Suchergebnisse

PENGARUH ORIENTASI PELANGGAN DAN INOVASI PRODUK TERHADAP KINERJA PEMASARAN UNTUK MENCAPAI KEUNGGULAN BERSAING (STUDI KASUS PADA WARUNG KOPI SKALA KECIL DAN MENENGAH DI KOTA PONTIANAK)Utari Indah Pratiwi ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji dan menganalisis pengaruh orientasi pelanggan dan inovasi produk terhadap kinerja pemasaran untuk mencapai keunggulan bersaing pada warung kopi skala kecil dan menengah di Kota Pontianak. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh warung kopi skala kecil dan menengah yang ada di kota Pontianak. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 70 responden dengan menggunakan tehnik pengambilan sampel purposive sampling. Model analisis data yang digunakan adalah Analisis jalur (Path Analysis), uji asumsi klasik dan uji hipotesis. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) variabel orientasi pelanggan berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kinerja pemasaran warung kopi skala kecil dan menengah di Kota Pontianak (2) variabel inovasi produk berpengaruh positif dan tidak signifikan terhadap kinerja pemasaran warung kopi skala kecil dan menengah di Kota Pontianak (3) variabel kinerja pemasaran berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap keunggulan bersaing warung kopi skala kecil dan menengah di Kota Pontianak. Kata kunci : Orientasi pelanggan, Inovasi Produk, Kinerja Pemasaran, Keunggulan Bersaing. DAFTAR PUSTAKAAdinoto. (2013). "Pengaruh Orientasi Pasar dan Perilaku Kewirausahaan terhadap Kepekaan Perusahaan dan Implikasinya pada Kinerja Perusahaan: Studi Pada Penyalur Sepeda Motor di Indonesia ". Ultima Management, 4(10).Afsharghasemi, A. Zain . (2013) . "Market Orientation, Government Regulation, Competitive Advantage and Internationalization of SMEs: A study Case in Malaysia". 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TUCKER ENERGY SERVICES, en cumplimiento del mandato normativo, debe implementar el PLAN ESTRATÉGICO DE SEGURIDAD VIAL, el cual tiene en cuenta los factores que intervienen directamente en la operación como lo son la parte gerencial, el personal y los vehículos que se disponen en la operación. Así mismo, el compromiso del acatamiento de la normatividad vial y la coayuda con el estado en temas de seguridad vial, la promulgación del pago frente a las infracciones por incumplimiento de las normas y el impacto ambiental y a terceros por nuestra actividad económica. De acuerdo con lo anterior, el presente documento muestra el diseño y desarrollo de una herramienta virtual de acceso libre, gratuito y de cobertura global, que permita a la organización desarrollar espacios para la sensibilización de sus empleados frente al Plan Estratégico de Seguridad Vial, encaminados al compromiso de mantener la prevención de la accidentabilidad vial en la compañía y la comprensión de la legislación, bajo un modelo de información organizada y de fácil acceso en tiempo real para la disponibilidad de todos los actores viales de la organización. El proyecto se desarrollo alrededor de 4 fases: diagnóstico, investigación, análisis de resultados y propuesta. En primer lugar se realizó la evaluación inicial del estado actual del PESV de la compañía Tucker Energy Services, se continuo con la investigación de los antecedentes del desarrollo de herramientas virtuales para el manejo de planes estratégicos de seguridad vial. Esto permitió la identificación y determinación de las fortalezas y debilidades evidenciadas en la implementación del PESV, esto con el fin de optimizar los procesos en el diseño e implementación de la herramienta virtual de gestión del PESV. Se seleccionó la plataforma virtual de código libre MOODLE para el desarrollo de la herramienta virtual debido a su viabilidad, baja complejidad y compatibilidad con la página web de la compañía Tucker Energy Services, se asignan y distribuyen las temáticas relacionadas con la seguridad vial. La herramienta actúa como un medio de enseñanza virtual, además, permite enlazar la información referente al PESV, siendo un modelo con cobertura global y de fácil acceso para los actores viales de Tucker Energy Services, icluso como valor agregado permite el acceso a capacitaciones y divulgación de políticas, lo que permite el entrenamiento de los empleados. El proyecto a través de la plataforma virtual logró empoderar a los actores viales de la organización e implementar una cultura de protección vial, más allá de un simple software de control. ; TUCKER ENERGY SERVICES, in compliance with the regulatory mandate, must implement the STRATEGIC ROAD SAFETY PLAN, which takes into account the factors that directly intervene in the operation such as the management, personnel and vehicles that are available in the operation Also, the commitment to comply with the road regulations and the cohelp with the state in matters of road safety, the promulgation of payment against infringements for breach of the rules and environmental impact and third parties for our economic activity. In accordance with the above, this document shows the design and development of a virtual tool of free access, free and global coverage, which allows the organization to develop spaces for the awareness of its employees against the Strategic Plan of Road Safety, directed to the commitment to maintain the prevention of road accidents in the company and the understanding of the legislation, under a model of organized information and easy access in real time for the availability of all the road actors of the organization. The project was developed around 4 phases: diagnosis, research, results analysis and proposal. In the first place, the initial evaluation of the current state of the PESV of the company Tucker Energy Services was carried out, and the investigation of the background of the development of virtual tools for the management of strategic road safety plans was continued. This allowed the identification and determination of the strengths and weaknesses evidenced in the implementation of the PESV, this in order to optimize the processes in the design and implementation of the virtual management tool of the PESV. The MOODLE open source virtual platform was selected for the development of the virtual tool due to its feasibility, low complexity and compatibility with the website of the company Tucker Energy Services, the topics related to road safety are assigned and distributed. The tool acts as a virtual teaching medium, in addition, it allows to link the information referring to the PESV, being a model with global coverage and easy access for the road actors of Tucker Energy Services, as an added value allows access to training and dissemination of policies, which allows the training of employees. The project through the virtual platform managed to empower the road stakeholders of the organization and implement a culture of road protection, beyond a simple control software. ; 1 Título 12 2 Problema de Investigación 12 21 Descripción del problema 12 22 Formulación del problema 14 3 Objetivos 16 31 Objetivo General: 16 32 Objetivos específicos 16 4 Justificación y delimitación 17 41 Justificación 17 42 Delimitación 20 43 Limitaciones 21 5 Marcos de Referencia 22 51 Estado del arte 22 511 Investigaciones Internacionales 22 512 Investigaciones Nacionales 27 513 Administración de la Información para la Gestión Empresarial 32 514 Estado de la Gestión Virtual en Información de Seguridad Vial 32 52 Marco Teórico 34 521 Generalidades 34 522 Antecedentes Internacionales 34 524 Antecedentes Nacionales 45 525 Actividades de seguridad vial a nivel nacional 49 526 Desarrollo de metodologías de entornos virtuales a nivel mundial 50 527 Desarrollo de metodologías de entornos virtuales a nivel nacional 54 53 Marco Legal 55 531 Marco Internacional 57 6 Marco Metodológico 62 61 Fases del Estudio 63 62 Fuentes de información 64 63 Técnica de Investigación 65 64 Procedimientos 65 7 Resultados o propuesta de solución 66 71 Análisis e interpretación de resultados 66 711 Fase de Diagnóstico 66 712 Fase de Investigación 70 713 Análisis de resultados 72 714 Discusión 77 715 Propuesta de solución 77 716 Estado de avance de implementación 80 717 Evaluación de accesibilidad y cobertura 82 718 Gestión de información disponible: 83 8 Análisis Financiero 86 9 Conclusiones 89 10 Recomendaciones 92 11 Referencias bibliográficas 95 12 ANEXOS 105 ; Especialización ; Especialista en Gerencia de la Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo ; Especialización en Gerencia de la Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo

La literatura académica y la experiencia internacional han identificado la potencial sinergia entre los programas de acción contra minas y de desarme, desmovilización y reintegración. Asimismo, el Acuerdo Final para la Terminación del Conflicto y la Construcción de una Paz Estable y Duradera, firmado por el Gobierno Nacional y las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia - Ejército del Pueblo (FARC-EP), reconoció la acción contra minas como una ruta para la reincorporación de los excombatientes, la reparación de las víctimas y la reconciliación entre las partes de conflicto. Sin embargo, mismo antes de la firma del acuerdo, la institucionalidad colombiana, en cooperación con organizaciones no gubernamentales (ONGs), ya tenía experiencia con la reintegración de excombatientes por medio de la acción integral contra minas antipersonal. Los excombatientes aportan claras ventajas para las labores de acción contra minas, además del desminado humanitario. Su experiencia como explosivistas, su conocimiento técnico y táctico y la memoria del conflicto armado son fundamentales para la conducción de estudios no técnicos, el despeje de tierras por diversas técnicas de desminado y la desactivación de artefactos explosivos. Los excombatientes también tienen acceso facilitado a las comunidades y están acostumbrados con las labores en los montes y en la selva. Como medida de reincorporación, la acción integral contra minas ofrece oportunidades de reparación, además de un empleo digno, con buen pago y que valoriza las experiencias previas de los excombatientes. Las comunidades afectadas se benefician con las distintas actividades de la acción contra minas, como la liberación de tierras, la educación en el riesgo de minas y la asistencia a víctimas, y con la reincorporación de los excombatientes. En Colombia, la participación de excombatientes en la acción integral contra minas sucedió de tres maneras diferentes, a saber: el intercambio de información; la participación de excombatientes en el desminado humanitario a través de ONGs; y la creación de Humanicemos Desminado Humanitario, la única organización de acción contra minas totalmente formada por excombatientes. El intercambio de información ocurrió principalmente de manera descentralizada con excombatientes desmovilizados individualmente; no obstante, en 2015, guerrilleros de las FARC-EP apoyaron actividades de despeje de la Brigada de Desminado Humanitario, como una medida de construcción de confianza en el proceso de paz. Hasta la fecha, al menos 19 excombatientes en proceso de reintegración, es decir, desmovilizados antes de la firma del Acuerdo Final, trabajaban en organizaciones de acción contra minas. A pesar del bajo número, esa experiencia ha comprobado la eficiencia del empleo de excombatientes en el desminado humanitario, además de haber promocionado dinámicas de reparación y reconciliación. Por fin, Humanicemos es una iniciativa sin precedentes. Sus planes de desarrollo operacional sugieren que hasta 1.800 excombatientes podrán ser empleados por la organización. Humanicemos enfrenta algunos obstáculos burocráticos que, hasta la fecha, impiden la acreditación de su personal para las labores de estudio no técnico y de despeje. Sin embargo, la organización actualmente emplea 146 excombatientes y planea empezar en los próximos meses actividades de educación en el riesgo de minas, asistencia a víctimas, enlace comunitario, evaluación de impacto, entre otras. Sin embargo, a pesar de las ventajas ya mencionadas, este estudio identificó los principales retos para la integración de los dos procesos. En primer lugar, se observa que la institucionalidad no ha formalmente reconocido la potencial sinergia de la reintegración y reincorporación a través de la acción contra minas. Con la excepción del Acuerdo Final, las políticas y directrices de implementación del proceso de paz, de los procesos de reintegración y de reincorporación y de acción contra minas son todavía presentados de manera desarticulada. En segundo lugar, hay el riesgo de resistencia por parte de algunas comunidades y de las fuerzas de seguridad en el comienzo de las operaciones de Humanicemos. La estigmatización y desconfianza en relación a los excombatientes pueden perjudicar el desarrollo de Humanicemos. Por fin, los Estados Unidos, el mayor donante para el programa de acción integral contra minas en Colombia, todavía reconocen a las FARC-EP, incluso sus excombatientes en proceso de reincorporación, como una organización terrorista. En consecuencia, la financiación estadounidense no puede ser empleada en soporte de Humanicemos y, hasta la fecha, ha impedido la acreditación de los excombatientes de las FARC-EP para las labores de estudio no técnico y de despeje. En conclusión, se sugiere las siguientes acciones para la Agencia para la Reincorporación y la Normalización: 1. Promover la integración de la institucionalidad involucrada en los procesos de reintegración y reincorporación y en la acción integral contra minas, en especial entre la Agencia y la Dirección para la Acción Integral Contra Minas Antipersonal. Eso se puede hacer por medio de un plan de acción conjunto, reconociendo los beneficios potenciales en términos de acción contra minas, reintegración, reincorporación, reparación y reconciliación. 2. Promover la inclusión de excombatientes en proceso de reintegración y de reincorporación por organizaciones civiles de acción contra minas, incluyendo no sólo las operativas como The HALO Trust, APN, DDG, HI, FSD, CCCM, Perigeo, Polus, Atexx y COSINMI, pero también UNMAS, OEA y DAICMA. 3. Promover acciones de construcción de confianza entre la ARN y Humanicemos por medio de organizaciones internacionales y ONGs involucradas con apoyo técnico a Humanicemos. 4. Promover la organización Humanicemos DH en sus canales institucionales como buen ejemplo de reincorporación colectiva y manejar las expectativas de los excombatientes involucrados en el proyecto. 5. Apoyar Humanicemos DH en el diseño de estrategias de construcción de convivencia, paz y reconciliación en las comunidades afectadas. 6. Apoyar Humanicemos DH en el diseño de estrategias de comunicación y cooperación con el sector privado. 7. En coordinación con Descontamina Colombia, apoyar Humanicemos DH en su relacionamiento institucional, en especial con las fuerzas públicas. 8. Por medio de la Descontamina Colombia, incentivar medidas de construcción de confianza entre las fuerzas militares y Humanicemos Desminado Humanitario. 9. Realizar el seguimiento del proceso de reincorporación por medio de la acción contra minas. 10. Aprovechar los avances en el desminado humanitario para la promoción de otras iniciativas del proceso de paz, como la implementación de los Consejos Territoriales de Reintegración, los Programas de Desarrollo Rural con Enfoque Territorial (PDET) y los Programas Integrales de Desarrollo Agropecuario y Rural (PIDAR).

Introduction. The main purpose of pre-university educational institutions of the Ministry of Defence ofRussia, e.g. Suvorov Military Schools, Nakhimov Naval Schools, presidential schools and cadet corps, is to educate graduates, who are highly motivated and sufficiently prepared for military vocational activities, including graduates' general physical fitness. Successful performance of the task is complicated by the fact that educational process in such organisations has a general educational orientation, which is common for the entire system of school education. However, it is obvious that the specifics of the mission of preuniversity educational institutions of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation requires more intensive physical activities, which improve health and increase physical endurance of students, taking into account their age-specific physiological characteristics. In this regard, it is necessary to develop a variable methodological block as a supplement to an invariant part of the main programme of physical culture, which will be aimed at stimulating the development of motor and power capabilities, skills and professionally significant qualities of future military personnel.The aim of the research was to select and scientifically justify the introduction of appropriate and effective means for high-school students' physical education in pre-university educational institutions of the Ministry of Defence ofRussia.Methodology and research methods. To identify the appropriate ways of solution of the problems of profile physical education of potential officers at the stage pre-professional development, the methodological framework was based on the theory of physical culture and sport, individually-modular approach to the development of the system of professional and applied physical training, its principles and regularities, conceptual provisions of health preservation in adolescence and youth. In the course of the research, the authors thoroughly studied the scientific and methodological sources, regulatory and legal base of the organisation of educational process, questions of its planning and control of all forms and activities of students' physical training in military schools. The following methods were applied: interview, pedagogical observation, questionnaire survey, technique of entrance and final testing of selection of the research participants, formative experi ment, monitoring, comparative analysis and systematisation of indicators (resultant scores) of sports achievements of examinees. Experimental data were processed by the methods of mathematical statistics.Results and scientific novelty. The selection of means of physical training in pre-university all-service military and naval educational institutions was made on the basis of theoretical and statistical material of analytical review and collected empirical data and pedagogical experience in 17 pre-university educational institutions of the Ministry of Defence of Russia (n = 607). The list of the most productive means is made. The quantitative ratio of military-applied methods, which positively influence the system of physical training in the 10th-11th grades, is established. The pilot testing showed that systematic use of special training exercises of military-applied orientation significantly improves the indicators of physical training of students. The analysis of students' questionnaires before and after the experiment revealed strengthening of students' moral stability, growing interest in military science and motivation to studying of an applied training material, as well as significant increase in the number of applicants seeking to continue their training in higher educational institutions of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation and to dedicate their lives to military service. The proposals and practical recommendations on purposeful introduction of complexes of specialised physical exercises and elements of disciplines of military-applied sports to educational process are formulated.Practical significance. The results of the research can be employed to plan and organise physical training of high-school students of pre-university educational institutions of the Ministry of Defence ofRussia as additional programme and methodological support at the initial stage of military-applied physical training of future military specialists. ; Введение. Главное предназначение довузовских образовательных учреждений Министерства обороны Российской Федерации (ДОУ МО РФ): суворовских, нахимовских, президентских училищ и кадетских корпусов - заключается в воспитании выпускников, обладающих высокой мотивацией к военно-профессиональной деятельности и достаточно подготовленных к ней, в том числе в физическом отношении. Успешное выполнение поставленной задачи осложняется тем, что процесс физвоспитания в подобных организациях имеет общеобразовательную направленность, типичную для всей системы на школьной ступени обучения. Однако очевидно, что специфика миссии ДОУ МО РФ требует более интенсивных спортивных нагрузок, укрепляющих здоровье и повышающих выносливость воспитанников, с учетом их возрастных физиологических особенностей. В этой связи необходима разработка дополнительного к инвариантной части основной программы физической культуры вариативного методического блока, стимулирующего развитие двигательно-силовых умений, навыков и профессионально значимых качеств будущих военнослужащих. Цель представленного в статье исследования состояла в формировании и научном обосновании внедрения в учебный процесс ДОУ МО РФ комплекса специализированных, соответствующих профилю образовательного учреждения средств физподготовки учащихся старших классов.Методология и методики. Методологической базой поиска оптимальных способов решения проблемы профильного физического воспитания потенциальных офицеров на этапе их предпрофессионального становления послужили теория физической культуры и спорта, индивидуально-модульный подход к построению системы профессионально-прикладной физической подготовки, ее принципы и закономерности, концептуальные положения здоровьесбережения в подростковом и юношеском возрасте. В ходе работы изучались научно методические источники, нормативная и правовая база организации учебного процесса, вопросы его планирования и контроля всех форм и мероприятий физподготовки суворовцев, нахимовцев и кадет. Применялись методы опроса, педагогического наблюдения, анкетирования, методики входного и итогового тестирования выборки участников исследования, формирующий эксперимент, мониторинг, сравнительный анализ и систематизация показателей (зачетных оценок) спортивных достижений испытуемых. Экспериментальные данные обрабатывались методами математической статистики. Результаты и научная новизна. С опорой на теоретический и статистический материал аналитического обзора, собранную в 17 ДОУ МО РФ (n = 607) эмпирическую фактологию и педагогический опыт произведена селекция средств физического воспитания контингента довузовских общевойсковых и военно-морских учебных заведений. Составлен перечень наиболее продуктивных из этих средств. Установлено количественное соотношение методов военно-прикладного профиля, положительно влияющих на систему физподготовки в 10-11-х классах. Экспериментальная проверка показала, что системное использование специальных упражнений военно-прикладной направленности существенно улучшает показатели физической подготовки воспитанников. Анализ анкетных опросов обучающихся до и после эксперимента выявил у них усиление морально-нравственной устойчивости, повышение интереса к военному делу и мотивации к изучению прикладного учебного материала, а также достоверное увеличение количества желающих продолжить свое обучение в вузах Минобороны России и связать свою дальнейшую жизнь с военной службой. Сформулированы предложения и практические рекомендации по целенаправленному внедрению в учебно-воспитательный процесс комплексов специализированных физических упражнений, а также элементов дисциплин военно-прикладных видов спорта. Практическая значимость. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы при планировании и организации физического воспитания учащихся старших классов ДОУ МО РФ в качестве дополнительного программнометодического обеспечения начального этапа военно-прикладной физической подготовки будущих военных специалистов.

Puji Syukur kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa yang telah berkenan memberikan limpahan rahmatNya kepada kita semua. Kami berharap semoga kita semua senantiasa berada dalam naungan kemudahan, keberkahan dan perlindunganNya. ADMINISTRATIO kembali menjumpai para pembaca yang budiman di Volume 10 Nomor 2 tahun 2019 dengan menyajikan 7 artikel yang ditulis oleh para peneliti lintas institusi. Uchaimid Biridlo'i Robby dan Wiwin Tarwini melakukan riset terpadu tentang izin usaha di wilayah kawasan industri. Fokus penelitian kedua penulis yaitu pada proses implementasi pelayanan perizinan berusaha yang terintegrasi secara elektronik terhadap percepatan perijinan usaha di Kabupaten Bekasi, khususnya dalam studi kasus di DPM-PTSP Kabupaten Bekasi yang menjadi pilot project pemerintah dalam menerapkan Online Single Submission (OSS). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, pelayanan perizinan berusaha terintegrasi secara elektronik terhadap percepatan perijinan berusaha di Kabupaten Bekasi sudah baik, namun memang upaya-upaya tersebut belum berjalan dengan optimal, hambatan-hambatan masih sering dihadapi oleh DPM-PTSP terutama soal sarana penunjang. Selanjutnya Efriza melakukan kajian kritis tentang problematika antara Haluan Negara dan Garis-garis Besar Haluan Negara (GBHN), yang sekaligus menjelaskan perbedaan antara UUD 1945 sebelum dan setelah amandemen. Konteks kajian ini sangat penting di tengah perkembangan realitas perpolitikan dan demokrasi di Indonesia di era reformasi, dengan dipilihnya Pemilihan Presiden secara langsung telah mengakhiri Pemilihan Presiden melalui MPR, sekaligus memberikan kesempatan visi-misi Presiden saat kampanye sebagai acuan dalam menjalankan roda pemerintahan, perubahan konstitusi ini juga memiliki semangat demokrasi konstitusional di Indonesia. Setelah Amandemen UUD 1945 telah menempatkan prinsip supremasi konstitusi menggantikan supremasi parlemen. Tetapi polemik yang hadir di tengah masyarakat, mengenai ketiadaan Haluan Negara bahwa rencana pembangunan negara yang dianggap tidak konsisten dan berkesinambungan sebab hanya berdasarkan visi-misi calon presiden saat kampanye. Sedangkan keinginan menghadirkan kembali GBHN karena menganggap bahwa dengan adanya GBHN maka pembangunan strategis negara tidak lagi ditentukan oleh selera dan kepentingan rezim itu sendiri. Ferry Setiawan dan Ahmad Saefulloh meneliti tentang objek wisata di Kota Palangka Raya yaitu dermaga Kereng Bangkirai. Kegiatan pariwisata saat ini perlu melibatkan banyak pihak supaya dapat meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat dan tujuan pembangunan berkelanjutan dapat tercapai. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengetahui kolaborasi yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah, swasta dan masyarakat dalam melakukan pembangunan pariwisata di kawasan dermaga Kereng Bangkirai Kota Palangka Raya serta mengajukan sebuah model kolaborasi pemerintah dan swasta yang sesuai untuk pengembangan pariwisata di lokasi tersebut. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga berupaya mengidentifikasi faktor penghambat dan pendukung kolaborasi dalam pengembangan pariwisata di kawasan dermaga Kereng Bangkirai Kota Palangka Raya. Selanjutnya Widya Astuti, Fajar Apriani dan Hariati melakukan riset kuantitatif dengan tajuk "Kepemimpinan Transformasional Pada Program Studi di Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Mulawarman". Hasil dari penelitian mereka menunjukkan bahwa Koordinator Program Studi Ilmu Pemerintahan dan Ilmu Administrasi Negara memiliki kelemahan yang sama, yaitu pada kemampuan konsiderasi individu. Namun, mereka mengalami peningkatan yang lebih baik dalam kemampuan memberi stimulasi intelektual dibandingkan Koordinator Program Studi sebelumnya yang tampak dari peningkatan pencapaian prestasi akademik dan non akademik. Temuan lain dari riset ini adalah pada saat ini Koordinator Program Studi Hubungan Internasional justru lemah pada kemampuan memberi pengaruh ideal dan Koordinator Program Studi Ilmu Komunikasi justru mengalami penurunan kemampuan pemberian stimulasi intelektual dibandingkan kepemimpinan Koordinator sebelumnya, sehingga pada Program Studi Ilmu Komunikasi diperlukan upaya peningkatan inovasi yang lebih berfokus pada pelaksanaan kegiatan-kegiatan ilmiah dan produksi karya-karya akademik secara lebih baik. Fetty Wiyani, Muhammad Ery Wijaya, dan Ani Adiwinata Nawir selanjutnya melakukan kajian mendalam tentang implementasi open data di Pemerintah Provinsi Jakarta yang dianalisis melalui perspektif dynamic governance. Pemerintah Provinsi DKI Jakarta sebagai Ibu Kota Indonesia telah menerapkan open data melalui Portal Open Data Jakarta. Kehadiran data yang valid dan akurat, tentu akan mendorong pembangunan daerah dan menghasilkan kebijakan yang tepat sasaran. Hasil penelitian ketiga peneliti menunjukkan bahwa kolaborasi antara Bappeda dan Diskominfotik sebagai eksekutor belum optimal bila ditinjau dari perspektif thinking again. Kondisi koordinasi antara kedua lembaga masih lemah dan komunikasi yang ada di antara mereka kurang efektif. Sedangkan dari perspektif thinking across, Pemerintah Provinsi DKI Jakarta menjalankan proses thinking across dengan mengundang ahli data terbuka dari lembaga mitra untuk menambah kemampuan, baik kemampuan konseptual, manajerial, teknis, dan sosial. Namun, penguatan kapasitas organisasi belum optimal karena masih ada fragmentasi birokrasi yang menjadi kendala. Lebih jauh, dalam aspek pemikiran thinking ahead, meskipun Open Data telah dimasukkan dalam RPJMD, Open Data belum dijelaskan secara spesifik tentang arah dan masa depan Open Data di Pemerintah Provinsi DKI Jakarta. Selanjutnya Suprayitno, Putri Fransiska Purnama Pratiwi dan Juli Natalia Silalahi melakukan studi yang sangat kontekstual dengan masa depan Indonesia. Kajian mereka bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan mengidentifikasi kesiapan kota Palangka Raya menjadi Ibukota Administratif Republik Indonesia. Adapun indikatornya adalah dari aspek kesiapan pemuda di Kota Palangka Raya dalam menyambut pemindahan ibukota administratif. Sebagai aspek penting dalam mempersiapkan kota Palangka Raya sebagai Ibukota Pemerintah masa depan adalah kesiapan kaum muda di Palangka Raya itu sendiri dalam menyambut pemindahan ibukota administratif dari Jakarta ke Palangka Raya. Secara reflektif, pemuda, pada kenyataannya, adalah pelopor dari setiap perubahan yang terjadi sepanjang sejarah Indonesia. Peran pemuda selalu dimulai dari Kebangkitan Nasional pada tahun 1908, Sumpah Pemuda pada 1928, Revolusi Kemerdekaan pada 1945, Proklamasi Kemerdekaan pada 1945, dan Gerakan Reformasi pada 1998. Berdasarkan sejarah atas nama Pemuda memiliki kepekaan terhadap masalah yang dihadapi oleh bangsa. Terakhir, Fajar Nugrahaini, Ery Wijaya, dan Fajar Hirawan melakukan studi komparasi tentang reformasi transportasi publik di Seoul dan DKI Jakarta. Artikel ini menjelaskan tentang pengalaman reformasi transportasi publik di Seoul yang membangun sistem transportasi yang berorientasi pada manusia. Terinspirasi oleh kisah sukses kebijakan reformasi transportasi publik di Seoul, Pemprov DKI Jakarta memprakarsai reformasi transportasi publik pada tahun 2017. Namun sayangnya, pada proses implementasi, kemajuannya sangat lambat dan para aktor saling menyalahkan dalam menyebabkan kelambatan transformasi. Ada beberapa catatan yang menarik baik dalam hal yang posititif begitupula hal negatif selama proses reformasi transportasi publik di DKI Jakarta yang tersaji dalam artikel ini yang laik untuk direfleksikan oleh para pembaca yang budiman. Kami terus berusaha melakukan perbaikan di tengah banyak kekurangan yang harus dibenahi. Redaksi berharap upaya perbaikan dan peningkatan kualitas terbitan ini kian meneguhkan langkah Jurnal ADMINISTRATIO untuk tetap konsisten berperan sebagai media publikasi gagasan-gagasan dan kajian ilmiah di bidang administrasi publik dan pembangunan. Salam Redaksi

Not Available ; Alien gene transfer in crop plants has emerged as a boon to humanity as well as science. Since the beginning of plant breeding as a systematic endeavour, scientists have spent a major proportion of their energy, time and resources in planning and executing sexual hybridizations with an objective to create additional genetic variability hitherto not available in nature, followed by selections of desirable recombinants to develop improved genotypes which would be even more beneficial to mankind. After the rediscovery of Mendelism and subsequently our improved understanding of plant traits, their genetic control and inheritance, interest started growing towards transferring genes conferring traits of interest from distant and wild relatives, and even from across genome boundaries. Wild crop genetic resources are rich reservoirs of useful alien genes. These have contributed tremendously in unleashing the basic and fundamental questions of life including those on origin, history and evolution of crop plants, their phylogenetic relationships and inheritance of simple as well as complex traits. Some of them have even served as excellent model plant species, helping to resolve several mysteries associated with crop flora as well as elucidation and interpretation of several plant species genomes. They also provided numerous donors for genetic improvement of the cultivated types providing sources for disease and insect-pest resistance, resistance/tolerance to climate extremities and problem soils, improved quality traits and keeping quality, and biofortification. During the progression of alien gene transfer technologies, several novel concepts and theories, for example, doubled haploid breeding, were also promoted. Encouraged by the success of alien transfers in genetic amelioration of crop plants, the researchers started looking for alien genes even across genome boundaries and devised horizontal gene transfer strategies, genetic transformation becoming one of the most powerful tools in changing our lives and way of living. The impact of genetic transformation can be realized from the fact that the development, application, and socio-economic and political implications of transgenic crops now affect the agrarian policies and economies of several countries despite the fact that a large group of environmentalists, scientists and consumers is highly sceptic about their use and after effects. Nevertheless, even Pref ace x severe criticism could also not deter the researchers in furthering their quest for newer genes and prompted them to come out with the concepts of cisgenesis and intragenesis to address the concerns of those worried about the safety and utility of GM crops. All these alien gene transfer techniques, aided by in vitro procedures, hormonal manipulations, polyploidization and mutation, and of late, molecular marker technology and precise detection of alien genes through molecular cytogenetics have led to introgression of hundreds of genes of interest in cultivated backgrounds of crop plants, thereby improving their genetic potential for yield, quality and economic viability. The introgression of Lrgenes in wheat, development of high-yielding and input-responsive rice and maize, noblization of sugarcane and development of Bt, Flavr Savr and Roundup Ready GM crops are just a few of the glorious examples of how alien gene transfer can revolutionize the global agriculture. Some of the early developments in alien gene transfer, of course most of them achieved through conventional breeding, coupled with better agronomic inputs and irrigation triggered the historical "Green Revolution," which changed the lives and fate of millions of people in the tropical wetlands of developing and newly industrializing countries such as India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Bangladesh and China. Fascinated by the miracle of alien gene transfer in crop plants and revisiting the green revolution of India several times during the course of our study and research, we initiated prebreeding work in two important food legumes of the Indian subcontinent, Vignaand lentil, when we joined our current position at the Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur. However, it was only then when we realized that alien gene transfer, whether vertical or horizontal, is associated with numerous promises and opportunities and even more problems and constraints. As we proceeded with the gene transfer procedures in our respective crops, each step required a lot of stopgap, discussions and relook into the literature, more so because hybridization, in general, is difficult in pulses and also, these are recalcitrant to in vitro techniques. We had to often look into so many periodicals, journals, reports, and research notes and search internet for long before we could find suitable literature helping us or even sometimes, nothing was found at all. We realized that while some crops have been tremendously benefited from alien gene transfer, in other crops it could not have been successful at all. It is then when we conceived the idea to bring the most relevant information on alien gene transfer at one platform so that the academicians, researchers and post-graduate students in agriculture and biology have a ready reference with them on the most important aspects of alien gene transfer. Nonetheless, the scope of this subject is so vast that we decided to go with two volumes; one on the theoretical aspect of innovations, methods and risks associated with alien gene transfer and the second one, of more practical nature, on the achievements and impacts of alien gene transfer, covering mainly the agricultural crop plants, which is the area of our specialization. The fi rst volume is already available, and probably you might have got a chance to read it. The second volume is now in your hands and has been divided into four sections dealing with cereals, pulses, oil crops and some other important crops. Cereals is the group that has been benefitted most from alien gene transfer. The first section describes achievements and impacts of alien transfer in cereals covered in first five Preface xi chapters, one each on wheat, barley, corn, oats and pearl millet. Achievements through alien gene transfer have been variable in pulses owing to diffi culties as mentioned earlier and the next section describes pulses in subsequent four chapters (Chaps. 6 – 9 ) each on four most important pulse crops viz., chickpea, pigeonpea, Vignaspecies and lentil. The third section is on oil crops and elaborates Brassica, oilpalm and coconut, groundnut and sunflower spread over four chapters from Chaps. 10 – 13 . The last section covers sugarcane, one of the most important commercial crops (Chap. 14 ) and two important vegetable crops of the Solanaceae family viz., tomato and eggplant (Chaps. 15 and 16 ). All the chapters have been well supported by classical as well as current references, tables and colourful illustrations, wherever necessary. ; Not Available

Introduction. The main purpose of pre-university educational institutions of the Ministry of Defence ofRussia, e.g. Suvorov Military Schools, Nakhimov Naval Schools, presidential schools and cadet corps, is to educate graduates, who are highly motivated and sufficiently prepared for military vocational activities, including graduates' general physical fitness. Successful performance of the task is complicated by the fact that educational process in such organisations has a general educational orientation, which is common for the entire system of school education. However, it is obvious that the specifics of the mission of preuniversity educational institutions of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation requires more intensive physical activities, which improve health and increase physical endurance of students, taking into account their age-specific physiological characteristics. In this regard, it is necessary to develop a variable methodological block as a supplement to an invariant part of the main programme of physical culture, which will be aimed at stimulating the development of motor and power capabilities, skills and professionally significant qualities of future military personnel.The aim of the research was to select and scientifically justify the introduction of appropriate and effective means for high-school students' physical education in pre-university educational institutions of the Ministry of Defence ofRussia.Methodology and research methods. To identify the appropriate ways of solution of the problems of profile physical education of potential officers at the stage pre-professional development, the methodological framework was based on the theory of physical culture and sport, individually-modular approach to the development of the system of professional and applied physical training, its principles and regularities, conceptual provisions of health preservation in adolescence and youth. In the course of the research, the authors thoroughly studied the scientific and methodological sources, regulatory and legal base of the organisation of educational process, questions of its planning and control of all forms and activities of students' physical training in military schools. The following methods were applied: interview, pedagogical observation, questionnaire survey, technique of entrance and final testing of selection of the research participants, formative experi ment, monitoring, comparative analysis and systematisation of indicators (resultant scores) of sports achievements of examinees. Experimental data were processed by the methods of mathematical statistics.Results and scientific novelty. The selection of means of physical training in pre-university all-service military and naval educational institutions was made on the basis of theoretical and statistical material of analytical review and collected empirical data and pedagogical experience in 17 pre-university educational institutions of the Ministry of Defence of Russia (n = 607). The list of the most productive means is made. The quantitative ratio of military-applied methods, which positively influence the system of physical training in the 10th-11th grades, is established. The pilot testing showed that systematic use of special training exercises of military-applied orientation significantly improves the indicators of physical training of students. The analysis of students' questionnaires before and after the experiment revealed strengthening of students' moral stability, growing interest in military science and motivation to studying of an applied training material, as well as significant increase in the number of applicants seeking to continue their training in higher educational institutions of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation and to dedicate their lives to military service. The proposals and practical recommendations on purposeful introduction of complexes of specialised physical exercises and elements of disciplines of military-applied sports to educational process are formulated.Practical significance. The results of the research can be employed to plan and organise physical training of high-school students of pre-university educational institutions of the Ministry of Defence ofRussia as additional programme and methodological support at the initial stage of military-applied physical training of future military specialists. ; Введение. Главное предназначение довузовских образовательных учреждений Министерства обороны Российской Федерации (ДОУ МО РФ): суворовских, нахимовских, президентских училищ и кадетских корпусов - заключается в воспитании выпускников, обладающих высокой мотивацией к военно-профессиональной деятельности и достаточно подготовленных к ней, в том числе в физическом отношении. Успешное выполнение поставленной задачи осложняется тем, что процесс физвоспитания в подобных организациях имеет общеобразовательную направленность, типичную для всей системы на школьной ступени обучения. Однако очевидно, что специфика миссии ДОУ МО РФ требует более интенсивных спортивных нагрузок, укрепляющих здоровье и повышающих выносливость воспитанников, с учетом их возрастных физиологических особенностей. В этой связи необходима разработка дополнительного к инвариантной части основной программы физической культуры вариативного методического блока, стимулирующего развитие двигательно-силовых умений, навыков и профессионально значимых качеств будущих военнослужащих.Цель представленного в статье исследования состояла в формировании и научном обосновании внедрения в учебный процесс ДОУ МО РФ комплекса специализированных, соответствующих профилю образовательного учреждения средств физподготовки учащихся старших классов.Методология и методики. Методологической базой поиска оптимальных способов решения проблемы профильного физического воспитания потенциальных офицеров на этапе их предпрофессионального становления послужили теория физической культуры и спорта, индивидуально-модульный подход к построению системы профессионально-прикладной физической подготовки, ее принципы и закономерности, концептуальные положения здоровьесбережения в подростковом и юношеском возрасте. В ходе работы изучались научно методические источники, нормативная и правовая база организации учебного процесса, вопросы его планирования и контроля всех форм и мероприятий физподготовки суворовцев, нахимовцев и кадет. Применялись методы опроса, педагогического наблюдения, анкетирования, методики входного и итогового тестирования выборки участников исследования, формирующий эксперимент, мониторинг, сравнительный анализ и систематизация показателей (зачетных оценок) спортивных достижений испытуемых. Экспериментальные данные обрабатывались методами математической статистики.Результаты и научная новизна. С опорой на теоретический и статистический материал аналитического обзора, собранную в 17 ДОУ МО РФ (n = 607) эмпирическую фактологию и педагогический опыт произведена селекция средств физического воспитания контингента довузовских общевойсковых и военно-морских учебных заведений. Составлен перечень наиболее продуктивных из этих средств. Установлено количественное соотношение методов военно-прикладного профиля, положительно влияющих на систему физподготовки в 10-11-х классах. Экспериментальная проверка показала, что системное использование специальных упражнений военно-прикладной направленности существенно улучшает показатели физической подготовки воспитанников. Анализ анкетных опросов обучающихся до и после эксперимента выявил у них усиление морально-нравственной устойчивости, повышение интереса к военному делу и мотивации к изучению прикладного учебного материала, а также достоверное увеличение количества желающих продолжить свое обучение в вузах Минобороны России и связать свою дальнейшую жизнь с военной службой. Сформулированы предложения и практические рекомендации по целенаправленному внедрению в учебно-воспитательный процесс комплексов специализированных физических упражнений, а также элементов дисциплин военно-прикладных видов спорта.Практическая значимость. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы при планировании и организации физического воспитания учащихся старших классов ДОУ МО РФ в качестве дополнительного программнометодического обеспечения начального этапа военно-прикладной физической подготовки будущих военных специалистов.

Анализ показателей, характеризующих социально-экономическое состояние России за последние годы, свидетельствует о весьма неблагоприятных тенденциях. Наиболее тревожная – увеличение уровня бедности, вызванное в первую очередь снижением реальных доходов населения в 2014–2016 гг. (прежде всего, по сравнению с 2013 г.) (см. статью Е. Е. Гришиной). Падение реальных доходов населения ведет к снижению спроса на товары и услуги, что затрудняет официально продекларированный выход экономики страны из состояния рецессии. Но это – «зло еще не так большой руки» по сравнению с тем, что увеличение числа бедных – абсолютное и относительное – ведет к ухудшению здоровья населения и снижению его творческого потенциала. Очевидно, что активность человека, не имеющего доступа к самым необходимым благам и услугам, направлена не на движение вперед и создание нового, а на самые неотложные нужды. А о том, что не удовлетворяются даже базовые потребности россиян, свидетельствует, например, статистика потребления продуктов питания. Так, Минздрав рекомендует1 потреблять не менее 325 кг молочной продукции в год на человека. Но в 2016 г. этот показатель составил лишь 233 кг. С июня 2013 г. по июнь 2017 г. потребление молока упало на 4%, по мясу – с августа 2016 г. по август 2017 г. падение спроса составило 1,8%, несмотря на рост внутреннего производства.Вполне ожидаемо, что в непростых условиях перманентного кризиса россияне все больше усилий и энергии тратят на поиск возможностей хотя бы поддерживать приемлемый уровень жизни (статья С. А. Баркова, О. В. Гавриленко, А. В. Маркеевой, Е. А. Свердликовой). Но это во многом сродни догоняющему развитию – как только ты приблизился к поставленной цели, она оказывается гораздо дальше, чем предполагалось. Такой путь «развития» никогда не позволит выйти в лидеры (разве что при сочетании уникальных внешних условий).В дискуссиях по поводу необходимости изменения экономической системы – перехода от централизованного планирования и управления, основанного на предписаниях «сверху», к экономике, базирующейся на преимущественном действии «рыночных сил», в числе важнейших аргументов указывалось на несовместимость плановой распределительной экономики с современной «экономикой благосостояния». А в книге Людвига Эрхарда «Благосостояние для всех»2, своего рода культовом манифесте, ознаменовавшем движение в данном направлении, основным лейтмотивом можно назвать обоснование необходимости создания и поддержания «социально-рыночного хозяйства».Последнее включало не только экономическую систему, обеспечивающую рост благосостояния граждан Германии, но и предоставление им возможностей и условий для развития их потенциала (включая предпринимательский). Сила данной книги, наряду с простотой и ясностью изложения, в представленной в ней исторической правде и в реальной истории успеха (уже через 10 лет с начала преобразований экономика Германии превратилась в «социально-рыночное хозяйство»).Бедность, рассмотрению разных сторон феномена которой посвящен этот номер, не изжита во всех странах и во всех экономических системах (какими бы «социально ориентированными» они ни были). При этом, безусловно, «пороги бедности» по странам различаются, но государства с социально-рыночным хозяйством, во-первых, предоставляют каждому своему гражданину возможности выйти из этой категории за счет реализации своих возможностей, и, во-вторых, поддерживают гарантированный уровень благосостояния на социально приемлемом уровне.В первом случае это обеспечивается, прежде всего, путем создания системы связей по линии «общество – государство – экономика». Особая роль в формировании социально ориентированной направленности данной связи принадлежит не столько рыночному хозяйству как таковому, сколько тому, что «в рыночном хозяйстве ежедневно и ежечасно осуществляются процессы приспособления, которые приводят к правильному соотношению спрос и предложение, национальную продукцию и национальный доход…»3. Причем этот процесс идет не только на микроуровне – уровне отдельных трансакций, он проявляется и в государственной политике, и в применяемых в ней инструментах регулирования. «Законодатель должен считать своей задачей устранение факторов, нарушающих ход рыночных операций»4.Во втором случае необходим учет особенностей различных слоев, категорий и групп населения. На это направлены и статистика, и система предоставления различных форм социальной помощи и поддержки бедным и малоимущим слоям населения.Нельзя не отметить современную особенность проблемы бедности – растущее в мире неравенство, сосредоточение национального богатства в руках все меньшего по численности населения. Однако ответ на вопрос о том, ведет ли усиление неравенства к росту бедности – как абсолютной, так и относительной, например, на основе оценки бедности по лишениям (депривационной), в целом весьма неоднозначен. В странах и экономиках, где рыночное хозяйство социально ориентированное, порог бедности постоянно повышается, и в сопоставимых измерителях численность бедных имеет тенденцию к уменьшению. Более сложной является оценка динамики депривационной бедности (из-за расширения круга товаров и услуг, обеспечивающих общественно приемлемый минимально допустимый уровень благосостояния).В любом случае ответы на подобные вопросы в социально ориентированных экономиках неоднозначны, тем не менее, как правило, благосостояние наиболее бедных слоев населения растет, как в абсолютном, так и в относительном (депривационном) ракурсах анализа и оценки.Ситуация в России, как не раз отмечалось на страницах «ЭКО», в этом плане уникальна: число бедных и малообеспеченных граждан за последние годы имеет тенденцию к абсолютному росту. В числе основных причин этого отметим следующие.1. Отсутствие многих предпосылок и условий для отмеченного выше «ежечасного» и «ежедневного» приспособления в системе связей «общество – государство – экономика» к меняющимся и весьма специфическим условиям ведения хозяйственной деятельности. Результат – доминирование в экономике не только естественных монополий (производителей тепла и энергии), но и сверхкрупных сетевых структур и холдингов на рынке потребительских товаров и услуг, которые, с одной стороны, обеспечивают их поставку на территории огромной страны по относительно низким ценам по сравнению с региональными рынками, а с другой – ведут к разорению и переходу в разряд «новых бедных» мелких предпринимателей.2. Негибкость политики социальной поддержки и помощи слоям и группам населения, испытывающим наибольшие затруднения в обеспечении минимально приемлемого уровня благосостояния. В числе причин – не столько отсутствие адаптации экономической и социальной политики к меняющимся условиям, сколько стремление к универсальности применяемых подходов с акцентом на простоту (администрируемость) используемых инструментов.Вот один из результатов действия таких универсальных подходов: «стартовые условия» благополучия (в виде бесплатно приватизированного жилья в 1990-е годы) постепенно сходят на нет, и на подходе «новые бедные» (статья Т. Ю. Черкашиной).Настоящий номер журнала является попыткой восполнить пробелы в данной области и способствовать формированию адекватных подходов с целью учета особенностей бедности различных слоев и групп населения. А именно, семей с детьми (прежде всего неполных и многодетных) (статья Е. Е. Гришиной), людей пожилого возраста (статья П. Кузнецовой), инвалидов (статья Р. Р. Хасановой и А. О. Макаренцевой).В социальной политике нет мелочей и второстепенных сюжетов. В то же время нет и не может быть догматического и универсального подхода. И если не следовать этим простым истинам и не учитывать многоликость бедности, создание «социально-рыночного хозяйства» в нашей стране может еще надолго задержаться на стадии «идей» и «замыслов». Главный редактор «ЭКО» В.А. КРЮКОВ

The term 'speciesism' first appeared in 1970 on a printed pamphlet made by psychologist Richard Ryder for a protest against animal experimentation [1] and refers to discrimination on the grounds of belonging to a certain species. Thus, speciesism includes the assignment of different values, rights, or special consideration to individuals based solely on their species membership. Continuing the analogy to discriminatory practices like racism, sexism, classism, and others, the term was further popularised by philosopher Peter Singer in his 1975 book Animal Liberation [2]. Since then, the term 'speciesism' has been usually appropriated with regard to practices of human domination over animals and the exclusion of all nonhuman animals from the rights and freedoms that are granted to humans. In thinking about ideologies that aim to abandon speciesism, we are facing questions about what such a world would look like. What are the ethical and political consequences of a non-speciesist society? How would it affect human consumption and daily life? How would animal encounters between different species be structured differently?Within the academic discourse of critical posthumanism, the discussions that emerge from reflections on human/animal relationships are grounded in different theoretical frameworks and have different orientations and agendas [3]. For example, on the one hand, discussions that stem from critical animal studies (CAS) focus on the relationships between human and nonhuman animals and the notion of speciesism. These CAS discussions are usually firmly grounded in theories of intersectionality, thus politically and structurally situating the oppression of animals in relation to the oppression of other humans [4]. This means that reflections on animal exploitation and oppression are discussed and analysed in their relation to critical theory about other forms of oppression (such as sexism, classism, and racism) with the aim to revolutionize current societal and political norms. Extending this intersectional focus, the field of posthumanism, from a more general perspective, can be understood as aiming more broadly at deconstructing the category 'human' as something unique, distinct, and at the centre of the world [5]. This field focuses on the symbolic, discursive, institutional, and material arrangements that produce anthropocentrism and involves scholarly engagement from areas such as Science and Technology Studies (STS), material feminism, cultural studies, continental philosophy, geography, animal studies, and more [6].This entry provides an introduction to discussions of (non-)speciesism, specifically within the fields of (critical) posthumanism and CAS. Following the work of CAS scholar Helena Pedersen, the goal of this text is to highlight the importance of a joined approach towards discussions surrounding the notion of speciesism, where critical attention is given to the treatment of animals in our society while at the same time remaining open to embracing the complexity that arises when human and nonhuman animals meet.As posthumanist theorist Cary Wolfe argued: "debates in the humanities and social sciences between well-intentioned critics … almost always remain locked within an unexamined framework of speciesism" [7]. Even though scholarly attention has been focused on animals with the aim of abandoning humanism, Wolfe writes that even if it is our aim to expose how animals have been misunderstood and exploited, we are continuing to reframe our relationships with other beings through anthropocentric frameworks [8]. Wolfe proposes that a posthumanist bioethics should focus on the vulnerability and finitude that both human and nonhuman animals share [9].Extending this view, feminist/posthumanist scholar Manuela Rossini states that it is in fact quite sobering that "the most radical metaposthumanists (and the humanities more broadly) do not quite manage to make an epistemological break with liberal humanism, insofar as their writing is also marked by an unquestioned 'speciesism'" [10]. Rossini then argues that an anti-speciesist strand of posthumanist thinking should involve a focus on two aspects:zoontology (drawing from Wolfe: meaning a broadening of ontological focus on animals that investigates both sameness and difference outside of humanist parameters);and companion speciesism (drawing from feminist STS scholar Donna Haraway: embracing the positive configurations of the unavoidably close encounters between humans, animals, machines, and hybrids in an attempt to establish responsive and responsible relationships with 'companion species') [11].While emphasizing a general concern towards animal oppression, these broader theoretical approaches aim to reframe the conversation away from our accustomed political stratifications, towards the more complex systemic phenomena that compose a living planet [12]. However, with regards to the notion of speciesism itself, CAS scholars have in turn questioned and criticised these theoretical approaches towards the oppression of animals. In general, they argue that rather than conceptually romanticising our relationships with other beings and theorizing the beauty of our shared encounters, we should focus on real animals and their actual life situations: more than 150 billion animals get slaughtered every year and this number is still rising [13].In other words, CAS scholars propose to, first and foremost, reject the welfare position (or green ideology) in which exploitation of animals under proper conditions is justified or encouraged. Critics describe it as just another way to routinely sustain speciesist hegemony [14], while posthumanists argue that violence towards both human and nonhuman animals should be part of our investigations into shared entanglements [15]. What both lines of thinking with nonhumans seem to have in common is that we should emphasize that any tendency towards subject boundary dissolution and shared engagements between human and nonhuman animals are never symmetrical and therefore cannot be innocent [16]. This is perhaps where common ground can be found between the two discourses in relation to the notion of speciesism.With the aim to further this compatibility, Pedersen proposes that the edges between posthumanism and CAS could do the productive work of knowledge development in symbiotic relationship with each other. For example, the field of posthumanism could influence CAS with some healthy impurity, indeterminacy, and openness towards different political perspectives on speciesism [17]. Whereas posthumanism could be more rooted in some (un)firm political soil with consistent and committed critical attention towards oppression of human and nonhuman animals [18]. In arguing for finding compatibility between different fields that concern themselves with the lives of nonhuman animals, further discussions that are centred around the notion and meaning of (non-)speciesism play a central role in maintaining a focus on the politics that are involved in critical posthumanism. Renewed attention towards finding common grounds and productive dialogue between CAS and (critical) posthumanism can offer a space for relevant discussions on this topic.

WOS: 000442889500003 ; PubMed: 30230903 ; Jet substructure observables have significantly extended the search program for physics beyond the standard model at the Large Hadron Collider. The state-of-the-art tools have been motivated by theoretical calculations, but there has never been a direct comparison between data and calculations of jet substructure observables that are accurate beyond leading-logarithm approximation. Such observables are significant not only for probing the collinear regime of QCD that is largely unexplored at a hadron collider, but also for improving the understanding of jet substructure properties that are used in many studies at the Large Hadron Collider. This Letter documents a measurement of the first jet substructure quantity at a hadron collider to be calculated at next-to-next-to-leading-logarithm accuracy. The normalized, differential cross section is measured as a function of log(10)rho(2), where rho is the ratio of the soft-drop mass to the ungroomed jet transverse momentum. This quantity is measured in dijet events from 32.9 fb(-1) of root s = 13 TeV proton-proton collisions recorded by the ATLAS detector. The data are unfolded to correct for detector effects and compared to precise QCD calculations and leading-logarithm particle-level Monte Carlo simulations. ; ANPCyT, ArgentinaANPCyT; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, AustraliaAustralian Research Council; BMWFW, Austria; FWF, AustriaAustrian Science Fund (FWF); ANAS, AzerbaijanAzerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS); SSTC, Belarus; CNPq, BrazilNational Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); FAPESP, BrazilFundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP); NSERC, CanadaNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; NRC, Canada; CFI, CanadaCanada Foundation for Innovation; CERN; CONICYT, ChileComision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT); CAS, ChinaChinese Academy of Sciences; MOST, ChinaMinistry of Science and Technology, China; NSFC, ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China; COLCIENCIAS, ColombiaDepartamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias; MSMT CR, Czech RepublicMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; MPO CR, Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; VSC CR, Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; DNRF, Denmark; DNSRC, DenmarkDanish Natural Science Research Council; IN2P3-CNRS, FranceCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, GermanyFederal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); HGF, Germany; MPG, GermanyMax Planck Society; GSRT, GreeceGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, ChinaHong Kong Research Grants Council; ISF, IsraelIsrael Science Foundation; I-CORE, Israel; Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; MEXT, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT); JSPS, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT)Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, NetherlandsNetherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO)Netherlands Government; RCN, Norway; MNiSW, PolandMinistry of Science and Higher Education, Poland; NCN, Poland; FCT, PortugalPortuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia, Russian FederationRussian Federation; NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS, SloveniaSlovenian Research Agency - Slovenia; MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC, Sweden; Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, Switzerland; SNSF, SwitzerlandSwiss National Science Foundation (SNSF); Canton of Bern, Switzerland; Canton of Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, TaiwanMinistry of Science and Technology, Taiwan; TAEK, TurkeyMinistry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey; STFC, United KingdomScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); DOE, United States of AmericaUnited States Department of Energy (DOE); NSF, United States of AmericaNational Science Foundation (NSF); BCKDF, Canada; Canada Council, Canada; CANARIE, Canada; CRC, Canada; Compute Canada, Canada; FQRNT, CanadaFQRNT; Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET, European UnionEuropean Union (EU); ERC, European UnionEuropean Union (EU)European Research Council (ERC); ERDF, European UnionEuropean Union (EU); FP7, European UnionEuropean Union (EU); Horizon 2020, European Union; Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European UnionEuropean Union (EU); Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, FranceFrench National Research Agency (ANR); ANR, FranceFrench National Research Agency (ANR); Region Auvergne, FranceRegion Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes; Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; DFG, GermanyGerman Research Foundation (DFG); AvH Foundation, GermanyAlexander von Humboldt Foundation; Herakleitos, Thales; EU-ESFEuropean Union (EU); Greek NSRFGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; BSF, IsraelUS-Israel Binational Science Foundation; GIF, IsraelGerman-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development; Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain; Generalitat Valenciana, SpainGeneralitat Valenciana; Royal Society, United KingdomRoyal Society of London; Leverhulme Trust, United KingdomLeverhulme Trust ; We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, HGF, and MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF, I-CORE and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, the Canada Council, CANARIE, CRC, Compute Canada, FQRNT, and the Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET, ERC, ERDF, FP7, Horizon 2020 and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, Region Auvergne and Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; BSF, GIF and Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN, the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA), the Tier-2 facilities worldwide and large non-WLCG resource providers. Major contributors of computing resources are listed in Ref. [62].

Entrepreneurship is the principal mechanism for materializing the impact of technological innovation on economies and societies. Technological innovation is, in turn, the ultimate source of productivity improvement and the main driver for economic growth. Consequently, innovation and entrepreneurship have become top policy priorities in the national agendas of countries that strive to deliver prosperity for their citizens through economic growth, job creation and poverty reduction. What are the factors that determine the status of entrepreneurship in societies around the world? How can we observe and measure those factors and track their evolution in time as societies and economies evolve? Addressing those questions is the goal of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), the leading worldwide study on entrepreneurship. GEM was initially conceptualized in 1997 and is currently considered as the most authoritative and informative longitudinal study on entrepreneurship in the world, covering all geographic regions and economic levels. The GEM conceptual framework is based on the assumption that national economic growth is the result of the personal traits and capabilities of individuals to identify and seize opportunities, and that this process is affected by environmental factors that influence individuals' decisions to pursue entrepreneurial initiatives. Therefore, GEM seeks to capture the attitudes of societies towards entrepreneurship, the characteristics, motivations and ambitions of entrepreneurs, and the quality of entrepreneurial ecosystems in different economies. GEM accounts for specific contextual factors, which are considered influential in creating unique business and entrepreneurial contexts, such as social, political, and economic. Measuring and understanding the factors that affect the status of entrepreneurship is important in order to drive policy-making that can lead to solid productivity improvements and a positive change in economic activity. Policy making in the modern world is particularly challenging, as it needs to take into account the rapid and profound changes brought by exponential progress in technology, the unprecedented acceleration of globalization and the onslaught of climate change. Exponential progress in knowledge and technology makes most new technologies obsolete very fast. The cycle of innovation, which comprises experimentation, learning, knowledge application, and assessment of success or failure - is becoming shorter than ever. Automation, Artificial Intelligence, and the 4th Industrial Revolution are disrupting whole economic sectors and threaten to render a variety of blue and white collar jobs across numerous sectors obsolete. Globalization is leading to the acceleration of global flows of information, knowledge, people, commerce and finance, making the world hyperconnected and interdependent with markets, businesses, governments and societies interwound more tightly together than ever. Climate change raises unexpected challenges and threats that may require radical solutions to problems of great complexity and scale; such solutions might call for the deployment of innovative inventions, in synchrony with the mobilization of society and a radical change of mindset at a global scale. The aspiration of the Cyprus GEM National Report is to analyze the status and evolution of entrepreneurship in Cyprus through the lens of modern-world challenges. We believe this is important for informed, timely and agile decision-making. What are the key observations from the 2017/2018 survey? On the positive side, we observe that there is a constantly positive perception about entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial opportunities in Cyprus, and that an encouraging percentage of the population expresses entrepreneurial intention. Physical, commercial and legal Infrastructures are considered to be on par with the European average, while government policies regarding taxes and bureaucracy are considered more positive to entrepreneurship than the EU average. In comparison to 2016/2017, it seems that an improved awareness about entrepreneurship is helping Cypriots to develop a more pragmatic view of the challenges involved in undertaking entrepreneurial activity. However, this is combined with an increased fear of failure and a weaker access to finance in comparison to the respective EU averages. Moreover, the riskreward balance offered in Cyprus appears rather limited, due to the small size of the country, the lack of highly specialized talent, and the sparsity of networks that connect local entrepreneurs and innovators with global finance and big markets. These factors can deter the up taking of high-risk or unconventional entrepreneurial activities. The GEM surveys for Cyprus of the last two years depict a country in transition from the financial crisis of 2012- 2013 into a future that is still uncertain. Total Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) seems weaker compared to last year (7.3% in 2017/2018, 12% in 2016/2017). Most of the TEA entrepreneurs in Cyprus are opportunity-driven rather than necessity-driven. However, there is still a notable gender gap between female and male TEA entrepreneurs as the ratio between females and males involved in TEA is 0.6. Most of TEA is recorded in Wholesale and Retail sectors (45.4%), whereas rapidly growing sectors with strong innovation potential in globalized marketplaces, like ICT, renewable energy and intelligent manufacturing, have a modest contribution to TEA. Also, entrepreneurs involved in TEA do not foresee substantial creation of new jobs (46.6% expect no new jobs). Few entrepreneurs consider that their TEA activity is internationally oriented (10%), whereas activity relevant to medium-tech or high-tech is very limited (4.9%). These can be a source of concern for the future of economic competitiveness and job creation in dynamic economic sectors. Beyond the impact of entrepreneurship on Cyprus' economic competitiveness and job creation, entrepreneurship can largely contribute to the altering of climate change and the protection of the environment. This year's guest section emphasizes on green entrepreneurship. Drawing on international best cleantech practices, it provides recommendations to assist Cyprus in becoming a regional Cleantech Innovation and Entrepreneurship Hub for the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Cyprus' participation in GEM fosters the generation of data on the country's entrepreneurship status across time and allows the comparison with other countries. This year's GEM report analyzes the status of the entrepreneurship in Cyprus as it has evolved between 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 and compares it to corresponding European average values. It then outlines several policy making recommendations organized in respect to the following categories: Education, Government process, Financial support and Business Processes. We aspire that GEM 2017/2018 can be a practical and valuable tool for improving the status of entrepreneurship in Cyprus. ; Ministry of Energy Commerce Industry & Tourism ; Bank of Cyprus

WOS: 000422660200005 ; PubMed: 31265005 ; A search for weakly interacting massive dark matter particles produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and missing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb(-1) of proton proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at root s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are interpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour-neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross-section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour-charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements. ; ANPCyT, ArgentinaANPCyT; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, AustraliaAustralian Research Council; BMWFW, Austria; EWE, Austria; ANAS, AzerbaijanAzerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS); SSTC, Belarus; CNPq, BrazilNational Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); FAPESP, BrazilFundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP); NSERC, CanadaNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; NRC, Canada; CFI, CanadaCanada Foundation for Innovation; CERN, Chile; CONICYT, ChileComision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT); CAS, ChinaChinese Academy of Sciences; MOST, ChinaMinistry of Science and Technology, China; NSFC, ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China; COLCIENCIAS, ColombiaDepartamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias; MSMT CR, Czech RepublicMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; MPO CR, Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; VSC CR, Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; DNRF, Denmark; DNSRC, DenmarkDanish Natural Science Research Council; IN2P3-CNRS, FranceCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; SRNSF, Georgia; BMBF, GermanyFederal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); HGF, Germany; MPG, GermanyMax Planck Society; GSRT, GreeceGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, ChinaHong Kong Research Grants Council; ISF, IsraelIsrael Science Foundation; I-CORE, Israel; Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; MEXT, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT); JSPS, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT)Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, NetherlandsNetherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO)Netherlands Government; RCN, Norway; MNiSW, PolandMinistry of Science and Higher Education, Poland; NCN, Poland; FCT, PortugalPortuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; MNE/IFA, Romania; IVIES of Russia; NRC KI; Russian FederationRussian Federation; JINR, Serbia; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS, SloveniaSlovenian Research Agency - Slovenia; MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC, Sweden; Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, Switzerland; SNSF, SwitzerlandSwiss National Science Foundation (SNSF); Canton of Bern, Switzerland; Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, TaiwanMinistry of Science and Technology, Taiwan; TAEK, TurkeyMinistry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey; STFC, United KingdomScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); DOE, United States of AmericaUnited States Department of Energy (DOE); NSF, United States of AmericaNational Science Foundation (NSF); BCKDF; Canada Council, Canada; CANARIE, Canada; CRC, Canada; Compute Canada, Canada; FQRNT, CanadaFQRNT; Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET; ERCEuropean Research Council (ERC); ERDFEuropean Union (EU); Horizon 2020 and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, FranceFrench National Research Agency (ANR); ANR, FranceFrench National Research Agency (ANR); Region Auvergne, FranceRegion Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes; Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; DFG, GermanyGerman Research Foundation (DFG); AvH Foundation, GermanyAlexander von Humboldt Foundation; Herakleitos; Thales programme; Aristeia programme; EU-ESFEuropean Union (EU); Greek NSRFGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; BSF, IsraelUS-Israel Binational Science Foundation; GIF, IsraelGerman-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development; Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain; Generalitat Valenciana, SpainGeneralitat Valenciana; Royal Society, United KingdomRoyal Society of London; Leverhulme Trust, United KingdomLeverhulme Trust; CERN; ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada); NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden); CC-IN2P3 (France); KIT/GridKA (Germany); INFN-CNAF (Italy); NL-T1 (Netherlands)Netherlands Government; PIC (Spain); ASGC (Taiwan); RAL (UK); BNL (USA) ; We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia', BMWFW and EWE, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; SRNSF, Georgia; BMBF, HGF, and MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF, I-CORE and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; IVIES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, the Canada Council, CANARIE, CRC, Compute Canada, FQRNT, and the Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET, ERC, ERDF, FP7, Horizon 2020 and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, Region Auvergne and Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; BSF, GIF and Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN, the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA), the Tier-2 facilities worldwide and large non-WLCG resource providers. Major conttibutors of computing resources are listed in Ref. [110].

El presente ensayo analizó el modelo tributario colombiano y se enfocó en evaluar como la política fiscal del actual gobierno, mediante el gasto publico pretende potenciar el desarrollo de la nación, esto requirió de un análisis de la relación entre los contribuyentes y las políticas de desarrollo, ¿Cuál es su impacto y cómo repercute la acción del contribuyente en el desarrollo de un país? Este estudio tiene como metodología el análisis documental y comparativo, ya que parte del estudio tiene como base el análisis de modelos de otros países y su comparación con el colombiano, así mismo está presente en el estudio la evaluación de modelos económicos en la situación actual del país, que mediante un análisis cualitativo de la información permitió el desarrollo de la investigación, llegando a encontrar que elementos poco populares como la reforma tributaria tienen efectos positivos en la economía a mediano y corto plazo, dando lugar a el cambio de mentalidad sobre el uso de la política fiscal como elemento impulsador del desarrollo del país, este estudio permitirá identificar al modelo fiscal colombiano como un modelo no acorde a la estigmatización que posee, logrando también sorprender sobre la eficiencia del mismo en cuanto a contabilidad tributaria. El ensayo estará dividido en tres secciones temáticas y las conclusiones, en el primer capítulo se abordará la situación del país desde una perspectiva de la contabilidad tributaria, como se aplica en Colombia y como los modelos pueden responder a esta. En segunda instancia está el análisis de modelos de desarrollo económicos que se ajusten a la política de desarrollo del país y como los impuestos juegan un papel importante en este. En tercer lugar, está la comparación de los modelos tributarios de algunos países con el colombiano, logrando ver diferencias y similitudes basadas en las diferencias culturales. Las conclusiones que a modo retrospectivo estarán enfocadas en los hallazgos de la política fiscal colombiana y el potencial que esta muestra, amparados en que se empiecen a dar cambios en la mentalidad colombiana logrando hacer algo de eco en la cultura tributaria de un país que en realidad lo necesita. La función de este ensayo es explicar los beneficios de una política tributaria en tiempos difíciles económicamente hablando para el país. Pero para eso se debe hacer frente al hecho de que los impuestos están estigmatizados como algo malo, ya que Colombia tiene un PIB per cápita no muy alto, lo que hace que el pagar impuestos afecten fuertemente en la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos, pero también es un objetivo de este escrito el hacer entender que a pesar de esto los impuestos contribuirán en el desarrollo del país económica y socialmente. Es aquí donde el análisis de la reforma tributaria junto con la situación del país permitirá identificar en que aspectos los impuestos favorecen a una nación mermada económicamente hablando, posteriormente se comparará el sistema tributario colombiano con otros países para identificar variables que puedan ayudar a concluir los efectos de los impuestos en la economía, logrando así un mensaje de cultura tributaria. ; RESUMEN 5 1. CONTABILIDAD TRIBUTARIA Y SU RELACIÓN CON LAS CUENTAS DE LA NACIÓN. 7 2. EL PAPEL DEL GASTO Y LOS IMPUESTOS COMO EJE DEL DESARROLLO. 9 3. MODELO TRIBUTARIO EN COLOMBIA Y LA RELACIÓN CON LA CULTURA. 10 4. CONCLUSIONES 15 5. BIBLIOGRAFIA 17 ; This essay analyzed the Colombian tax model and focused on evaluating how the fiscal policy of the real government, through public spending that seeks to enhance the development of the nation, requires an analysis of the relationship between taxpayers and policies development, ¿What is its impact and how does the action of the taxpayer affect the development of a country? This study has as a methodology the documentary and comparative analysis, since part of the study is based on the analysis of the models of other countries and their comparison with the Colombian, also is present in the study the evaluation of the economic models to the situation of the country, which through a qualitative analysis of the information allowed the development of research, finding unpopular elements such as the tax reform have positive effects on the economy in the medium and short term, resulting in the change of mentality about the use of fiscal policy as a driving force for the development of the country, this study makes it possible to identify the Colombian fiscal model as a model that is not in line with the stigmatization it possesses, while also surprising the effectiveness of it as a taxpayer in accounting. The essay has been divided into three thematic and conclusive sections, the first chapter addresses the situation of the country from a tax accounting perspective, as applied in Colombia and how the models can respond to this. In the second instance is the analysis of economic development models that fit the country's development policy and how taxes play an important role in this. Third, there is the comparison of the tax models of some countries with the Colombian, achieving differences and similarities based on cultural differences. The conclusions that are about to be focused on the findings of the Colombian fiscal policy and the potential of this sample, supported in that they begin to give changes in the Colombian mentality, being able to do something of echo in the tax culture of a country that in I really need it. The function of this essay is to explain the benefits of a tax policy in difficult times economically speaking for the country. But for that it must be faced with the fact that taxes are stigmatized as something bad, because Colombia has a PIB per capita not very high, which makes the pay taxes affect heavily on the quality of life of citizens, but it is also an objective of this writing to understand that despite this the taxes will contribute to the development of the country economically and socially. It is here that the analysis of the tax reform together with the situation of the country will allow to identify in which aspects the taxes favor to a nation economically depleted speaking, later the Colombian tax system will be compared with other countries To identify variables that can help to conclude the effects of taxation on the economy, thus achieving a message of tax culture. ; Pregrado

Background Non-specific low back pain is a common, potentially disabling condition usually treated with self-care and non-prescription medication. For chronic low back pain, current guidelines state that exercise therapy may be beneficial. Yoga is a mind-body exercise sometimes used for non-specific low back pain. Objectives To assess the effects of yoga for treating chronic non-specific low back pain, compared to no specific treatment, a minimal intervention (e.g. education), or another active treatment, with a focus on pain, function, and adverse events. Search methods We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, five other databases and four trials registers to 11 March 2016 without restriction of language or publication status. We screened reference lists and contacted experts in the field to identify additional studies. Selection criteria We included randomized controlled trials of yoga treatment in people with chronic non-specific low back pain. We included studies comparing yoga to any other intervention or to no intervention. We also included studies comparing yoga as an adjunct to other therapies, versus those other therapies alone. Data collection and analysis Two authors independently screened and selected studies, extracted outcome data, and assessed risk of bias. We contacted study authors to obtain missing or unclear information. We evaluated the overall certainty of evidence using the GRADE approach. Main results We included 12 trials (1080 participants) carried out in the USA (seven trials), India (three trials), and the UK (two trials). Studies were unfunded (one trial), funded by a yoga institution (one trial), funded by non-profit or government sources (seven trials), or did not report on funding (three trials). Most trials used Iyengar, Hatha, or Viniyoga forms of yoga. The trials compared yoga to no intervention or a non-exercise intervention such as education (seven trials), an exercise intervention (three trials), or both exercise and non-exercise interventions (two trials). All trials were at high risk of performance and detection bias because participants and providers were not blinded to treatment assignment, and outcomes were self-assessed. Therefore, we downgraded all outcomes to 'moderate' certainty evidence because of risk of bias, and when there was additional serious risk of bias, unexplained heterogeneity between studies, or the analyses were imprecise, we downgraded the certainty of the evidence further. For yoga compared to non-exercise controls (9 trials; 810 participants), there was low-certainty evidence that yoga produced small to moderate improvements in back-related function at three to four months (standardized mean difference (SMD) -0.40, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.66 to -0.14; corresponding to a change in the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire of mean difference (MD) -2.18, 95% -3.60 to -0.76), moderate-certainty evidence for small to moderate improvements at six months (SMD -0.44, 95% CI -0.66 to -0.22; corresponding to a change in the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire of MD -2.15, 95% -3.23 to -1.08), and low-certainty evidence for small improvements at 12 months (SMD -0.26, 95% CI -0.46 to -0.05; corresponding to a change in the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire of MD -1.36, 95% -2.41 to -0.26). On a 0-100 scale there was very low-to moderate-certainty evidence that yoga was slightly better for pain at three to four months (MD -4.55, 95% CI -7.04 to -2.06), six months (MD -7.81, 95% CI -13.37 to -2.25), and 12 months (MD -5.40, 95% CI -14.50 to -3.70), however we pre-defined clinically significant changes in pain as 15 points or greater and this threshold was not met. Based on information from six trials, there was moderate-certainty evidence that the risk of adverse events, primarily increased back pain, was higher in yoga than in non-exercise controls (risk difference (RD) 5%, 95% CI 2% to 8%). For yoga compared to non-yoga exercise controls (4 trials; 394 participants), there was very-low-certainty evidence for little or no difference in back-related function at three months (SMD -0.22, 95% CI -0.65 to 0.20; corresponding to a change in the RolandMorris Disability Questionnaire of MD -0.99, 95% -2.87 to 0.90) and six months (SMD -0.20, 95% CI -0.59 to 0.19; corresponding to a change in the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire of MD -0.90, 95% -2.61 to 0.81), and no information on back-related function after six months. There was very low-certainty evidence for lower pain on a 0-100 scale at seven months (MD -20.40, 95% CI -25.48 to -15.32), and no information on pain at three months or after seven months. Based on information from three trials, there was low-certainty evidence for no difference in the risk of adverse events between yoga and non-yoga exercise controls (RD 1%, 95% CI -4% to 6%). For yoga added to exercise compared to exercise alone (1 trial; 24 participants), there was very-low-certainty evidence for little or no difference at 10 weeks in back-related function (SMD -0.60, 95% CI -1.42 to 0.22; corresponding to a change in the Oswestry Disability Index of MD -17.05, 95% -22.96 to 11.14) or pain on a 0-100 scale (MD -3.20, 95% CI -13.76 to 7.36). There was no information on outcomes at other time points. There was no information on adverse events. Studies provided limited evidence on risk of clinical improvement, measures of quality of life, and depression. There was no evidence on work-related disability. Authors' conclusions There is low-to moderate-certainty evidence that yoga compared to non-exercise controls results in small to moderate improvements in back-related function at three and six months. Yoga may also be slightly more effective for pain at three and six months, however the effect size did not meet predefined levels of minimum clinical importance. It is uncertain whether there is any difference between yoga and other exercise for back-related function or pain, or whether yoga added to exercise is more effective than exercise alone. Yoga is associated with more adverse events than non-exercise controls, but may have the same risk of adverse events as other back-focused exercise. Yoga is not associated with serious adverse events. There is a need for additional high-quality research to improve confidence in estimates of effect, to evaluate long-term outcomes, and to provide additional information on comparisons between yoga and other exercise for chronic non-specific low back pain.

Die Lichtensteinhöhle ist eine Klufthöhle im Berg Lichtenstein in den Harzausläufern. Im anthropogenen Teil der Höhle wurden größere Mengen disoloziert vorliegender Menschenknochen gefunden. Über assoziierte archäologische Artefakte und 14C-Datierungen erfolgte eine Einordnung ins 10.–9. Jh. v. Chr. Aufgrund eines Überzuges mit Gipssinter und konstant niedriger Temperaturen war ein herausragend guter Erhaltungszustand der Knochen und der enthaltenen aDNA gegeben. Dies ermöglichte umfangreiche anthropologische Forschungsarbeiten an den menschlichen Überresten aus der Lichtensteinhöhle. Eine zentrale Fragestellung zu Beginn der Forschungsarbeiten war, ob es sich um eine Opferstätte oder einen Bestattungsplatz handelt. Es konnte für die zunächst identifizierten 40 Individuen ein ausgewogenes Geschlechterverhältnis und eine Altersverteilung über alle Altersklassen hinweg nachgewiesen werden. Zudem konnten mittels molekulargenetischer Methoden verwandtschaftliche Beziehungen zwischen den Individuen aufgedeckt werden. Die Verwandtschaftsrekonstruktion ergab den Stammbaum eines Familienclans. Damit lagen eindeutige Hinweise für eine Nutzung als Bestattungsplatz vor. Während molekulargenetischer Reihenuntersuchungen verschiedener Skelettelemente und morphologischer Zuordnungen von Skelettelementen zu Individuen wurde deutlich, dass Knochen von mehr Individuen als den 40 bislang identifizierten vorhanden waren. Zudem deutete sich an, dass für nahezu alle Individuen nicht alle Knochen in der Höhle aufgefunden worden waren. Das Fehlen von Skelettelementen warf die Frage auf, ob es sich bei der Lichtensteinhöhle nicht um einen Primär- sondern um einen Sekundärbestattungsplatz handeln könnte. Im aktuell durchgeführten Forschungsprojekt wurden, unter Verwendung morphologischer und molekulargenetischer Methoden, die Zuordnungen der dislozierten Knochen zu Individuen zu Ende geführt. Die rekonstruierten Individuen wurden umfassend morphologisch und molekulargenetisch untersucht, mit dem Ziel, die demografische Struktur der Population zu erschließen und die Verwandtschaftsrekonstruktion auszuweiten. Zudem wurde den Fragen der Nutzungsdauer und der genauen Nutzungsart der Höhle nachgegangen. Es konnten 60 Individuen identifiziert werden. Nur für zwei der Individuen wurden alle bei den Zuordnungen berücksichtigten Skelettelemente vorgefunden. An den Knochen zeigten sich nur wenige Fälle degenerativer Veränderungen. Dies ließ darauf schließen, dass die in der Lichtensteinhöhle bestatteten Menschen nicht übermäßig harter körperlicher Belastung ausgesetzt waren. Spuren massiver Gewalteinwirkung fehlten vollständig. Dies macht es unwahrscheinlich, dass die bestattete Population in kriegerische Auseinandersetzungen involviert war. Einige wenige verheilte Frakturen an Rippen oder Schlüsselbein lassen sich problemlos auf Alltagsunfälle zurückführen. Spuren von Mangel- oder Stressphasen waren nur in Einzelfällen nachweisbar. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass die Bestatteten zu Lebzeiten kontinuierlichen Zugang zu ausreichenden Nahrungsressourcen hatten. Das Geschlechterverhältnis war ausgewogen und die Altersverteilung entsprach in den Grundzügen der für eine historische Population zu erwartenden. Eine fesgestellte Unterrepräsentanz von Individuen der Altersklasse Infans I könnte als Hinweis darauf interpretiert werden, dass tatsächlich Sekundärbestattungen praktiziert wurden und die sehr kleinen, fragilen Knochen der Infans I Individuen zum Zeitpunkt der Umbettungen bereits vergangen waren. In begleitenden Arbeiten durchgeführte statistischen Analysen verschiedener Merkmale, wie z.B. Unterschiede im Grad der DNA-Degradierung, lieferten weitere Hinweise in die Richtung, dass es sich bei der Lichtensteinhöhle um einen Sekundärbestattungsplatz handeln dürfte. Für alle neu identifizierten Inividuen wurden mittels molekulargenetischer Analysen die genetischen Fingerabdrücke sowie die mitochondraialen und Y-chromosomalen Haplotypen bestimmt. Die anschließende Verwandtschaftsrekonstruktion ergab einen erweiterten Stammbaum, in dem für 47 der 60 Individuen entweder direkte Verwandtschaft oder aber Verwandtschaft in mütterlicher oder väterlicher Familienlinie belegt ist. Der Stammbaum umfasst insgesamt sechs Generationen. Dies entspricht – bei einer angenommenen Generationendauer von 20 Jahren – einer Nutzungsdauer von 120 Jahren und passt somit gut zum archäologisch ermittelten Nutzungszeitraum. Die Auswertung der Diversität der mitochondrialen und Y-chromosomalen Haplotypen ergab Hinweise auf eine patrilokale Gesellschaftsform. In begleitenden Arbeiten wurden weitere genetische Marker – z.B. für die Augen- und Haarpigmentierung, die immungenetische Ausstattung oder auch für den Laktosetoleranzstatus – analysiert. Insgesamt zeigte sich, dass sich in vielerlei Hinsicht die genetische Ausstattung heutiger Populationen im Vergleich zu der vor 3.000 Jahren nicht grundlegend unterscheidet. Lediglich für die Frequenz des Laktosetoleranz verursachenden Allels war eine deutliche Zunahme seit der Bronzezeit zu verzeichnen. ; The Lichtenstein Cave is a cleft cave in the Lichtenstein a mountain located in the Harz Mountains. Large numbers of human bones were found spread over the anthropogenic part of the cave. According to the associated archeological artifacts and radiocarbon dating the bones dated back to the 10th–9th century BC. Because of a cover with gypsum sinter and constantly low temperatures the bones were found in an exelent state of preservation as well as the DNA enclosed in them. This enabled extensive anthropological research on the human skeletal remains from the Lichtenstein Cave. One of the main questions at the beginning was, whether the cave was used as a sacrificial site or as a burial place. For the initially identified 40 individuals a balanced sex ratio and an age distribution over all age groups were determined. In addition, kinship relations between the individuals could be detected by molecular genetic analyses. The kinship reconstruction resulted in a family tree of a family clan. These were clear indications that the cave has been used as a burial place. During molecular genetic serial examinations of different skeletal elements and morphological assignments of bones to individuals it became obvious, that bones from more individuals than the 40 identified before were present. Furthermore, it appeared that for almost all individuals some bones had not been found in the cave. The absence of skeletal elements raised the question, whether the Lichtenstein Cave had been used as a primary burial place or as a secondary burial place. In the currently conducted research the assignments of bones to individuals using morphological and molecular genetic methods were completed. The reassembled individuals were analysed extensively using both morphological and molecular genetic methods with the aim to explore the demographic structure of the population and to expand the kinship reconstruction. Furthermore, the issues of time and manner of use of the Cave were persued. In total 60 individuals were identified. For only two individuals all observed skeletal elements could be assigned. Only few cases of degenerative alterations were found on the bones. This suggests that the people who were buried in the cave had not experienced pronounced physical stress. Signs of massive trauma were lacking completely. This makes it unlikely that the population experienced military conflicts. A few healed fractures at ribs or clavicles are easily ascribed to accidents. Osteological manifestations of periods of depletion or stress were only found as single cases. This indicates that the people had continuous access to sufficient food resources. The sex ratio was balanced and the age distribution met the expectations for a historic population in the main features. An observed under-representation of infans I individuals could be interpreted as indication that the context had indeed be used for secondary burials and the small and fragile infans I bones had already been completely degraded at the time of reburial. Statistical analyses of various features conducted in accompanying studies, e.g. differences in the degree of DNA degradation, provided more indications for a usage of the Lichtenstein Cave as a secondary burial place. For all newly identified individuals the genetic fingerprints as well as mitochondrial and Y-chromosomal haplotypes were determined by molecular genetic analyses. The following kinship reconstruction resulted in an extended family tree showing direct relations or relationship in maternal or paternal lineages for 47 of the 60 individuals. The family tree spans six generations. Assuming a generation time of 20 years this equates to a period of use of 120 years and thus matches the archeologically determined timespan well. Differential diversity patterns observed for mitochondrial and Y-chromosomal haplotypes indicated patrilocality. In addition to populationgenetics and the kinship reconstruction other genetic markers were analyzed, e.g. for eye and hair pigmentation, immunogenetics or the lactose tolerance status. Overall, these analyses showed that the genetic constitution nowadays seems to be the same as 3,000 years ago. Only the frequency of the lactose tolerance associated allele showed a clear increase since the Bronze Age.