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Memories of the Dreyfus Affair, the German occupation & emigration to Israel of the most consciously Jewish elements have resulted in French Judaism's becoming even more of a private matter than that of England or America. Those few French novelists of recent yrs who have concerned themselves with the character & the problems of French Jewry have, therefore, been, on the whole, chroniclers of family life stressing the disintegration of Jewish family traditions in an age of assimilation. The Jew is represented in most French fiction as a foreigner, an immigrant who must learn French ways & traditions & thus become indistinguishable from other Frenchmen. If the fictional French Jew is a native of France his peculiarities are attributed, in most cases, to the foreign origin of his immigrant forebears. These views are illustrated by references to Roger ikor's Les Eaux Melees, Albert Memmi's Agar, &, for purposes of contrast, Pierre Fabert's Le Dieu de Golere. The first 2 authors are considered typical of the assimilated French Jewish liberal who refuses to admit the pragmatic reality of being a Jew because such a socio-psychol'al fact conflicts with the ideology of the Declaration of the Rights of Man & with the French Republic's lofty but impossible policy of assimilating everything alien, both at home & in its overseas colonies. A Jew is assimilated only if & when he has ceased to be at all distinguishable, in the eyes of an antiSemite, as a Jew. However, in the eyes of Ikor, Memmi & all French liberals an anti-Semite is a monster of illogical thinking whose notions & emotions never deserve serious consideration. J A. Fishman.

What someone means by accepting this or that class label comes out more clearly against a full account of what classes he sees & how he believes them to be related. Though the collection & analysis of sample class maps have now gone some way In America, Australia, & Britain, so that the commoner models have been isolated & their special appropriateness to those in particular reaches or strata noted, it is too early yet to expect answers to the main questions: how & when do people build their class pictures; just what work are they given to do; how rigid are they, & what sort of experiences change them; how internally inconsistent & lackadaisical are they? IPSA.

Fortsetzung des Aufsatzes aus H. 2/1956, S. 292-320.

In the countries of North Africa, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya, more than 95 percent of the population of the region is Sunni Muslim, although there are wide variations in belief and practice. Sufi traditions and saints are a prominent feature of the Maghrib, as are syncretic and mystical interpretations of Islam. Culturally, the countries of North Africa are distinguished by their significant Berber populations, and this heritage exerts a strong influence on their linguistic traditions and political organization. Concerning the Khārijites, today they are minorities in North Africa. The Ibāḍīsm is rooted primarily in Jabal Nafūsa and Zuwāra in Libya as well as in Jerba Island in Tunisia and Mzab in Algeria, where it has managed, somehow, to persist since its introduction in the 8th century. For the Berbers, Ṣufrism and Ibāḍism were accepted for their stress on the essential equality of all Muslims regardless of ethnic origin. Berbers adopted the new doctrines not only against injustices of orthodox governments, but in order to maintain their political autonomy in the Maghribian areas and affirm and strengthen Berber cultural identity. On the other hand, as regards their contribution to the diffusion of the doctrine, the Berbers not only played an important role in Ibāḍī theology, but they integrated the practice of Islam in many aspects of the local culture and developed a rich literature, creating a distinctly North African Ibāḍī identity. In this context the sources which shed light on the life and ideas of these Berber peoples are sundry date and a varied provenance. Ibāḍī Berber writings form a rich field of Berber literary tradition, though there is still known about them. In this contribution I have given priority to some of the early Arabic sources of the Berber history written by the Berbers themselves. This paper starts with an outline survey of the early Arab sources and the expansion of the Ibāḍīyya in North Africa, followed by a brief overview of some aspects and information in what way the Berbers have legitimized this doctrine reconciling their culture with the new faith that they have adopted.

The debate on Islam & national identity occurring in France allows for an examination of church-state separation there & the reinterpretation of lai$FMTcite. It is suggested that France, like much of Western Europe, is experiencing a de-secularization marked by the return of Christian religious identity. D. Edelman

This article focuses on how the relations between Ottoman and Iran, which are important states of Islamic history, are discussed in Iranian high school history textbooks. The shadow of collective belief and identity constructed through history education reverberates across the fields of international and foreign policy. Past relations affect two peoples not only politically but also socially and culturally, which mostly manifest themselves in the field of education. The way bilateral relations are addressed in textbooks directly affects the way two peoples perceive each other. The aim of this study is to determine the portrayal of the Ottoman Empire in Iranian high school history textbooks in terms of the relationship between history and identity. Document analysis was used to collect data from high school second- and third-grade history textbooks published between 2017 and 2018. A descriptive model was used. Qualitative research method was used for data collection, analysis and interpretation. Iranian history textbooks depict the Ottoman Empire as a neighboring state that sees itself as the protector of Islam and pursues anti-Shiite politics because it does not want a strong state in its east. They also portray the Ottoman Empire as an aggressive and opportunistic state that uses the internal weaknesses of the Iran State, which sees itself as the protector of Shiism.

This article studies the blogging activism of two young, educated women who grew up in societies that emphasize traditional values. Through their blogging activities, these females embody a space for identity creation and recovery, and challenge the obedience to gender norms, authority, and religion in their home cultures. Though coming from two different societies (Tunisia and Vietnam), both subjects identify themselves within a global citizenship framework through their everyday life and blog-ging that emphasizes connection, harmony, and respect for diversity. The method of this study is a combination of autoethnography, ethnography, and blog research, transforming the researcher also into the subject of analysis. Personal experiences and life stories of the author are analysed in conjunction with data provided by the informant. The data includes personal blogs, writings, drawings, interviews, and collective discussions, which provide an intimate approach to the inner life of the study subjects. Through our analysis, we conclude that blogging may open new political spaces for culturally oppressed differences and become a practical space for girls to exercise their own control of self-representation. Girls who have difficulties in being heard or acknowledged in their everyday circumstances may create new types of expressions and activism through their blogging activity, where they find new belonging and strengthen their identity formation.

This article offers an historical examination of the evolution of the practice of representing international actors as 'powers', and the classification of them as different kinds of 'power'. It argues that the practice emerged in parallel with the use of the language of sovereign states, and points to the importance of the body of journalistic literature on the 'present state of Europe', to the development of the usage of the term 'powers' and associated ideas about 'interests' and 'pretentions', which it contrasts with the tendency within the body of juristic literature to focus on the 'rights' of 'sovereigns'. It also charts the contrary move in the discourse of powers towards a grading of different classes, whereas the tendency within the discourse of sovereigns was more towards equality, although the article also notes parallel elements of hierarchy within equality. The article concludes by asking how the 'normative power Europe' thesis fits with, but in some cases also departs from, these representational practices. For example, the idea is often used to convey the unique, sui generis nature of the EU's identity as an international actor, whereas the normal tendency within the discourse of powers is towards more generic and class-oriented forms of identity.

The paper analyses the layers of Vilnius identity revealed in the city atlas of Braun-Hogenberg. The information of the text and graphical figures is reviewed through a certain model of the structure of identity. Attempts are made to find natural (relief, waters, flora), cultural (political, economic, social, etnical-confessional) and anthropogenical (urban, architectural) peculiarities of Vilnius city, rendered in the atlas, and compare it with the other cities from the same source. The paper reveals the peculiarities of urban situation, the types and morfology of buildup, city poly-central character and features of capital city, characterization of citizenry as well as inaccuracies on confessional balance, network of streets, size of the city. Santrauka Analizuojama prielaida apie Brauno ir Hogenbergo atlaso Vilniaus plane perteikiamus miesto savitumų bruožus. Naudojant pasirinktą tapatumo struktūros modelį, analizuojama grafinėje ir tekstinėje atlaso dalyje pateikta informacija apie Vilnių. Ieškoma atlase pateiktų gamtinių (reljefo, vandenų, augmenijos), kultūrinių (socialinių, politinių, ekonominių, tautinių ir konfesinių), antropogeninių (urbanistinių, architektūrinių) Vilniaus savitumo apraiškų, pateikti Vilniaus ir kitų atlase pavaizduotų miestų palyginimai. Nustatyti plane atskleisti miesto urbanizacijos ypatumai, užstatymo tipai ir morfologija, miesto policentriškumas, miesto kaip sostinės bruožai, gyventojų grupių charakteristikos, taip pat rasta plano netikslumų konfesinio balanso, gatvių tinklo, miesto dydžio atžvilgiais. First Published Online: 22 May 2013 Reikšminiai žodžiai:Brauno ir hogenbergo atlasas,Vilniaus senamiestis, savitumas,tapatumas, įvaizdis

Дан анализ этнической идентичности как фактору политической социализации. Оценена связь проблемы этнической идентичности с политической проблемой государственного устройства Российской Федерации. Выявлено, что этническая идентичность выступает мощным фактором политической социализации формирования этнических групп и их социальных связей ; There is an analysis of ethnic identity as the factor of political socialization. The connection of ethnic identity problem with political problem of the Russian Federation national structure is assessed in this article. It is revealed that ethnic identity is an important factor of political socialization, forming of ethnic groups and their social bonds

Policies on immigration are still essential in politics and they more or less affect a nation's economy ; culture ; and stability. Therefore ; it is important to study immigration. I choose to compare the United States and Germany ; because they are both democratic and federal states ; but their immigration policies stem from two completely different models (heterogeneous vs. homogeneous ; jus soli vs. jus sanguinis) due to different cognitions of national identity. Moreover ; immigration policies in the two countries have become similar throughout the years for economic and political reasons ; but policymaking still shows signs of the influences of different national identities. Through the comparison of immigration policies between the United States and Germany and their consequences ; I intend to demonstrate that the national identity approach of immigration policy theory is the basis of policymaking in regard to immigration ; and I expect to see if similar economic and political needs will result in similar immigration policies in the two countries ; and if similar immigration policies have similar receptions in public or have similar impacts on societies which are based on different immigration policy models. Literature plays a large role in my research ; because it represents some historical facts about the immigration situation as well as immigrants' mentalities. I have chosen several literary works as examples to demonstrate the influences and consequences of immigration policy on natives and immigrants. For future studies ; it is worth seeing if German national identity will gradually change as the population of non-ethnic Germans (in a political sense of German citizenship) grows. It is possible that the change in ethnic demography will affect the perception of German national identity in the long run in the same way that American national identity changed. The notion of German blood as part of the national identity will hinder this process ; and thus I do not expect the change in the perception of German national identity to happen in the near future. If this perception ever changes ; the German immigration policy might change accordingly ; which will further demonstrate the national identity approach.

"This empowering guide shows you how to live your best non-binary life, and offers experienced advice for non-binary people on how to navigate the world and their evolving identity. Covering everything from fashion and dating, to work and growing up, to future key debates, these funny tales and light-hearted anecdotes speak directly to the non-binary community. Read this inspirational, honest and celebratory book if you want to forge a better, more successful non-binary life"--