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The article studies "ontological" security concept. In a general sense the term depicts expectations of a state about its stable and predictable relations with counterparts. With the term gaining theoretical sway in constructivism since the 21st century, we argue, that it still lacks instrumental definition with fixed assumptions and variables. The analysis of ontological security is conducted in twofold manner. First, we overview the broad range of interpretations, demonstrate the absence of an instrumental definition of the concept and suggest some parameters of such a definition. Secondly, we study the ways how a state can gain ontological security. Three options of achieving ontological security are being presented: adaptation (assuming the role of 'another' from the external environment); change of rules (imposing its own role on the subject with whom the interaction occurs); and the breach of relations. At all these stages, the state tries either to adopt the norms and practices by which it interacts with the environment, or to redefine its position in ongoing relations with counterparties. We conclude by presenting a sought definition of the term and by arguing that the concept enhances the constructivist contribution to the IR theory since it allows to define the logic of states' behavior in international arena. Thus, states seek to be socialized into an intersubjective reality and to define norms, practices and status through forging common and communicative knowledge with 'other'. Otherwise, the state's behavior could be irrational. Theory emphasizes the need to avoid situations of the ontological security dilemma: the state projects its own, mostly protective reality, which, however, does not provide it with ontological security from the counterparty and could potentially push for further escalation of crisis interactions.Authors declare the absence of conflict of interests.

Although the "suicide" and the mere fact of committing it, following the established and accepted principles of criminal law, like the principle of "the legality of crime and punishment", does not have a criminal description and does not warrant punishment. However, the investigation and feasibility of criminalization in the "realm" of this behavior, such as the "refusal to help a suicide who has been survived" or "someone at risk of suicide", will not be in conflict with the principles and frameworks in the field of criminalization- in particular, when the attention of Iranian legislator is towards ethics, the necessity of social correlation and, most importantly, the preservation of human dignity in addressing the crime entitled "refusing to help the injured and eliminating the soul dangers" with a few years old is as a kind of criminal act in the form of nonfeasance. In particular, since in the considered single article that is towards the victim in order to determine a task for abandoner is limited to the dangers arising from committing various offenses by people other than the victim, and the use of the single article includes those who are victimized by their fault and even if they express regret and ask for help or infer to a change of decision, in the case the person at the risk of committing suicide, commit crime in the form of suicide by someone else, the necessity of criminalizing the innocent person"™s behavior is completely rational and at the same time consistent with the judicial fairness and equity. Therefore, in this article and with the assumption that the refusal to assist such people is crime, the elements and then the various punishments are addressed after the structural analysis of the crime.

Although the "suicide" and the mere fact of committing it, following the established and accepted principles of criminal law, like the principle of "the legality of crime and punishment", does not have a criminal description and does not warrant punishment. However, the investigation and feasibility of criminalization in the "realm" of this behavior, such as the "refusal to help a suicide who has been survived" or "someone at risk of suicide", will not be in conflict with the principles and frameworks in the field of criminalization- in particular, when the attention of Iranian legislator is towards ethics, the necessity of social correlation and, most importantly, the preservation of human dignity in addressing the crime entitled "refusing to help the injured and eliminating the soul dangers" with a few years old is as a kind of criminal act in the form of nonfeasance. In particular, since in the considered single article that is towards the victim in order to determine a task for abandoner is limited to the dangers arising from committing various offenses by people other than the victim, and the use of the single article includes those who are victimized by their fault and even if they express regret and ask for help or infer to a change of decision, in the case the person at the risk of committing suicide, commit crime in the form of suicide by someone else, the necessity of criminalizing the innocent person"™s behavior is completely rational and at the same time consistent with the judicial fairness and equity. Therefore, in this article and with the assumption that the refusal to assist such people is crime, the elements and then the various punishments are addressed after the structural analysis of the crime.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the complexity of the network governance setting affects accountability practices. The authors pay particular attention to the organizational characteristics that may enable a common understanding of multiple accountability relationships, or lead to problems in reconciling competing forms of accountability, thereby appearing as blame game-type behavior. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted a case study with 31 semi-structured interviews in a Finnish health care organization (FHC) that offers basic public health care services. The organization represents a co-operative arrangement with the main city and three smaller municipalities. The FHC has faced difficulties in balancing budget constraints with the provision of statutory care to citizens. This case is analyzed with the help of theories relating to accountability, the blame game, and dialogue. Findings The authors found that in the FHC operating under austerity constraints, attempts to reconcile financial, professional, and democratic accountability were made but, instead of dialogue and consensus, the different stakeholder groups resorted to defensive tactics in order to protect their resources, position, or sense of professional obligation. The authors suggest that in a context of network governance, accompanied by an increasing emphasis on financial accountability, organizational practices are susceptible to conflicting accountabilities and behavior characterized in this paper as a blame game. Originality/value The study contributes to the empirical studies on accountability in the new public governance context by analyzing the complex accountability relations between stakeholder groups with different agendas. The authors suggest organizational characteristics that may exacerbate conflicts between different stakeholder groups and prevent constructive dialogue. Furthermore, the study analyzes the composition of democratic accountability within the studied organization. ; peerReviewed

The number of tall housing buildings using cross laminated timber (CLT) as the main structural material has been growing all around the world but especially in Europe. This kind of construction has already proven to be a solution with a sustainable profile and despite the conflicts with some building codes and some countries legislation, this construction material is able to shape safe structures. However, to get the full confidence of the public, several researches focused on main CLT restrictions are still under development, such as fire safety, strength of connections, structural behavior, acoustics and durability. This last point is of huge importance considering timber's propensity for rotting and its known hygroscopic behavior. If humidity effects are not considered during the building design as well as the structure's integrity the people's wellbeing can be compromised. The content of the present paper aims to outline important recommendations concerning the reduction of humidity causing damages in tall timber buildings. For that, CLT/glulam hybrid construction system (Urban Timber system) is used to illustrate and describe suggested construction details of a timber building, from the foundations to the roof: the most cautious solution for foundations is to resort to reinforced concrete, in case of biological attacks or unexpected hazards; facades have to ensure the protection of timber structural elements from contact with moisture either through insulation materials or by glazed walls; windows in contact with timber ends should be able to prevent water to reach them; connection between timber elements must predict swelling/shrinkage movements of timber; at least an efficient rain water drainage has to be guaranteed by the balconies and the roof ...

While there is ample evidence of the impact of the central countries governments' on the IMF's behavior, questions arise regarding how conflicts between them are resolved, and what is the scope they have on the Fund's behavior. In this paper two objectives are proposed. First, it is examined the relevance and significance of the Minutes of the IMF Executive Board meeting as a primary source for the analysis of the incidence of central countries' interests on the organism. Second, based on the evidence contained in the Minutes of the IMF Executive Board meeting of January 12, 2001 in which it was decided to approve the "blindaje", it is analyzed the position of the G7 countries regarding the continuity of convertibility. There are four positions that reflect differences within that block, standing out the critical positions. ; Si bien existe amplia evidencia de la incidencia de los gobiernos de los países centrales sobre el comportamiento del FMI, surgen interrogantes respecto de cómo se resuelven los conflictos entre ellos, y cuál es el alcance que poseen sobre la acción del Fondo. En el presente artículo se proponen dos objetivos. Primero, se examina la pertinencia y relevancia de las Minutas de la reunión del Directorio Ejecutivo del FMI como fuente primaria para el análisis de la incidencia de los intereses de los países centrales sobre el organismo. Segundo, a partir de los testimonios contenidos en la Minuta de la reunión del 12 de enero de 2001 en la cual se decidió la aprobación del "blindaje", se analiza la posición de los países del G7 en relación a la continuidad de la convertibilidad. Se identifican cuatro posiciones que reflejan diferencias al interior de ese bloque, destacándose las posiciones críticas.

"By the mid-1990s feminist theorists and critics began to challenge conventional thinking about sex difference and its relationship to gender and sexuality. Scholars such as Anne Fausto-Sterling and Judith Butler troubled the sex-gender/nature-nurture divide. Some have asserted that these questions about sex are much too abstract to contribute to a valuable understanding of the material politics faced by feminist movements. In A Question of Sex, Kristan Poirot challenges this assumption and demonstrates that contemporary theories about sex, gender, identity, and difference compel a rethinking of the history of feminist movements and their rhetorical practices. Poirot focuses on five case studies--the circulation of Sojourner Truth's "Ain't I a Woman?" in early and contemporary feminist contexts; the visual rhetorics of the feminist self-help health movement; the public discourse of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and early nineteenth-century ideas about suffrage, sex, and race; the conflicts over lesbian sexuality in the 1960s and 1970s; and the discourse that surrounds twenty-first-century SlutWalks. In the process, Poirot rethinks the terms through which we understand U.S. feminist movements to explore the ways feminism has questioned sexed distinctions and practices over time. She emphasizes the importance of reading feminist engagements with sex as rhetorical endeavors--practices that are shaped by the instrumental demands of movements, the exigent situations that call for feminists to respond, and the enduring philosophical traditions that circulate in U.S. political contexts."--Publisher's description

Many of the present day major cities have their territory partitioned into administrative subdivisions for a wide range of local governance purposes. Partisan local elections are held for electing the politicians into public administration offices of the subdivisions, which may lead to the creation of local partisan conflicts within each unit. In this paper, I analyze the influence of this local political context on the electoral behaviors formed at the national legislative elections to see if the local political context in the subdivisions determines a lack of democratic representation by rendering the socio-spatial conflicts of the city irrelevant. I explore this on Bucharest, a large city of nearly two million, at the national legislative elections between 2000-2016. The methodology is drawn from the subfield of electoral geography, as I spatial analyse the geographic clustering of electoral behaviors in the six subdivisions of Bucharest. The results in Bucharest show the capacity of the subdivisions to influence voting decisions through the local political context when certain conditions are met.

Objective: This paper asks how evolving contact and gendered working lives, gendered identities, and conflict and parental relationships influence cognitive labour in separated families. Background: The fact that the often-invisible work of planning, researching, and executing decisions concerning children and household maintenance is borne by women/mothers, receives growing research attention, yet, the bulk of this research focuses on the gendered division of the mental load in intact families. Given the high prevalence of separated families with high levels of father contact, more work is needed to understand how cognitive labour is divided by parents residing in separate households. Method: This paper draws on 31 semi-structured interviews of separated parents, including 7 former couples. Interviews were sampled from a nationally representative longitudinal survey, Understanding Society, professionally transcribed and thematically analysed with Nvivo. Results: Analysing the interviews reveals both continuity and change in the division of the mental load following separation. For some families, gendered identities and working lives continue to justify an unequal division of the mental load, even when children spend large amounts of time solely with fathers. In others, conflict can reduce communication between parents, either increasing fathers cognitive labour through parallel parenting or decreasing it when fathers are excluded from decision-making altogether. Finally, separation can present a turning point where working lives and identities are re-evaluated, and the mental load can be negotiated anew. Conclusion: We provide new evidence that the mental load remains gendered even among those practicing a relatively "modern" family form of shared care post-separation, while highlighting possibilities for variation and change.

Conventional wisdom tells us that targeting civilians in civil wars makes little sense as a combat strategy. Yet, the indiscriminate violence continues. Why? To tackle this vexing question, Jürgen Brandsch looks closely at the on-the-ground impact of indiscriminate violence - and what he finds shows that there often is, in fact, a method to the madness. Making the provocative argument that slaughtering innocent civilians may be rational behavior on the part of the perpetrators, Brandsch provides an important piece in the puzzle of how to understand, and ultimately prevent, such atrocities.

Уделено внимание апробации гипотезы профессора И.А. Федорова об историчности феномена имиджа. Для этой цели взят имидж юродивого. Обоснована применимость категории имиджа к поведению юродивого, исследованы теологические и социально-исторические мотивы формирования данного имиджа, а также его функции. Раскрывается феномен «двойной девиации», когда на уровне имиджа поведение юродивого оценивается негативно, а на духовном уровне позитивно. Приведена модель, объясняющая такую диспозицию. Имидж юродства оказывается в рамках этой модели необходимым элементом, помогающим примирить противоречие светского и духовного в жизни общества. Потребность общества в действиях юродивого возникает в случае поглощения светского духовным (клерикализации) или духовного светским (секуляризация). В каждом из этих вариантов нарушается довольно тонкий баланс между двумя уровнями жизни общества. В этом ключе можно трактовать историю России, унаследовавшей византийский вариант разделения духовной и политической власти как поиск оптимального соотношения духовного и светского в жизни народа. Однако соблюдение такого соотношения не всегда удавалось, и появление среди народа юродивых сигнализировало об этом. ; It is devoted to testing the hypothesis of Professor I.A. Fedorov of the historicity of the phenomenon of image. For this purpose, the image is taken by the holy fool. It is proved that the applicability of the category's image to the behavior of the holy fool, explores the theological and socio-historical reasons of formation of the image as well as its function. It is also revealed that the phenomenon of "double deviation" when at the level of the image of the holy fool the behavior is evaluated negatively, but on a spiritual level positive. A model explaining such disposition is given. The image is foolishness in this model, an essential element in helping to reconcile the conflict of secular and spiritual life of society. The need for society as a holy fool action occurs in the case of absorption of secular spirituality (clericalism) secular or spiritual (secularization). In each of the options rather disturbed the delicate balance between the two levels of society. In this way you can interpret the history of Russia, which inherited the Byzantine version of the separation of spiritual and political power as the search for the optimum ratio of the spiritual and secular life of the people. However, compliance with this ratio was not always possible and the emergence of fools among the people signaled that.

The Internet is often mentioned as a driver for digitization or a democratizing tool for societies. However, the Internet is seldom explained, conceptualized or defined. This dissertation elaborates upon and conceptualizes the Internet through three lenses, or thought styles, referred to as the interoperability, the bureaucratic and the market thought styles in an effort to provide an overarching or holistic view of the concept that is the Internet. The Internet, as captured and conceptualized in this dissertation, is separate from services on top, such as the web, by explicit design for an interoperable network which decouples the use of the network from the network itself. A thought style can be considered a set of guiding values or principles of one's thoughts. This dissertation focuses on different views of technology and coordination depending on thought style, that is conflicts and compatibilities between thought styles rather than conflicts and compatibilities between technology and coordination. This dissertation proposes that the Internet was, and is to a lesser extent, primarily mediated through norms in what I denote the interoperability thought style, which aims and strives for interoperability of both technology and coordination. In modern times the norms of the interoperable Internet, through principles such as separation of concerns, are challenged by market actors striving for profits and bureaucracies wanting to subject the Internet to laws and regulations. As core Internet standards were formulated with explicit intention of open-endedness, the vertical integration native to value capture by market actors and control by bureaucracies provides an arena for conflict and misunderstanding. In a sense, the purpose of the interoperability thought style is to limit path dependency, that is to keep all options open for as long as possible. This is contrary to market logic, where an actor might gain an advantage by shaping and therefore premeditating future market decisions. There are discussions concerning both what the Internet is, and concerning what the Internet should be. This dissertation illustrates these issues through thought styles, even if the thought styles sometimes are so far apart it is impossible to find compatible common ground for agreement or disagreement. Net neutrality is an example of such an issue. Seen from the core values of the interoperability thought style, traffic differentiation based on traffic content is not permitted, since traffic content by design should be separated from the implementation of the network to provide interoperability and separation of concerns. This in practice implies net neutrality, but not through regulation or policy, but instead by technical design to ensure open-endedness and permissionless innovation at the edges of the Internet. In addition, the concept of regulation is in conflict with the interoperability thought style, as regulation aims to control or forbid behavior, whereas the interoperability perspective strives to allow and permit behavior. This is in conflict with the principles of the bureaucratic thought style where regulation is one of the means through which to attain a want. Similarly, core values of the market thought style, such as bundling, market barriers and lock-in effects are in stark conflict with the embedded open-endedness of the Internet and the Internet's architecture. In particular there are two separate groups of actors with a primary market perspective: the actors selling services on the Internet, and the actors selling Internet-service. Their logics are similar, but their goals different, and regulation and technical standards could provide an advantage to either of the two types of for-profit actors. It is important to note that these thought styles are not tied to education or work title. As an example, an engineer can be bureaucratic by preferring consolidating and integrative design for control. Or a manager might be interoperability minded by avoiding a business decision because it would have led to technical lock-in down the line. This thesis suggests that the Internet today can be conceptualized as an architecture and set of protocols for best-effort digital end-to-end communication effected by its users through adhocratic processes based on ideals of design for interoperability. This conceptualization is primarily grounded in the interoperability perspective; however, notions of the bureaucratic and market perspectives are becoming prevalent, particularly in actual and future coordination of the Internet. The Internet is currently in a slow transformation towards a more vertically integrated network coordinated by value capture and regulation; this is different from a network where all components explicitly are decoupled to as large extent as possible. These perspectives with their compatibilities and conflicts are captured through interviews, discussions, reading of academic literature, bylaws, standards, routing data and exploration of Internet use. This dissertation also intends to be an introduction to the nascent field of Internet coordination and suggests, through examples, relevant approaches to capture multifaceted arenas colored by norms, values, coordination, and technology. ; Funding agencies: Research funded by the Swedish Research School of Management and Information Technology, and the Swedish Internet Infrastructure foundation.

The article aims to formulate and differentiate the norms of classical science, modern fundamental science, and applied science as wel as determine the areas where they intersect. The four standards of scientific ethos (CUDOS) proposed by R. Merton are considered: 1) Communalism: belief in the common achievements of scientific knowledge; 2) Universalism: the truth of statements should be evaluated regardless of the age, gender, race, authority and titles of scientists; 3) Disinterestedness: the primary stimulus of a scientist's activity is a disinterested search for truth; 4) Organized Skepticism: the scientist is responsible for evaluating the soundness what other colleagues have done as well as the reliability of their results. Using the golden rule of morality, 12 more norms are formulated (5–16 in the text). A tendency of abandoning of Merton's norms has arisen with the development of applied science and its commercialization. As an example, standards of the PLACE system by J. Ziman are described (ownership, patent; solution of local problems determined by authoritarian management; work orders; implementation of work by a limited circle of experts). When rejecting Merton's norms, the features of fundamental and applied science are not taken into account. The article shows that Merton norms and the norms provided in paragraphs 5–16 relate to classical science and modern fundamental science. Ziman's norms as well as the norms in the paragraphs noutid are applicable to applied science. The norms (5–16) are common to fundamental and applied science. Violations of the norms of scientific ethics, such as falsification of empirical material, plagiarism, incorrect quotation, undeserved authorship, and sale of dissertations, are highlighted the article. Their objective and subjective reasons are revealed. Although the behavior of scientists does not fully coincide with the norms of scientific ethos, it produces an important regulatory influence on the scientific community as an ideal, orienting scientists to achieve maximum objectivity of knowledge and its use for the benefit of society.

The article analyses the historical and philosophical views of Patriarch Kirill and his evaluation of modern Western philosophy, formed in the era of postmodernism. A distinctive feature of that time is the blurring of the criteria that define the border between good and evil. According to the Patriarch, this approach is caused by the absolutization of a person's freedom, considered beyond the context of one's responsibility for the actions performed. As a result, the philosophy of liberalism justifies the rejection of the Christian commandments, since they are claimed to suppress one's personal freedom. Thus, the Patriarch emphasizes the importance of preserving the "Christian dimension" of a person's behavior. The present work pays special attention to the Patriarch's conceptualization of the Russian philosophical tradition, which is views as an important means to preserve national identity. Representatives of the Russian religious renaissance (S. N. Bulgakov, N. A. Berdyaev, V. V. Zenkovsky and others), reflecting on the understanding of the Church, society, personality, were able to meet the challenges of the time and satisfy questioning believers. The article focuses on the Patriarch's ideas related to educational issues and reforms. It is posited that educational innovations should be based on Russian traditions, namely on the fundamentality of education. In this respect, it is essential to realize that when introducing the unified state examination procedure as a universal system of students' assessment, pedagogues need to amend educational plans in order to include the development of learners' fundamental skills and knowledge. The Patriarch is opposed to the technocratic approach to education because the goal of education is reduced only to the formation of the skills necessary for work. He agrees that school graduates should possess certain competences related to their career, but they should know Russian history, literature, and culture at a sufficient level. The Patriarch's aspiration to preserve the unity of education and upbringing as a unique feature of the Russian educational process is accentuated.

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Series Preface -- Introduction -- PART I RELIGION AND REGIME -- 1 Religion and Politics in Comparative and Historical Perspective -- 2 The Iranian Revolution in Comparative Perspective -- 3 Rendering unto Caesar? Religious Competition and Catholic Political Strategy in Latin America, 1962-79 -- 4 Warring Gods? Theological Tales -- 5 Buddhaputra and Bhumiputra? Dilemmas of Modern Sinhala Buddhist Monks in Relation to Ethnic and Political Conflict -- 6 The War in Former Yugoslavia and Religion -- 7 Democracy and Religious Politics: Evidence from Belgium -- PART II THE POLITICS OF CHURCH-STATE RELATIONS -- 8 Religious Capital and Capital Religions: Cross-Cultural and Non-Legal Factors in the Separation of Church and State -- 9 Secularism and the State: Towards Clarity and Global Comparison -- 10 The New Religious State -- 11 The Politics of Ideology: The Papal Struggle with Liberalism -- 12 Jewish Messianism, Religious Zionism and Israeli Politics: The Impact and Origins of Gush Emunim -- 13 The Evolving Regulatory Structure of European Church-State Relationships -- 14 Church and State in Spain from the Civil War to the Return of Democracy -- PART III RELIGION AND ELECTORAL POLITICS -- 15 Regional and Religious Support of Political Parties and Effects on their Issue Positions -- 16 Religious vs. Linguistic vs. Class Voting: The "Crucial Experiment" of Comparing Belgium, Canada, South Africa, and Switzerland -- 17 Politics and the Pulpit: The Case of Protestant Europe -- 18 In From the Cold? Christian Parties in Scandinavia -- 19 Modernity and Fundamentalism: The New Christian Right in America -- 20 Cultural Conflict in American Politics: Religious Traditionalism, Postmaterialism, and U.S. Political Behavior -- 21 Religion and Politics in Postcommunist Russia.