Suchergebnisse

BACKGROUND: Adults are frequently infected with malaria and may serve as a reservoir for further transmission, yet we know relatively little about risk factors for adult infections. In this study, we assessed malaria risk factors among adults using samples from the nationally representative, cross-sectional 2013–2014 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) conducted in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). We further explored differences in risk factors by urbanicity. METHODS: Plasmodium falciparum infection was determined by PCR. Covariates were drawn from the DHS to model individual, community and environmental-level risk factors for infection. Additionally, we used deep sequencing data to estimate the community-level proportions of drug-resistant infections and included these estimates as potential risk factors. All identified factors were assessed for differences in associations by urbanicity. RESULTS: A total of 16 126 adults were included. Overall prevalence of malaria was 30.3% (SE=1.1) by PCR; province-level prevalence ranged from 6.7% to 58.3%. Only 17% of individuals lived in households with at least one bed-net for every two people, as recommended by the WHO. Protective factors included increasing within-household bed-net coverage (Prevalence Ratio=0.85, 95% CI=0.76–0.95) and modern housing (PR=0.58, 95% CI=0.49–0.69). Community-level protective factors included increased median wealth (PR=0.87, 95% CI=0.83–0.92). Education, wealth, and modern housing showed protective associations in cities but not in rural areas. CONCLUSIONS: The DRC continues to suffer from a high burden of malaria; interventions that target high-risk groups and sustained investment in malaria control are sorely needed. Areas of high prevalence should be prioritised for interventions to target the largest reservoirs for further transmission.

In planning and implementation, the public still lacks confidence in the implementation of a city program without slums. This study aims to determine the implementation of a city program without slums. The city program without slums will address slums by building form collaborative through increasing the role of local government and community participation. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. This research uses a phenomenological approach. Data collection is obtained through direct observation of the object of research and in-depth interviews with relevant sources, namely the Spatial Planning and Settlement Service, which is the implementing elements of the Kotaku program led by the head of the Department, as well as partners and communities who are directly involved and feel. And the data analysis technique in this study uses the Mile and Huberman model which suggests that data analysis in qualitative research is carried out interactively and continuously and until it is complete so that the data is saturated. Activities in data analysis are data reduction, data display, conclusion, and verification. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of the Slumless City Program in Sinjai Regency, for the planning stage has not been carried out properly due to the low awareness of the community in attending meetings or deliberations and the lack of socialization carried out by the organizers, in the implementation stage of the KOTAKU program in Sinjai Regency can It is said to be going well because for three years the implementation of the development of the KOTAKU program was able to reduce the location of the slum to 22.59 Herkatar and community participation in the implementation activities was more enthusiastic in providing energy with direct participation compared to the planning stage.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the position of victims in criminal acts of illegal logging, find juridical reasons to the extent that the state pays more attention to state losses as victims compared to the position of the community as victims in illegal logging. This research method uses a qualitative approach with normative juridical law design. Data collection techniques using library research. Data analysis techniques: (1) presentation, (2) data reduction, and (3) collection and verification. The results of the study: (1) The position of the victim in the case of illegal logging in the criminal justice system is still lacking due to the regulation of the law and the principles in the Criminal Procedure Code itself more prioritizing retribution as embezzlement, ie seeing how much loss arises due to the perpetrators criminal without seeing the position of the community as victims indirectly. Whereas in terms of justification or legal basis in which the government / state is more concerned with the state's loss than the community as a victim. There are principles in the Indonesian criminal procedure law which are strengthened by the Constitutional Court's decision in "MKRI ruling Number 3 / PUU-VIII / 2010" which argues that state control over the earth and water and the natural resources contained therein. This means that the state is given the freedom to regulate, make policies, manage and oversee the use of the earth and water and natural resources contained in it with a constitutional measure that is as much as possible the prosperity of the people and considers the rights of the people as victims only of an objective nature where the state takes policy with more attention to victims generally.

Abstract. The increasing public interest in sharia-based (non-ribawi) transaction and finance encourages the growth and development of Tumang Baitul Maal wat Tamwil (BMT) as an alternative sharia-based microfinance institution. This article is the result of research aiming to analyze the role of social capital in the development of Islamic microfinance institutions at the Tumang BMT, Boyolali. This research is a qualitative research with a case study approach. The unit of analysis of this study is that Tumang BMT stakeholders were selected by purposive sampling. The techniques of collecting data used were observation, in-depth interviews and documentation. Data validation was carried out using source triangulation, and then data analysis was conducted using an interactive model. The results showed that social capital played a significant role in the growth and development of Tumang BMT's existence in the community. The theoretical analysis used in this paper was Robert Putnam's social capital approach. In his book "Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (1993), Putnam defines social capital as the 'features of social organizations, such as networks, norms, and trust that facilitate coordination and co-operation for mutual benefits. The social capital owned by Tumang BMT includes norms based on Islamic principles that are embedded into members and customers. The members and the community's trust grows through the implementation of principles of corporate good governance (GCG) trust, reflected on the professional service to the community. Reciprocity between BMT and the community could be accomplished through providing financial assistance and sponsorship to various events. Networking (networking) is created through "celengan bumbung' system, Angkat Telepon Moro (ATM), Membangun Keluarga Utama (MKU), organizing football competitions and scholarship programs.Keywords: BMT, Sharia Microfinance Institutions, and Social Capital

This dissertation focuses on historic changes in public perception of narcotic use and abuse from the mid-nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth. From the 1840s to the outbreak of Civil War, politicians, physicians, the general public, and state and federal government remained largely ambivalent on the topic of drug use. Opium, morphine, and cannabis were legal, widely available in American pharmacies, and touted as essential medicines. Within the Bohemian community, artists and writers experimented with the recreational use of cannabis and their accounts of that style of consumption filled the pages of Harper's, The New Yorker, and a host of other literary-minded publications. By the 1880s, that seemingly permissive environment seemed to suddenly give way to a government increasingly focused on the regulation and prohibition of drugs. This work argues that a late-nineteenth century opiate epidemic radically transformed the country's relationship with drugs and placed cannabis on a historical trajectory that led to its criminalization in the late-1930s. As newspapers blamed the perceived narcotic crisis that emerged in post-bellum America on the medical community, public opinion turned, to a large extent, against doctors and pharmacists. This erosion in public trust in the practice of medicine— a direct byproduct of an American opiate crisis—instigated a transfer of control over the nation's approach to drug management. Once entirely the occupation of a relatively decentralized medical community, crucial choices over the dispensation of narcotics and their general management shifted to the arena of popular politics. This dissertation argues that transference of power aided the formation of a prohibition-minded state that rapidly banned smokable opium, non-medicinal opiates, cocaine, alcohol, heroin, and—eventually—marijuana.

Plant-inhabiting microorganisms interact directly with each other affecting disease progression. However, the role of host plant and plant habitat in shaping pathobiome composition and their implication for host susceptibility/resistance to a particular disease are currently unknown. For the elucidation of these questions, both epiphytic and endophytic bacterial communities, present in asymptomatic and symptomatic twigs from olive cultivars displaying different susceptibilities to olive knot (OK) disease, were investigated using culturing methods. OK disease was the main driver of the bacterial community, causing changes on their diversity, abundance and composition. OK disease effect was most notorious on OK-susceptible cultivar and when considering the endophytic communities. Plant habitat (epiphytes vs. endophytes) also contributed to the bacterial community assembling, in particular on symptomatic twigs (knots) of OK-susceptible cultivar. In contrast, host cultivar had little effect on the bacterial community composition, but OK-symptomatic twigs (knots) revealed to be more affected by this driver. Overall, the pathobiome seems to result from an intricate interaction between the pathogen, the resident bacteria, and the plant host. Specific bacterial genera were associated to the presence or absence of OK disease in each cultivar. Their ability to trigger and/or suppress disease should be studied in the future. ; The authors are grateful to the FEDER and Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) under Programme PT2020 for financial support to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020) and BioISI (UID/MULTI/04046/2013), as well as the Horizon 2020, the European Union's Framework Programme for Research and Innovation, for financial support the project PRIMA/0002/2018 INTOMED - Innovative tools to combat crop pests in the Mediterranean. D. Mina thanks FCT, POPH-QREN and FSE for SFRH-BD-105341/2014 grant. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The article is devoted to the consideration of the role of women in the history of Buddhist culture in medieval Japan. The article examines the formation of the first female Buddhist monastic community in Japan. It is noted that the formation of the first Buddhist monastic community here was associated with women of Korean origin. A significant role in the institutionalization of Buddhism in Japan and its transformation into the dominant ideology was played by the Japanese empresses, who were impressed by the Buddhist approach to the religious status of women. The Japanese empresses actively supported the construction of Buddhist temples, donated land and significant funds to them. While pursuing a policy of strengthening the Buddhist church, they simultaneously contributed to its centralization and the establishment of strict control over the sangha by the state. The social and confessional status of women in the history of medieval Japan was constantly changing. If, until the end of the Nara period, nuns had the same social and confessional status as monks, then in the Heian era, nuns were removed from government positions and state ceremonies, and in religious treatises the opinion that women could not find salvation until will not be reborn as men. During the Kamakura and Muromachi eras, women again began to play an active role in society, including in religious institutions. During this period, new directions of Buddhism appeared (Amidaism, Soto-Zen, the Nichiren school), in whose doctrines the attitude towards women was more respectful. In the subsequent period, there was an increase in the influence of Confucianism and a weakening of the position of Buddhism in Japanese society, which negatively affected the social status of women and the state of the female monastic community.

Background Policy makers and researchers recognise the challenges of implementing evidence-based interventions into routine practice. The process of implementation is particularly complex in local community environments. In such settings, the dynamic nature of the wider contextual factors needs to be considered in addition to capturing interactions between the type of intervention and the site of implementation throughout the process. This study sought to examine how networks and network formation influence the implementation of a self-management support intervention in a community setting. Methods An ethnographically informed approach was taken. Data collection involved obtaining and analysing documents relevant to implementation (i.e. business plan and health reports), observations of meetings and engagement events over a 28-month period and 1:1 interviews with implementation-network members. Data analysis utilised the adaptive theory approach and drew upon the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. The paper presents the implementation events in chronological order to illustrate the evolution of the implementation process. Results The implementation-network was configured from the provider-network and commissioning-network. The configuration of the implementation-network was influenced by both the alignment between the political landscape and the intervention, and also the intervention having a robust evidence base. At the outset of implementation, the network achieved stability as members were agreed on roles and responsibilities. The stability of the implementation-network was threatened as progress slowed. However, with a period of reflection and evaluation, and with a flexible and resilient network, implementation was able to progress. Conclusions Resilience and creativity of all involved in the implementation in community settings is required to engage with a process which is complex, dynamic, and fraught with obstacles. An implementation-network is required to be resilient and flexible in ...

Over recent decades, there has been substantial change in Zanzibar, due to, among others, global climate change impacts. The semi-autonomous polity faces challenges to foster resilient urban communities and planning for mitigation and adaptation to climate change, not least because of its island nature and rapid urbanization. This article addresses urban and environmental planning measures from 2010 to 2020 aimed at confronting the impacts of climate change and working toward resilience and adaptation in urban Zanzibar. The study was conducted between June and August 2020, and primarily involved a combination of desktop studies, online discussions, and virtual meetings with key actors in the land, climate, and disaster risk policy and governance aspects in Zanzibar. The review provides information on the current responses to policy, legal and institutional setup in terms of the key issues related to land use, climate and disaster risk reduction in Zanzibar. Thematic analysis was used to connect land-use planning, climate adaptation, and disaster risk reduction documentation of the situational assessment, determination and respective recommendations concerning land use and climate adaptation. It is argued that planning for climate change requires greater social will, financial investment, and the conversion of science to policy than currently exists in Zanzibar. Dynamic individual and governmental efforts and select community engagement are likely insufficient to produce resilience, as large-scale donor-funded climate adaptation interventions are largely top-down in orientation and often miss out on local community-oriented climate solutions. Smaller NGOs are more practical for understanding and addressing community-oriented priorities to support climate-resilient initiatives and enhance local livelihood priorities and participation against climate impacts, including natural disasters and everyday degradation. The article concludes with policy recommendations both specific to Zanzibar and relevant across the region.

BACKGROUND: Pathological social withdrawal, named "Hikikomori," is a Japanese culture-bound syndrome and a serious social problem in Japan. The number of Hikikomori cases in Japan was estimated at about 563,000 in 2016 according to governmental surveys. However, no studies have reported how many people with Hikikomori have access to community-based psychiatry clinics, and how different they are from non-Hikikomori patients regarding their baseline characteristics and outcomes. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the baseline characteristics, clinical attendance, and social functioning of community psychiatric clinic patients treated for social withdrawal at one-year follow-up. METHOD: Participants (n = 304) were all patients (aged under 65) of a psychiatric clinic in a one-year period. Baseline patient characteristics were compared among "current" Hikikomori patients, "past" Hikikomori," and "other" patients. Logistic regression analysis of clinic attendance status and social functioning at one-year follow-up was used to assess patient outcomes. Independent variables were age, gender, Hikikomori status, and support from clinical staff. RESULTS: Numbers of "current", "past" Hikikomori, and "other" patients were 60 (19.7%), 81 (26.6%), and 163 (53.6%), respectively. The percentage of "current" Hikikomori who attended in person (56.7%) was significantly smaller than for "past" (92.6%) and "other" (92.6) (p < .001). The age distribution of "current" Hikikomori patients was bimodal, peaking at 20 and 40–45 years. The "current" state predicted significantly fewer regular visits (OR = 0.43; 95% CI = 0.22–0.83; p = .012); support from psychiatric social workers increased visits (OR = 2.35; 95% CI = 1.14–4.86; p = .021). Among the "current" Hikikomori patients, first visit attendance in person predicted regular attendance; no factor consistently predicted working/schooling status. CONCLUSION: A sizable percentage of community clinic patients experienced Hikikomori. The "current" Hikikomori state corresponded ...

AbstrakPersoalan utama dalam upaya penanganan wabah Covid-19 adalah pemerintah kesulitan memperoleh kepatuhan masyarakat untuk mentaati kebijakannya sesuai protokol kesehatan. Berbagai kebijakan ataupun himbauan pemerintah tentang protokol kesehatan terkesan diabaikan atau tidak dipatuhi masyarakat. Studi ini menggunakan konsep legitimasi untuk memahami ketidakpatuhan masyarakat dalam upaya penanganan wabah Covid-19. Metode yang digunakan dalam studi ini adalah penelurusan kepustakaan dan dokumentasi. Hasil studi menunjukkan bawha dalam penanganan Covid-19 pemerintah mengalami krisis legitimasi, sehingga pememerintah mendapatkan tentangan (resistensi), dan kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap hukum, peraturan dan keputusannya akan meluap. Hal terjadi karena pencintraan politik berlebihan yang hanya melahirkan demokrasi semu tanpa fondasi politik yang kuat. Pemerintah seperti ini sulit mengharapkan kepatuhan masyarakat dalam situasi krisis. Kata Kunci: pandemi global, krisis legitimasi, politik pencitraan Abstract The main problem in the efforts to deal with the Covid-19 outbreak was that the government had difficulty obtaining community compliance to comply with its policies according to health protocols. Various policies or government appeals on health protocols appear to be ignored or not obeyed by the public. This study uses the concept of legitimacy to understand community non-compliance in efforts to deal with the Covid-19 outbreak. The method used in this study is searching literature and documentation. The results of the study showed that in handling Covid-19 the government experienced a crisis of legitimacy, so that the government received opposition (resistance), and public confidence in the laws, regulations and decisions would overflow. This happened because of excessive political intelligence which only gave birth to pseudo democracy without a strong political foundation. Such a government is difficult to expect community compliance in a crisis situation. Keywords: global pandemic, crisis of legitimacy, imaging politics

AbstractThe objeZCDFctive of the research are to (1) reveal and explain the implementation of local Government functions in carrying out education program and the essence of authority possessed by each region, (2) reveal and explain the implementation of the authority possessed by each region based on Act No. 32 year of 2004 and Act 20 year of 2003 together with institutional synergy, and (3) reveal and explain the participation of the community in supporting the implementation of the program of education. The results show that: (1) The local government function in the field of implementing education program does not work optimally, (2) Free education program has not been optimally implemented and still needs improvement particularly those related to the national budget on education that is still in the range of 13%, and (3) Community participation in reality is still low, whereas in fact the community is one of the important elements in education. AbstrakPelaksanaan fungsi pemerintahan daerah dalam bidang penyelenggaraan pendidikan berikut esensi kewenangan yang dimiliki masing-masing daerah, dapat dikaji dengan mengungkap dan menjelaskan implementasi kewenangan yang dimiliki masing-masing daerah berdasarkan Undang-undang No. 23 tahun 2014 dan Undang-Undang No. 20 Tahun 2003 beserta sinerji kelembagaan, dan mengungkap dan menjelaskan partisipasi masyarakat dalam mendukung penyelenggaraan pendidikan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum dengan pendekatan sosiologi hukum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertama, pelaksanaan fungsi pemerintah daerah di bidang penyelenggaraan pendidikan belum berjalan optimal. Kedua, program pendidikan gratis belum berjalan optimal dan masih membutuhkan penyempurnaan terutama yang berkaitan dengan anggaran, yang hingga kini anggaran pendidikan masih minim. Ketiga, partisipasi masyarakat masih minim, padahal masyarakat sebagai salah satu elemen penting dalam penyelenggaraan pendidikan.

Ecological restoration is a global priority. Incorporating stakeholders' perceptions has been established as a critical factor to improve the success of restoration and conservation initiatives and decrease future social conflicts; however, it has barely been incorporated. Our objective was to analyze and compare the differences in the perceptions of Chilean dryland forest restoration of three groups: local community, experts, and government managers. We asked about: (1) what is the knowledge, importance, and uses that they have and give to the native forest and its restoration? (2) What is the willingness to restore the native forest? (3) What are the most valuable goods and services provided by the forest? (4) Where to begin to restore? (5) What criteria must be considered to prioritize areas to restore? To determine if the criteria selected were related to the stakeholder group, a semi-parametric multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was performed. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 61 stakeholders. The community gave greater importance to restoring the ravines and creeks, the experts to restoring areas that increase landscape connectivity, and both experts and government managers to restoring areas of greater biodiversity and ecological value. The experts gave a lower value to both social and economic criteria compared to the local community and government managers. The differences among stakeholder perceptions must necessarily be considered in the restoration programs. Research on perceptions can contribute to decision-making and will favor the social approval and long-term success of restoration programs. ; Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT) 21120237 projects FONDEF from CONICYT (Chile) CA13I10276 Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity-Chile (IEB) ICM 05-002 PBF-23 AFB 170008

The article considers current issues of the current state and trends in the legal regulation of the powers of the starosta in the near future. Based on the analysis of current and project legislation on local self-government, the author substantiates the feasibility of maintaining the current method of determining the powers of the starosta and the lack of need to reduce their volume. Particular attention is paid to possible threats to the institution of starosta as a whole and its individual components in the event of any changes to the legislation on local self-government. According to the author, the abolition of the election of starosta may to some extent negatively affect the communication of residents of starosta's districts with starosta, who will be appointed by the community council shortly after the 2020 local elections. Another factor that has a direct impact on the ability of the starosta as an institution of local self-government to further represent the interests of villagers in the community council and its executive bodies is the power of the starosta. The perception of the result of the reforms by rural residents will depend on their volume. It is emphasized that any reduction in the powers of starosta, including the removal of starosta from the executive committee of the council, may not only be perceived by residents of primarily peripheral rural settlements as an attempt to centralize power by the main estate of the community, but also to lead to tensions within the united communities. Therefore, legislators must take a balanced approach to determining the scope of powers of starosta and their legal status in the new self-governing law.

National integrity and development are strongly supported by the role of traffic and road transportation as a step to improve the welfare of the community. For those who ride motorbikes are required to use a helmet as a cycling equipment as stipulated in article 106 paragraph 8 of Law Number 22 Year 2009 concerning Traffic and Road Transportation. But there is a difference when someone who rides a special motorcycle wearing traditional Balinese clothes. The purpose of this research is to analyze the level of compliance of motorcycle riders in using helmets and analyze the obstacles of the police in upholding the law against violations while dressed in Balinese custom. The method used in this study is an empirical legal approach which is done by interacting directly with the object under study with a sociological and legislative approach. The technique used in collecting data is semi-structured interviews. The results of this study indicate that the level of compliance of the Tabanan community in traffic is still low because seen from data from 2016 to 2018 the number of violations tends to increase with the number of violations in 2016 as many as 1394 in 2017 as many as 1186 and in 2018 as many as 2424 violators. Even though in 2017 there has been a reduction in violations, it can still be said that the number of violations not wearing helmets in Tabanan Regency remains high, this reflects that the level of community awareness in Tabanan is still low. 2) The obstacles of the police in law enforcement against violations when dressed in Balinese custom are the lack of public awareness about understanding driving on the road, lack of facilities and infrastructure, lack of traffic police personnel.