also influenced on the 2011 reform to the Constitution of the United Mexican States (CPEUM) which is really important, especially for two reasons: the first of them is placing human rights as one of the main principles of Mexican foreign policy and second but not less important, to give international treaties on human rights a special hierarchical value, different from what such instruments tend to occupy. Lets not forget that as required by article 133 of the Constitution, the international treaties are part of the internal legal system; therefore they acquire the character of mandatory and must be implemented throughout the country. Under this order of ideas, the purpose of this article is to analyze the hierarchical position of international treaties on human rights based the reform of 2011 and some other interpretations related to the topic.

The powers enshrined in mental health legislation go directly to fundamental principles central to any caring and democratic society. The tension and dilemma that exists is, on the one hand, the importance of respect for an individual's right to make decision's affecting his/her own life to, on the other, the recognition that there are people with mental disabilities that may be vulnerable to abuse and/or neglect and who throughout their lives or at particular times need care and/or treatment, which they may not seek or be able to consent to themselves. In any society it is through case law and statute that an attempt is made to resolve this tension and to ensure that individual rights are not infringed and that those who need care and treatment receive what is in their best interest. Thus a change in such legislation requires the most rigorous of examination and must be judged on the grounds that it a) does not infringe accepted principles such as those of the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights and the European Convention, b) is based on sound ethical principles and does not conflict with the established law of the country, and c) it is practicable and achieves the right balance with respect to the potential tension described above. As practising clinicians (one working in an acute psychiatric service the other in a district learning disability service) we are not in a position expertly to judge the first of these but we believe we can contribute to the second and the third. In this paper we consider specifically the reasons for, and the consequences that follow, the failure on the Government's part to accept the central importance of decision-making capacity assessment in any new mental health legislation.The Green Paper proposals for a new Mental Health Act for England and Wales have now been published. A broad definition of 'mental disorder' has been retained, a new system of tribunals is to be established and compulsory treatment in the community would become lawful. However, it rejects the recommendation of the expert committee chaired by Professor Richardson that the assessment of an individual's decision-making capacity should be a determining factor in the use of compulsory detention. Given this, it does not address the relationship between this legislation and the proposed Mental Incapacity Act. The failure to recognise the central place of decision-making capacity in a modern Mental Health Act is, we believe, a serious omission as it is a reflection of a failure to acknowledge that the basic principle of autonomy is central to such legislation.

This article is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.-- et al. ; Measurements of the differential cross sections for the production of exactly four jets in proton-proton collisions are presented as a function of the transverse momentum pT and pseudorapidity η, together with the correlations in azimuthal angle and the pT balance among the jets. The data sample was collected in 2010 at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV with the CMS detector at the LHC, with an integrated luminosity of 36pb-1. The cross section for exactly four jets, with two hard jets of pT>50GeV each, together with two jets of pT>20GeV each, within |η|<4.7 is measured to be σ= 330±5(stat.)±45(syst.)nb. It is found that fixed-order matrix element calculations including parton showers describe the measured differential cross sections in some regions of phase space only, and that adding contributions from double parton scattering brings the Monte Carlo predictions closer to the data. ; We acknowledge support from BMWF and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP (Brazil); MEYS (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); MoER, SF0690030s09 and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); OTKA and NKTH (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); NRF and WCU (Korea); LAS (Lithuania); CINVESTAV, CONACYT, SEP, and UASLPFAI (Mexico); MSI (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Ukraine Uzbekistan); MON, RosAtom, RAS and RFBR (Russia); MSTD (Serbia); SEIDI and CPAN (Spain); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); NSC (Taipei); ThEP, IPST and NECTEC (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA). Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie programme and the European Research Council and EPLANET(EuropeanUnion); the Leventis Foundation; the A.P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dansl'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschapen Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports(MEYS) of Czech Republic; the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the Compagnia di San Paolo(Torino); the HOMINGPLUS programme of Foundation for PolishScience, cofinanced by EU,Re-gional Development Fund; and the Thalis and Aristeia programmes cofinanced by EU-ESFand the Greek NSRF. ; Peer reviewed

Diese Masterarbeit untersucht die Fragestellung, ob das EU-weite Emissionshandelssystem Einfluss auf die Leistung von Unternehmen hat. Nach einer kurzen Darstellung der wichtigsten Determinanten des Emissionshandelssystems wird zunächst gezeigt, wie das Ausmaß des Emissionshandels im Jahresabschluss von Unternehmen abgebildet werden kann. Anschließend wird anhand eines Literaturüberblicks einerseits ein aktueller Stand der Forschung präsentiert, andererseits dient dies auch zur Darstellung verschiedener Methoden, welche den Einfluss des Emissionshandelssystems auf die Unternehmensleistung messen können. Als Methode für die empirische Untersuchung dieser Masterarbeit wird neben einigen Voruntersuchungen die lineare Regressionsanalyse gewählt. Diese wird anhand eines Mehrfachregressionsmodells sowie zweier Paneldatenregressionsmodellen (Fixed Effects Model und Random Effects Model) durchgeführt. Im ersten Schritt wird auf die Ermittlung, die Auswertung und die Aggregation der Daten eingegangen. Anschließend werden die oben genannten Methoden beschrieben. Die empirische Untersuchung umfasst rund 2.500 Unternehmen aus 6 ausgewählten Ländern (Deutschland, Frankreich, Italien, Polen, Spanien und das Vereinigte Königreich) für den Zeitraum von 2008 bis 2011. Die Ergebnisse der Mehrfachregressionsmodelle zeigen, dass unter gewissen Umständen ein Einfluss des Emissionshandelssystems auf die Unternehmensleistung in die erwartete Richtung gemessen werden kann. Darüber hinaus werden auch makroökonomische und sektorspezifische Variablen in die Untersuchung miteinbezogen. Ihr Einfluss ist jedoch geringer als erwartet. Neben diesen Mehrfachregressionen wird die Untersuchung auch nach Ausschluss von nicht signifikanten Variablen und auf Länderebene durchgeführt. Im Anschluss werden die Daten mit zwei Paneldatenregressionsmodellen ausgewertet und mit den Resultaten aus der Mehrfachregressionsanalyse verglichen. Die Vielzahl an Auswertungen wird abschließend interpretiert. ; This master?s thesis empirically investigates if the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) has an impact on the performance of companies. First, the most important determinants of of the scheme are presented. After that, the methods how the extension of emission trading can be balanced in the annual reports of companies are presented. The next section gives an overview of the literature regarding the impact of emission trading on company performance. This overview is given for two reasons: First, the current state of research should be shown; second, different methods how this impact can be empirically measured are explored. Besides some pilot investigations, the main method used in the empirical investigation of this master?s thesis is the linear regression analysis. This analysis is conducted by a multiple regression model and by two different panel regression models (fixed effects model and random effects model). The first part of the analyses focuses on the determination, evaluation, and the aggregation of data and on the description of all methods used. The empirical investigation covers data from about 2,500 companies located in six selected countries (France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, and the United Kingdom). The sample period goes from 2008 to 2011. According to the results of the multiple regression models, to some extend impact of emission trading on company performance can be determined in the expected direction. The models also contain country- and sector-specific variables. Their impact on company performance is lower than expected, though. Next, the models are calculated after dropping insignificant variables and on the country level as well. Afterwards, the same analyses are conducted with the two panel regression models and their results are compared to those of the multiple regression model. Finally, all results are interpreted. ; Mario Kainbacher ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassung in dt. und engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Masterarb., 2013 ; (VLID)232170

El objeto de esta ponencia es promover un nuevo criterio para la comprensión de la historia política de Brasil del siglo XX a través del ensayismo brasileño como una nueva lectura de las fuentes de segunda mano. De este ensayismo hace parte la importante tradición de pensamiento político autoritario formadoa partir de la Primera República brasileña. Esta tradición puede ser caracterizada como un trabajo aislado de pensadores que utilizaron el recurso de amplios ensayos históricos sociológicos para criticar el modelo constitucional de 1891 y promover la reforma de la Constitución de los Estados Unidos del Brasil. La idea de estudiar estos temas, o tal vez acercarse más a ellos a través de un análisis más laborioso de textos y de escritores específicos, proviene de dos autores: Bolívar Lamounier y Graciela Soriano de García-Pelayo. Por primera vez, en un trabajo publicado por Bolívar Lamounier en 1977, bajo el título de "Formação de um pensamento político autoritariona Primeira República. Uma interpretação", tuvimos el conocimiento de la importancia de esta tradición de pensamiento político, en la cual el autor sugiere varias hipótesis para investigaciones posteriores.No obstante, este enfoque se basa en el libro El personalismo político hispanoamericano del siglo XIX. Criterios y proposiciones metodológicas para su estudio de Graciela Soriano de García-Pelayo (1996) que puede ser considerado como una nueva formulación metodológica en el análisis histórico.A new reading of Brasilian essayism: Alberto Torres and Oliveira ViannaAbstractThe purpose of this study is to promote new criteria in understanding the political history of xx Century Brazil using Brazilian Essayism as a new reading of second-hand sources. This essayism is part of the important authoritarian and political tradition of thinking formed by the first Brazilian Republic. This tradition could be characterized as the isolated work of thinkers who used the resource of many historical and sociological essays to criticize the constitutional model of 1891 and promote the reform of the constitution of the United States of Brazil. The idea to study these issues or simply toget acquainted with them through a more thorough analysis of specific texts and writers comes fromtwo authors: Bolívar Lamounier and Graciela Soriano de García-Pelayo. For the first time ever, in work published by Bolívar Lamounier in 1977 and titled Formação de um pensamento político autoritario na Primeira República. Uma interpretação, we learned the importance of this tradition of political thought, which the author suggests many hypothesis for subsequent research. This approach, however, is based on the book El personalismo político hispanoamericano del siglo XIX. Criterios y proposiciones metodológicas para su estudio written by Graciela Soriano de García-Pelayo (1996) and considered a new methodological formulation in historical analysis.

Wie der Titel bereits nahelegt, beschäftigt sich diese Arbeit mit einer Analyse diverser Reden von Präsident Dwight D. Eisenhower während der 1950er Jahre. Ziel ist es, bestimmte ideologische Grundaspekte, die den öffentlichen Diskurs dieser politischen Schlüsselfigur kennzeichnen, zu identifizieren. Besonderes Augenmerk wird dabei auf die Frage gelegt, ob es zu einer Definition einer idealen amerikanischen Identität kommt.Das Interesse an dieser Fragestellung entspringt der politisch turbulenten Natur dieser Ära. Im Allgemeinen können die 1950er Jahre als eine Zeit tiefgreifender internationaler Unsicherheit definiert werden, da der Kalte Krieg die Welt fest im Griff hielt. Der zweite Weltkrieg war vorbei, doch nun standen sich zwei Supermächte, nämlich die Vereinigten Staaten und die Sovietunion, gegenüber, die beide ein riesiges Arsenal an konventionellen sowie Nuklearwaffen besaßen. Dieser Konflikt teilte die Welt in zwei Lager. Unzählige Menschen waren von der Angst vor einem atomaren Krieg eingeschüchtert. In Gegenwart einer derart omnipräsenten Bedrohung erscheint es schlüssig anzunehmen, dass Politiker die Kontrolle über ihr Volk forcierten. Einigkeit und Vertrauen im eigenen Land waren die wichtigsten Voraussetzungen, um den mächtigen Gegner zu konfrontieren.Deshalb ist es von besonderem Interesse, wie Eisenhower mit Hilfe seiner öffentlichen Reden Stärke und Einigkeit in Amerika gefestigt hat. Gegenstand der Analyse sind seine Kontrolle über den Informationsfluss, die angesprochenen Themen und die ideologischen Schlüsselaspekte, die in den Reden zu Tage treten. Weiters scheint die Etablierung einer konkreten amerikanischen Identität ein wichtiges Bestreben der Präsidentenrhetorik jener Zeit zu sein und wird deshalb auch diskutiert. Die Analyse baut auf einem umfassenden sozio-politischen Hintergrund auf und stützt sich auf einen Theorieteil über die politsche Diskursanalyse . ; As the title already suggests, this thesis provides an analysis of various speeches by President Dwight D. Eisenhower during the 1950s. The attempt is to identify certain ideological key features which dominated the public discourse of this important political figure. Special attention will be paid to the question of whether a characterization of an ideal American identity takes place.The interest in these research objectives emerges from the politically turbulent nature of this era. Generally, the 1950s can be characterized as a time of profound global insecurity since the Cold War held the world in its tight grip. The Second World War was over but the conflict between the two superpowers ? the United States and the Soviet Union - which both boasted a gigantic arsenal of conventional as well as nuclear weapons split the world into two camps. The massive fear of atomic war lead many people into near paralysis. At the presence of this constantly looming threat, it is plausible to assume that political leaders would have aimed for full control over their citizens. Unity and trust within the country are crucial in order to confront the powerful enemy abroad. Therefore I am interested in how Eisenhower fostered strength and unity within the country through the use of public speeches. I will examine his control of information, the various topics he addresses and how he establishes ideological key aspects in his speeches. Establishing a concrete American identity also seems to be an important part of political discourse during this difficult time and will therefore be discussed. The analysis builds on an extensive discussion of the socio-political background of the time and a theoretical framework of political discourse analysis. ; vorgelegt von Christian Neuwirth ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassung in dt. und engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2012 ; (VLID)224365