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A wide-ranging analysis of the impact on European freedom and equality of the Great Recession of 2008. A democratic regime is assumed to implement freedom and equality as the two critical and most important values. The question we intend to address here is: how and why has the actual implementation of freedom and equality been changing in the 1990–2020 period? Researching this topic, we cannot ignore the impact of the Great Recession since 2008. Thus, in this comparative research, we analyse France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, and the United Kingdom to detect the changes. As expected, the six largest European democracies have been differently affected by the crisis, as they also had different background factors. We address an additional question: what is the impact of the European Union on the two democratic values? Accordingly, we analyse economic inequality, social inequality, and ethnic inequality with the related changing trends and explanations. We also detect and analyse the trend of freedoms, and especially personal dignity, civil rights, and political rights. Thus, the relative decline of equalities and freedoms in the six countries emerge in the different complex facets. We also explore the demand for equalities and freedoms by citizens and the political commitments of party leaders. The other issues we address include how and why, respectively, equalities and freedoms are affected by domestic aspects and the role of external factors, especially the European Union. By connecting equalities and freedoms and drawing the lines of entire research, we show how there are three different paths in the future of democracy: balanced democracy, protest democracy, and unaccountable democracy

Conventional wisdom on party systems in advanced industrial democracies holds that modern electorates are dealigned and that social cleavages no longer structure party politics. Recent work on class cleavages has challenged this stylized fact. The analysis performed here extends this criticism to the religious-secular cleavage. Using path analysis and comparing the current electorates of the United States, Germany, and Great Britain with the early 1960s, this paper demonstrates that the religious-secular cleavage remains or has become a significant predictor of conservative vote choice. While the effects of the religious-secular cleavage on vote choice have become largely indirect, the total of the direct and indirect effects is substantial and equivalent to the effects of class and status. Examines the religious-secular cleavage against dealignment arguments. Addresses endogeneity problems in previous literature regarding religiosity effects. Finds that religiosity effects on vote choice remain significant over time. Relative to more proximate vote choice predictors, religiosity effects are sizable. Findings contradict dealignment; social identities still politically relevant. [Copyright Elsevier Ltd.]

AbstractElectoral and census data from Great Britain and France are used in a comparative analysis of the levels and determinants of local election turnout in the two countries. First, nine simple propositions about variations in turnout are tested using as similar as possible variables for each country. These variables are then used as the bases for multi‐variate regression analyses. The residual cases in each country are compared in order to explore the more qualitative factors which may explain why some localities have a level of participation so much above or below that expected statistically. The paper ends with an attempt to specify an explanatory model of local electoral turnout applicable to both countries.

Vol. 1- ; 1693/95- issued as Papers and bills of the House of Lords of Parliament. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Supersedes its previous series, issued 1678/88-1692/93, having same title.

Confidential correspondence with the Canadian government respecting the Alaska boundary negotiations. ; Electronic reproduction. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; 44

Most pamphlets "Presented to the House of Commons by command of Her Majesty [1857-58]" ; No. [8] printed by Eyre and Spottiswoode. ; Binder's title. ; [13] Hong Kong. Copies or extracts of correspondence with Sir John Bowring on the subject of his application for a vote from Parliament to defray the expense of measures of precaution and defence at Hong Kong . [1857].--[14] Hong Kong. Copies of, or extracts from, any papers connected with the confinement of Chinese prisoners at Hong Kong, and with the trial of a baker and others on the charge of poisoning. [1857].--[15] Chinese prisoners (Hong Kong) [1858].--[16] Correspondence with the Chinese High Commissioner Yeh. [1858] ; [1] Papers relating to the proceedings of Her Majesty's naval forces at Canton. [1857].--[2-4] Further papers relative to the proceedings of Her Majesty's naval forces at Canton. [1857].--[5] Correspondence respecting the registration of colonial vessels at Hong kong. [1857].--[6] Correspondence relative to entrance into Canton, 1850-1855. [1857].--[7] Correspondence relative to the operations in the Canton River, April 1847. [1857].--[8] Further correspondence relative to the operations in the Canton River. 1857.--[9] Correspondence respecting consular interference for the prevention of smuggling in China. [1857].--[10] Correspondence between the Foreign Office and the East India and China Association of Liverpool in 1846, 1847, and 1848. [1857].--[11] Correspondence respecting insults in China. [1857].--[12] Further paper relating to the proceeding of Her Majesty's naval forces at Canton. [1857].-- ; Mode of access: Internet.

Includes 4 woodcuts. ; First sentence: "Mary Jones was the only child of a private soldier, and was accustomed to travel about with the regiment from her birth." ; Undated. Date from publisher's form of name and years of activity at address, cf. P.A.H. Brown. London publishers and printers, p. 157. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Copy in McGill Library Rare Books and Special Collections bound with: The shipwreck: showing what sometimes happens on our sea coasts; also, giving a particular account of a pool sailor boy, who was refused any assistance by the wreckers, and who died in consequence of their inhuman conduct. London: Religious Tract Society, 56, Paternoster Row [between 1822 and 1886]. Bound together subsequent to publication with 21 other chapbooks; with binder's spine title: Tales etc.; marbled paper over boards.