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The development and humanitarian community has established its own school of thought on resilience in order to link its emergency actions with its mediumand long-term development strategies. Intervention contexts are becoming increasingly uncertain and complex, raising new challenges that need to be addressed. The school of thought on social and ecological system resilience can provide complementary approaches to help understand the intervention context and the multiple dimensions of challenges, as well as to develop and assess adaptation pathways. These approaches enable accounting of ecological dynamics and interactions among social groups, provide a diversity of knowledge and potential development pathways and, ultimately, support societal transformation. Collaboration between these two schools of thought would provide valuable opportunities.

This atlas proposes a series of different perspectives on the manifold changes characterizing rural Africa. Based on an examination of the major demographic, spatial and economic trends at the continental level, illustrated by several regional examples, its aims is to inform the debate ion the key issues of territorial development and to contribute to the work of the NEPD Rural Futures programme.

During the first half of the 21st century, socioeconomic development is expected to contribute faster and to a greater extent to global water stress than climate change. Consequently, we aimed to identify conditions that can facilitate local adaptation planning for future water security, accounting for the socio-institutional context, developmental needs, and interests affecting water use and management. Our study focused on three forest landscapes in Latin America where water stress was identified as a current concern potentially leading to future social conflict if not addressed. In the three sites, we adopted a participatory approach to implement a systematic diagnostic framework for the analysis of socio-institutional barriers and opportunities influencing local adaptation decision making. This novel application enabled science-society engagement in which civil society organizations were coleading the research. The field methods we used involved participatory social network mapping, semistructured interviews, and validation workshops. Our study generated insights into several interventions that could help overcome barriers affecting the adaptation decision-making process, particularly in the diagnosis and early planning phases. Points of intervention included fostering local participation and dialogue to facilitate coproduction of knowledge, and strengthening the role of key central actors in the water governance networks. These key actors are currently bridging multiple interests, information sources, and governance levels, and thus, they could become agents of change that facilitate local adaptation processes. Working jointly with civil society to frame the research proved effective to increase awareness about water issues, which related not only to the technological, economic, and political aspects of water, but also to organizational processes. The involvement of civil society created genuine interest in building further capacity for climate adaptation and water security.

2006/2007 ; A partire dagli anni '70 si è assistito ad un forte sviluppo delle attività turistiche nei paesi del Sud del mondo, considerati detentori di un vantaggio competitivo in termini di luoghi incontaminati, spiagge, attrattive per gli abitanti dei paesi più ricchi. Forti investimenti sono stati realizzati dai governi locali, attraverso onerosi prestiti dalle istituzioni internazionali, e dai maggiori soggetti privati operanti nel settore turistico. I progetti realizzati tramite tali investimenti possono essere ricondotti ad alcune tipologie ben identificate, che si fondano su un concetto di sviluppo essenzialmente assimilabile a quello di crescita economica. Alcune tra le teorie in oggetto, che possono essere definite "ortodosse", si rifanno a concetti quali la diffusione, le attività di base, i poli di sviluppo e postulano la creazione di aree turistiche di grandi dimensioni, basate sulla scelta di grandi strutture alberghiere, pacchetti viaggio "tutto compreso", dotazione di servizi e comfort adeguati alle condizioni di vita abituali dei turisti, all'interno delle quali accogliere grandi flussi internazionali in contesti spesso isolati rispetto al resto del paese. I risultati di tali investimenti, in termini di sviluppo reale delle popolazioni interessate, in molti casi non sono stati rispondenti alle aspettative. La diffusione del benessere economico è stato spesso limitato a porzioni ristrette delle popolazioni locali, a causa soprattutto delle percentuali ridotte di spesa turistica che rimangono in loco; squilibri e tensioni si sono create tra i residenti maggiormente beneficiati dai progetti turistici e quelli rimasti ai margini di tale influsso; danni all'ambiente naturale sono stati arrecati dalla costruzione di grandi resort, in termini di consumo di suolo, di impiego di risorse e di rifiuti depositati; in molti paesi si è assistito alla crescita di una "monocoltura" turistica, che ha frenato lo sviluppo di altre attività economiche ed ha esposto questi paesi alle fluttuazioni della domanda; gravi danni, infine, sono stati provocati alle tradizioni ed alla cultura di popolazioni improvvisamente trovatesi a convivere con i flussi turistici. Negli ultimi anni, però, stanno emergendo forme di turismo diverse da quelle tradizionali: tali tipologie turistiche, sebbene spesso classificate in diversi modi, possono tutte essere ricondotte alla categoria del turismo alternativo. Tale concetto necessita comunque di una adeguata riformulazione teorica per non perdere di vista lo scopo principale: uno sviluppo realmente equilibrato delle popolazioni locali interessate dal turismo. In ogni caso, al di là delle definizioni e delle distinzioni spesso labili, ciò che interessa è indagare forme di turismo dai tratti comuni: piccoli numeri, mete diverse dalle tradizionali, partecipazione delle comunità locali, maggiore impegno e responsabilità da parte dei soggetti coinvolti (turisti e organizzatori in primo luogo), attenzione a tutte le componenti dei sistemi locali ospitanti (economia, eco-sistema, società e cultura). La domanda che il presente contributo intende porsi, dunque, è la seguente: possono queste diverse forme di turismo contribuire ad un reale sviluppo dei paesi più poveri del mondo? Per rispondere si prenderà in considerazione il concetto di sviluppo alternativo, così come teorizzato da numerosi autori ed in particolar modo da John Friedmann all'interno del suo fondamentale contributo "Empowerment. The politics of alternetive development" e come evolutosi nel corso degli anni. Si intende cioè verificare, anche attraverso l'analisi di alcuni casi studio localizzati in Brasile, se forme alternative di turismo possano aiutare a combattere la povertà in termini di dis-empowerment, vale a dire di scarso accesso alle fondamentali risorse che permettono alle persone ed alle comunità locali di ottenere potere economico, politico e sociale. Nel primo capitolo si fornirà una rassegna delle principali teorie ortodosse dello sviluppo e si cercherà di collegare la diffusione delle attività turistiche nei paesi in via di sviluppo ai concetti chiave di tali teorie. Dopo aver descritto le caratteristiche assunte dai progetti turistici localizzati nei paesi in via di sviluppo verranno delineati i problemi, di carattere economico, sociale ed ambientale, che tali tipologie hanno portato con se, utilizzando anche esempi tratti dalla principale letteratura di riferimento. Nel secondo capitolo verrà ripreso il concetto di sviluppo così come postulato all'interno delle principali teorie ortodosse e ne verrà ricostruito il significato utilizzando i cardini delle teorie alternative: in particolare si farà riferimento al concetto di empowerment. Anche in questo caso verranno delineate le principali caratteristiche dei progetti turistici basati su tali approcci e verranno presentati alcuni esempi tratti dalla bibliografia, localizzati in paesi in via di sviluppo. Si cercherà, inoltre, di fornire indicazioni di metodo per trasformare i precetti delle teorie alternative in concreta applicazione, attraverso l'utilizzo di forme maggiormente partecipative di pianificazione e l'inclusione delle comunità locali nella gestione dei progetti. Verrà infine analizzato il ruolo delle organizzazioni non governative, attori sempre più presenti nelle dinamiche della cooperazione internazionale. Nel terzo capitolo viene presentata un'analisi delle forme turistiche alternative, delle quali verranno evidenziati i tratti comuni, che permettono di distinguerle dalle forme cosiddette tradizionali (o "di massa"), e le peculiarità. Attraverso l'analisi delle caratteristiche comuni, verranno poi prospettati i vantaggi di tali forme turistiche, in termini di lotta alla povertà e di riduzione delle disparità regionali e sociali. Si è cercato, inoltre, di comporre le diverse e frammentarie fonti statistiche relative alle tipologie turistiche in oggetto, al fine di identificare le tendenze degli ultimi anni e le prospettive per il futuro. Un approfondimento è dedicato alle esperienze italiane di organizzazione e gestione di progetti turistici alternativi, sia localizzati nel nostro paese sia nei paesi in via di sviluppo. In particolare è stata realizzata una ricerca sull'Associazione Italiana Turismo Responsabile, la principale organizzazione nazionale che raggruppa associazioni impegnate a vario titolo in progetti turistici alternativi. Attraverso l'invio di questionari alle associazioni ed ai loro associati (in qualità di turisti che scelgono viaggi di questo tipo) ed attraverso colloqui con i rappresentati di alcune di queste associazioni è stato possibile identificare i caratteri distintivi e le principali dinamiche della domanda e dell'offerta di turismo alternativo in Italia. I casi studio utilizzati all'interno del quarto capitolo per verificare tale ipotesi sono stati personalmente visitati dall'autore nel corso di un periodo di ricerca sul campo svolto in Brasile con l'appoggio del Laboratorio de gestao do territorio presso l'Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Essi si riferiscono ad alcune realtà locali, all'interno degli stati del Cearà, della Bahia e di Rio de Janeiro, nelle quali progetti alternativi di sviluppo turistico sono stati implementati negli ultimi anni, sia in maniera autonoma da soggetti locali sia in collaborazione con soggetti italiani operanti in loco. Tali progetti abbracciano un ampio spettro delle tipologie turistiche classificabili tra quelle alternative, dale turismo responsabile a quello di comunità all'eco-turismo. All'interno di un paese vasto e molto differenziato, dal punto di vista geografico, economico e sociale, quale il Brasile il turismo può assumere un ruolo fondamentale nelle strategie di sviluppo e di redistribuzione della ricchezza tra le diverse aree. Numerosi studi, condotti da ricercatori brasiliani e non, portano a concludere che spesso progetti turistici basati sulle tradizionali teorie dello sviluppo, portati avanti da investitori stranieri con l'appoggio incondizionato del governo nazionale e delle amministrazioni locali, abbiano condotto a risultati nno soddisfacenti dale punto di vista di un reale avanzamento nelle condizioni generali di vita delle popolazioni coinvolte. Molto spesso, inoltre, problemi aggiuntivi sono nati a seguito dell'implementazione di tali progetti, quali sovraffollamento dovuto a fenomeni migratori di grande portata (associati alla speranza, in gran parte delusa, di ottenere lavoro all'interno di tali progetti turistici) o sfruttamento eccessivo delle risorse naturali del paese. Soltanto negli ultimi anni, però, sono state inserite all'interno dei documenti di pianificazione nazionale e locale istanze relative allo sviluppo di attività turistiche maggiormente differenziate, che facciano leva sul potenziale naturale e culturale del paese, utilizzando le differenze interne come un vantaggio competitivo e non riducendole attraverso forme turistiche omologanti. Il turismo alternativo può allora trovare spazio nelle strategie complessive di sviluppo del paese ed i casi studio analizzati mostrano come forme turistiche che rispettino le peculiarità locali e che si avvalgano della partecipazione delle comunità interessate siano in grado di innescare processi di sviluppo, inteso come aumento delle capacità personali e di comunità e lotta ai processi di dis-empowerment. ; XX Ciclo

We thank the anonymous referee for their corrections and help in improving the paper. We warmly thank the entire technical staff of the Observatorio Astronomico Nacional at San Pedro Martir in Mexico for their unfailing support to SAINT-EX operations, namely: E. Cadena, T. Calvario, E. Colorado, B. Garcia, G. Guisa, A. Franco, L. Figueroa, B. Hernandez, J. Herrera, E. Lopez, E. Lugo, B. Martinez, J. M. Nunez, J. L. Ochoa, M. Pereyra, F. Quiroz, T. Verdugo, I. Zavala. B.V.R. thanks the Heising-Simons Foundation for support. Y.G.M.C acknowledges support from UNAM-PAPIIT IG-101321. B.-O. D. acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (PP00P2-163967 and PP00P2-190080). R.B. acknowledges the support from the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant P2BEP2_195285. M.N.G. acknowledges support from MIT's Kavli Institute as a Juan Carlos Torres Fellow. A.H.M.J.T acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement nffi 803193/BEBOP), from the MERAC foundation, and from the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC; grant nffi ST/S00193X/1). T.D. acknowledges support from MIT's Kavli Institute as a Kavli postdoctoral fellow Part of this work received support from the National Centre for Competence in Research PlanetS, supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). The research leading to these results has received funding from the ARC grant for Concerted Research Actions, financed by the Wallonia-Brussels Federation. TRAPPIST is funded by the Belgian Fund for Scientific Research (Fond National de la Recherche Scientifique, FNRS) under the grant FRFC 2.5.594.09.F, with the participation of the Swiss National Science Fundation (SNF). M.G. and E.J. are F.R.S.-FNRS Senior Research Associate. This publication benefits from the support of the French Community of Belgium in the context of the FRIA Doctoral Grant awarded to MT. We acknowledge the use of public TESS data from pipelines at the TESS Science Office and at the TESS Science Processing Operations Center. We acknowledge the use of public TESS Alert data from pipelines at the TESS Science Office and at the TESS Science Processing Operations Center. Resources supporting this work were provided by the NASA High-End Computing (HEC) Program through the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) Division at Ames Research Center for the production of the SPOC data products. Funding for the TESS mission is provided by NASA's Science Mission Directorate. This research has made use of the Exoplanet Follow-up Observation Program website, which is operated by the California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under the Exoplanet Exploration Program. This paper includes data collected by the TESS mission that are publicly available from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST). We thank the TESS GI program G03274 PI, Ryan Cloutier, for proposing the target of this work for 2-min-cadence observations in Sector 30. This work is based upon observations carried out at the Observatorio Astronomico Nacional on the Sierra de San Pedro Martir (OAN-SPM), Baja California, Mexico. This work makes use of observations from the LCOGT network. Part of the LCOGT telescope time was granted by NOIRLab through the Mid-Scale Innovations Program (MSIP). MSIP is funded by NSF. This work includes data collected at the Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope (VATT) on Mt. Graham. This paper includes data taken on the EDEN telescope network. We acknowledge support from the Earths in Other Solar Systems Project (EOS) and Alien Earths (grant numbers NNX15AD94G and 80NSSC21K0593), sponsored by NASA. Some of the observations in the paper made use of the High-Resolution Imaging instrument Zorro (Gemini program GS-2020B-LP-105). Zorro was funded by the NASA Exoplanet Exploration Program and built at the NASA Ames Research Center by Steve B. Howell, Nic Scott, Elliott P. Horch, and Emmett Quigley. Zorro was mounted on the Gemini South telescope of the international Gemini Observatory, a program of NSF's OIR Lab, which is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. on behalf of the Gemini partnership: the National Science Foundation (United States), National Research Council (Canada), Agencia Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo (Chile), Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion (Argentina), Ministerio da Ciencia, Tecnologia, Inovacoes e Comunicacoes (Brazil), and Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (Republic of Korea). This research has made use of the NASA Exoplanet Archive, which is operated by the California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under the Exoplanet Exploration Program. This work made use of the following Python packages: astropy (Astropy Collaboration 2013, 2018), lightkurve (Lightkurve Collaboration 2018), matplotlib (Hunter 2007), pandas (Wes McKinney 2010), seaborn (Waskom & The Seaborn Development team 2021), scipy (Virtanen et al. 2020) and numpy (Harris et al. 2020). ; Context. Large sub-Neptunes are uncommon around the coolest stars in the Galaxy and are rarer still around those that are metal-poor. However, owing to the large planet-to-star radius ratio, these planets are highly suitable for atmospheric study via transmission spectroscopy in the infrared, such as with JWST. Aims. Here we report the discovery and validation of a sub-Neptune orbiting the thick-disk, mid-M dwarf star TOI-2406. The star's low metallicity and the relatively large size and short period of the planet make TOI-2406 b an unusual outcome of planet formation, and its characterisation provides an important observational constraint for formation models. Methods. We first infer properties of the host star by analysing the star's near-infrared spectrum, spectral energy distribution, and Gaia parallax. We use multi-band photometry to confirm that the transit event is on-target and achromatic, and we statistically validate the TESS signal as a transiting exoplanet. We then determine physical properties of the planet through global transit modelling of the TESS and ground-based time-series data. Results. We determine the host to be a metal-poor M4 V star, located at a distance of 56 pc, with properties T-eff = 3100 +/- 75 K, M-* = 0.162 +/- 0.008M(circle dot), R-* = 0.202 +/- 0.011R(circle dot), and [Fe/H] = -0.38 +/- 0.07, and a member of the thick disk. The planet is a relatively large sub-Neptune for the M-dwarf planet population, with R-p = 2.94 +/- 0.17R(circle plus) and P= 3.077 d, producing transits of 2% depth. We note the orbit has a non-zero eccentricity to 3 sigma, prompting questions about the dynamical history of the system. Conclusions. This system is an interesting outcome of planet formation and presents a benchmark for large-planet formation around metal-poor, low-mass stars. The system warrants further study, in particular radial velocity follow-up to determine the planet mass and constrain possible bound companions. Furthermore, TOI-2406 b is a good target for future atmospheric study through transmission spectroscopy. Although the planet's mass remains to be constrained, we estimate the S/N using amass-radius relationship, ranking the system fifth in the population of large sub-Neptunes, with TOI-2406 b having a much lower equilibrium temperature than other spectroscopically accessible members of this population. ; Heising-Simons Foundation ; Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigacion e Innovacion Tecnologica (PAPIIT) ; Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico IG-101321 ; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) ; European Commission PP00P2-163967 PP00P2-190080 P2BEP2_195285 ; MIT's Kavli Institute as a Juan Carlos Torres Fellow ; European Research Council (ERC) nffi 803193/BEBOP ; MERAC foundation ; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI) ; Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) ; Science and Technology Development Fund (STDF) nffi ST/S00193X/1 ; MIT's Kavli Institute as a Kavli postdoctoral fellow ; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) ; Australian Research Council ; Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS FRFC 2.5.594.09.F ; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) ; French Community of Belgium in the context of the FRIA Doctoral Grant ; NASA High-End Computing (HEC) Program through the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) Division at Ames Research Center ; NASA's Science Mission Directorate ; National Aeronautics and Space Administration under the Exoplanet Exploration Program ; TESS GI program G03274 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) ; Earths in Other Solar Systems Project (EOS) ; Alien Earths - NASA NNX15AD94G 80NSSC21K0593 ; High-Resolution Imaging instrument Zorro (Gemini program) GS-2020B-LP-105 ; NASA Exoplanet Exploration Program ; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) ; National Science Foundation (NSF)

Agri-environmental schemes (AES), implemented to address a wide range of environmental issues, suffer from what has been referred to as the "end of the contract problem", in the sense that many of the land management practices adopted under the scheme cannot be expected to persist in the absence of payments. A first objective of this paper is therefore to investigate farmers' actual land management intentions at the end of AES contracts. The second objective is to investigate the effect of social norms, and framing of these norms, on the likely permanence of land management practices adopted under AES. That is, we are interested in whether a "nudge" in the form of a social norm can help solve the end of contract problem. Our results are based on the stated intentions of 395 farmers participating in the French AES scheme MAEt. They show that almost half of the farmers of our sample are willing to maintain the practices adopted during the AES even in the absence of payments after the contract ends, and that information about what other farmers intend to do – the social norm - can greatly influence farmers' decisions. However, the framing of this information has no significant effect on stated intentions.

Agri-environmental schemes (AES), implemented to address a wide range of environmental issues, suffer from what has been referred to as the "end of the contract problem", in the sense that many of the land management practices adopted under the scheme cannot be expected to persist in the absence of payments. A first objective of this paper is therefore to investigate farmers' actual land management intentions at the end of AES contracts. The second objective is to investigate the effect of social norms, and framing of these norms, on the likely permanence of land management practices adopted under AES. That is, we are interested in whether a "nudge" in the form of a social norm can help solve the end of contract problem. Our results are based on the stated intentions of 395 farmers participating in the French AES scheme MAEt. They show that almost half of the farmers of our sample are willing to maintain the practices adopted during the AES even in the absence of payments after the contract ends, and that information about what other farmers intend to do – the social norm - can greatly influence farmers' decisions. However, the framing of this information has no significant effect on stated intentions.

Agri-environmental schemes (AES), implemented to address a wide range of environmental issues, suffer from what has been referred to as the "end of the contract problem", in the sense that many of the land management practices adopted under the scheme cannot be expected to persist in the absence of payments. A first objective of this paper is therefore to investigate farmers' actual land management intentions at the end of AES contracts. The second objective is to investigate the effect of social norms, and framing of these norms, on the likely permanence of land management practices adopted under AES. That is, we are interested in whether a "nudge" in the form of a social norm can help solve the end of contract problem. Our results are based on the stated intentions of 395 farmers participating in the French AES scheme MAEt. They show that almost half of the farmers of our sample are willing to maintain the practices adopted during the AES even in the absence of payments after the contract ends, and that information about what other farmers intend to do – the social norm - can greatly influence farmers' decisions. However, the framing of this information has no significant effect on stated intentions.

Tropical deforestation is leading to a loss of economically productive timber concessions, as well as areas with important environmental or socio-cultural values. To counteract this threat in Southeast Asia, sustainable forest management (SFM) practices are becoming increasingly important. We assess the tools and guidelines that have been developed to promote SFM and the progress that has been made in Southeast Asia toward better logging practices. We specifically focus on practices relevant to biodiversity issues. Various regional or national mechanisms now inform governments and the timber industry about methods to reduce the impact of production forestry on wildlife and the forest environment. However, so many guidelines have been produced that it has become difficult to judge which ones are most relevant. In addition, most guidelines are phrased in general terms and lack specific recommendations targeted to local conditions. These might be reasons for the generally slow adoption of SFM practices in the region, with only a few countries having incorporated the guidelines into national legislation. Malaysia, Indonesia, and Laos are among the frontrunners in this process. Overall there is progress, especially in the application of certification programs, the planning and management of high conservation value forests, the regulation and control of hunting, and silvicultural management. To reduce further forest loss, there is a need to accelerate the implementation of good forest management practices. We recommend specific roles for governments, the forestry industry, and nongovernmental organizations in further promoting the implementation of SFM practices for biodiversity conservation.

Groundwater is the major freshwater source in coral islands. Its availability, quality, and management are central to sustainable development and poverty alleviation. Increasing populations, growing per capita demand and restricted land areas limit water availability and generate conflicts. Shallow groundwater in the Pacific is vulnerable in ENSO-related droughts and over-extraction causes seawater intrusion. Human settlements, animal production, and agro-chemicals coupled to very permeable soils, with limited water-holding capacity, result in rapid impacts on groundwater quality and human health. Coconuts, breadfruit, papaws, bananas and crops such as swamp taro, decrease groundwater supplies through direct evapotranspiration from the watertable. The trade-off between maximising and protecting groundwater resources and maximising overlying crop production presents a dilemma for island communities as does the tensions between the demands of an urbanised society and traditional cultural practices. This paper describes an UNESCO IHP project on the hydrology and hydrodynamics of shallow groundwater and the socio-cultural aspects of groundwater use in coral islands. The study was in Tarawa atoll, Kiribati in the central Pacific. A simple daily water balance model was used to suggest groundwater extraction strategies and management options. The lack of comprehensive water legislation and legal agreements between the government and landowners, combined with confusion over the responsibilities of government agencies and community vandalism to water supply infrastructure, are indicators of the tensions between the subsistence past and the urban future faced by many small island communities. The potential for using multi-agent systems to reduce conflicts is discussed.

In Africa, overhunting of tropical wildlife for food remains an intractable issue. Donors and governments remain committed to invest in efforts to both conserve and allow the sustainable use of wildlife. Four principal barriers need to be overcome: (i) communities are not motivated to conserve wildlife long-term because they have no formal rights to benefit from wildlife, or to exclude others from taking it on their land; (ii) multispecies harvests, typical of bushmeat hunting scenarios, place large-bodied species at risk of extinction; (iii) wildlife production cannot expand, in the same way that livestock farming can, to meet the expected growth in consumer demand; and (iv) wildlife habitat is lost through conversion to agriculture, housing, transportation networks and extractive industries. In this review, we examine the actors involved in the use of wildlife as food and discuss the possible solutions required to address urban and rural bushmeat consumption. Interventions must tackle use and conservation of wildlife through the application of context-relevant interventions in a variety of geographies across Africa. That said, for any bushmeat solution to work, there needs to be concurrent and comparable investment in strengthening the effectiveness of protected area management and enforcement of wildlife conservation laws.

Background Currently, about 400 million hectares of tropical moist forests worldwide are designated production forests, about a quarter of which are managed by rural communities and indigenous peoples. There has been a gradual impoverishment of forest resources inside selectively logged forests in which the volume of timber extracted over the first cutting cycle was mostly from large, old trees that matured over a century or more and grew in the absence of strong anthropological pressures. In forests now being logged for a second and third time, that volume has not been reconstituted due in part to the lack of implementation of post-logging silvicultural treatments. This depletion of timber stocks renders the degraded forests prone to conversion to other land uses. Although it is essential to preserve undisturbed primary forests through the creation of protected areas, these areas alone will not be able to ensure the conservation of all species on a pan-tropical scale, for social, economic and political reasons. The conservation of tropical forests of tomorrow will mostly take place within human-modified (logged, domesticated) forests. In this context, silvicultural interventions are considered by many tropical foresters and forest ecologists as tools capable of effectively conserving tropical forest biodiversity and ecosystem services while stimulating forest production. This systematic review aims to assess past and current evidence of the impact of silviculture on tropical forests and to identify silvicultural practices appropriate for the current conditions in the forests and forestry sectors of the Congo Basin, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. Methods This systematic review will undertake an extensive search of literature to assess the relative effectiveness of different silvicultural interventions on timber production and the conservation value of forests, and to determine whether there is a relationship between sustainability of timber harvesting and the maintenance/conservation of other ecosystem services and biodiversity in production forests. Data will be extracted for meta-analysis of at least sub-sets of the review questions. Findings are expected to help inform policy and develop evidence-based practice guidelines on silvicultural practices in tropical forests.

La tesi ha ad oggetto la tematica della "partecipazione dei lavoratori nell'impresa: studio propedeutico alla costruzione di un modello applicabile al settore "multiservizi", con specifico riferimento al caso ed alle esigenze prospettate da una società madre e dalle sue figlie. Il fine specifico dell'elaborato è quello di fornire taluni spunti critici di riflessione al fine di avviare, in futuro, un sereno dialogo con le Parti sociali per elaborare, congiuntamente e nei limiti del possibile, un moderno modello di partecipazione, il quale tragga - altresì - spunto dai principali ordinamenti giuridici di civil law. Nel redigere l'elaborato, si è considerato come l'Azienda partner si sia dotata di un sistema di relazioni industriali articolato su tre livelli, con l'obiettivo di specializzazione e di "non ripetitività" dei singoli livelli di relazione, definendo le materie di competenza, le linee guida e le materie oggetto di rinvio ai diversi livelli,nell'ambito dei macro-temi di: Gruppo/Direzione, Unità di Business/Filiera ovvero singola Società Controllata ed Unità Organizzative Territoriali (U.O.T.). All'uopo, in accordo con le esigenze aziendali, si è deciso di articolare la tesi seguendo un duplice binario (teorico/pratico), dedicando uno specifico capitolo alle esperienze applicative ed ai casi pratici suggeriti dalle best practice internazionali. L'elaborato si apre (cap. I) con una ricostruzione storica dell'istituto (rectius delfenomeno partecipativo) dalle sue prime forme embrionali, sviluppatesi nei "caffè letterari" di fine '800 sino agli aspri dibattiti in seno all'Assemblea costituente, il tutto senza trascurare le proposte legislative rassegnate sotto il ventennio fascista e durantel'esperienza della R.S.I. Dopo tali, debite, premesse ricostruttive di natura storica, nel Capitolo II si inquadra sotto il profilo socio-giuridico e si effettua una ricostruzione e suddivisione del fenomeno partecipativo secondo la classificazione prospettata dalla letteratura scientifica più accreditata, analizzando la tematica della duplice forma di partecipazione possibile (concertativa/conflittuale) ed individuando, quale forma sui generis di partecipazione, quella della partecipazione finanziaria cui, per esigenze palesate dalla Società partner, non si è (intenzionalmente) dato particolar risalto all'interno di uno specifico capitolo. Segue un III capitolo rubricato sotto il titolo: "i pricipi costituzionali e la partecipazione nel diritto interno". La sezione de qua effettua una puntuale ricostruzione dell'istituto partendo dal principio di rango costituzionale e dalla sua interpretazione, passando per il principio di collaborazione e gestione di tutte le Parti nell'impresa. Il capitolo si chiude con apposito paragrafo dedicato alle motivazioni della mancata attuazione e vivificazione del principio, soffermandosi sul dibattito in punto di"democrazia industriale". Il fulcro della tesi è, tuttavia, rappresentato dal IV capitolo. Questo ha ad oggetto la disciplina di legge di derivazione comunitaria. L'impostazione che ne risulta è descrittiva e, ciò, al fine di tener fede alla promessa del titolo dell'elaborato, ossia rendere la tesi uno studio propedeutico all'instaurazione di un modello partecipativo specifico. A tal fine, si è scelto di collocare la ricostruzione normativa e l'argomentazione in un percorso diacronico, partendo dalle prime direttive (licenziamenti collettivi e trasferimento d'azienda) fino ad arrivare all'epoca più recente, il tutto senza trascurare la normativa dettata dalla Carta dei diritti fondamentali UE (art. 27). In tal modo si intende mostrare l'evoluzione degli istituti partecipativi in termini di ampiezza, solidità

In order to limit the risk of extinction of the most endangered species, the establishment of protected areas is one of the means of action for biodiversity conservation policies. These protected areas make it possible, on the one hand, to remove natural habitats home to these endangered species from the various pressures leading to land take, and on the other hand to implement precautionary management measures, the role of which is to contribute to maintaining natural habitats and wild species at a favourable conservation status. The objective of this indicator is to assess the inclusion of endangered florist species through policies for the creation of protected areas. The species considered threatened are Critical Endangered Species (CR) and Endangered Species (EN) from the Ile-de-France Regional Red List of Plant Species. The locations of endangered species have been geographically crossed with the protection zones in order to determine: — the proportion of CR and EN species which are not protected by regulation and in essence, which are protected only in principle, only by regulation, or both; — the proportion of CR and EN species stations, which are not protected by regulation and in substance, which are protected only in real terms, only by way of regulation, or both. A mapping of CR and EN non-protected, protected and/or inherently protected stations was produced as a decision aid in the development of new protection zones. CR species are less well taken into account than EN species. The protection effort through the creation of new areas or the redefinition of existing perimeters should therefore in the future focus primarily on CR species on the Red List, with a clear priority on species not yet included in a protected area. ; Fiche indicateur CBNBP-R-001-IdF : ; In order to limit the risk of extinction of the most endangered species, the establishment of protected areas is one of the means of action for biodiversity conservation policies. These protected areas make it possible, on the one hand, to ...

A unique publication exploring the opportunities for addressing ten of the most serious challenges facing the world today: Climate Change, Communicable Diseases, Conflicts, Education, Financial Instability, Corruption, Migration, Malnutrition and Hunger, Trade Barriers, Access to Water. In a world fraught with problems and challenges, we need to gauge how to achieve the greatest good with our money. Global Crises, Global Solutions provides a rich set of arguments and data for prioritising our response most effectively. Each problem is introduced by a world-renowned expert defining the scale of the problem and describing the costs and benefits of a range of policy options to improve the situation. Each challenge is evaluated by economists from North America, Europe and China who attempt a ranking of the most promising options. Whether you agree or disagree with the analysis or conclusions, Global Crises, Global Solutions provides a serious, yet accessible, springboard for debate and discussion