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Turkey's national policy of expanding the number of hotel rooms nationwide over the past two decades has been successful in increasing supply, but at a cost. The government offered strong incentives for entrepreneurs to open hotels on the nation's Mediterranean and Aegean coasts. Many of the hotels that opened as a result, particularly those in low-price tiers, offer repetitive concepts and are not professionally managed. As a consequence, Turkey's resort operators rely heavily on international packagetour operators to fill their rooms. What has turned into an oversupply of rooms gives the tour operators market power over the lodging operators, forcing the latter into price competition. To compensate for their lack of income, the lodging operators offer minimal services (or are unable to offer good service). A particular challenge to the hoteliers is the tour operators' practice of changing bookings at the last minute, which causes lodging operators with unused capacity to accept low rates for otherwise empty rooms. While Turkey's lodging entrepreneurs probably cannot change the external factors that force them to accept low prices, they could address their internal problems of lack of cooperation and poor management skills.

Turkey's national policy of expanding the number of hotel rooms nationwide over the past two decades has been successful in increasing supply, but at a cost. The government offered strong incentives for entrepreneurs to open hotels on the nation's Mediterranean and Aegean coasts. Many of the hotels that opened as a result, particularly those in low-price tiers, offer repetitive concepts and are not professionally managed. As a consequence, Turkey's resort operators rely heavily on international packagetour operators to fill their rooms. What has turned into an oversupply of rooms gives the tour operators market power over the lodging operators, forcing the latter into price competition. To compensate for their lack of income, the lodging operators offer minimal services (or are unable to offer good service). A particular challenge to the hoteliers is the tour operators' practice of changing bookings at the last minute, which causes lodging operators with unused capacity to accept low rates for otherwise empty rooms. While Turkey's lodging entrepreneurs probably cannot change the external factors that force them to accept low prices, they could address their internal problems of lack of cooperation and poor management skills.

Analyzes the strategic conduct of private banks, their home governments, and their foreign governmental clients in servicing debts of Third World countries.

The rise of disinformation on social media has prompted governments around the world to enact legislation that may affect every person's right to freedom of opinion and expression. This Note seeks to explore the rise of disinformation and the legal framework that applies and to highlight some of the recent proposals to combat disinformation on social media.

In 1982, the Illinois legislature passed the Illinois Domestic Violence Act (the Act) and most recently passed an updated version in 2012. This Article examines how the specialized domestic violence courthouse in Chicago implements these laws. Where the courthouse falls short, this Article will explore why, what can be done, and consider implications for other jurisdictions seeking to implement similar resources for survivors of domestic violence. The results from this empirical study are mixed. On the positive side, the data reflect that judges are properly applying many important aspects of the new order of protection laws and granting a high percentage of emergency orders of protection. The data also reflect that judges fail to grant certain important remedies, even when survivors seek the remedies and appear to meet the statutory requirements to receive them. Judges also fail to specify reasons for their denial of certain remedies when issuing an order of protection, notwithstanding that the Act requires that an order of protection include an explanation for a denial of any sought remedies. This Article argues that these failures are a form of judicial nullification, judicial refusal to fairly interpret the law. Counter-intuitively, this problem may be exacerbated by the specialized nature of this domestic violence-focused court. A second important finding is that the vast majority of petitioners are pro se, and they often fail to seek some of the remedies under the protective legislation implicated by their factual situation.

In 1982, the Illinois legislature passed the Illinois Domestic Violence Act (the Act) and most recently passed an updated version in 2012. This Article examines how the specialized domestic violence courthouse in Chicago implements these laws. Where the courthouse falls short, this Article will explore why, what can be done, and consider implications for other jurisdictions seeking to implement similar resources for survivors of domestic violence. The results from this empirical study are mixed. On the positive side, the data reflect that judges are properly applying many important aspects of the new order of protection laws and granting a high percentage of emergency orders of protection. The data also reflect that judges fail to grant certain important remedies, even when survivors seek the remedies and appear to meet the statutory requirements to receive them. Judges also fail to specify reasons for their denial of certain remedies when issuing an order of protection, notwithstanding that the Act requires that an order of protection include an explanation for a denial of any sought remedies. This Article argues that these failures are a form of judicial nullification, judicial refusal to fairly interpret the law. Counter-intuitively, this problem may be exacerbated by the specialized nature of this domestic violence-focused court. A second important finding is that the vast majority of petitioners are pro se, and they often fail to seek some of the remedies under the protective legislation implicated by their factual situation.

Wahleinstellung und Wahlentscheidung.

Themen: Institutionenvertrauen: in Parlament, Regierung, Gerichte,
Armee und Polizei; Meinung zum Präsidenten, Führer der VMRO-DPMNE
Partei, Premierminister und Ljubcho Georgievski; zukünftiger Präsident.

Demographie: Geschlecht; Alter; Bildung; Beruf; ethnische
Zugehörigkeit; Wohnort; Region.

Vertrauen in Politiker und politische Institutionen.

Themen: Allgemeine Entwicklung im Land; Vertrauen in den Präsidenten,
Regierung, Parlament, Gerichte, Armee, Polizei, Orthodoxe Kirche, NATO
und EU; Vertrauen in Politiker: Ljubcho Georgievski, Stojan Andov,
Branko Crvenkovski, Ljube Boshkovski, Arben Xaferi, Imer Imeri, Ali
Ahmeti, Tito Petkovski, Nikola Gruevski, Nikola Popovski, Marijan
Gjorcev, Ganka Samoilova Cvetanovska, Boris Zmejkovski, Vlado
Buchkovski, Dosta Dimovska, Vasil Tupurkovski, Boris Stojmenov, Radmila
Shekerinska Menduh Tachi; Ilinka Mitreva; Vertrauen in Parteien:
VMRO-DPMNE, SDSM; vorgezogene Neuwahlen.

Demographie: Geschlecht; Alter; Bildung; Beruf; ethnische
Zugehörigkeit; Wohnort; Region.

Migrant worker remittances often take place outside the scope of government enforcement. Through an examination of the informal remittance transfer system of hawala, this paper argues that self-enforcing exchange mechanisms can support high volume trade in the absence of formal contract enforcement. Hawala networks employ ex post reputation mechanisms between agents and ex ante signaling to uphold obligations under conditions of contract uncertainty.

This is a conference paper. ; All countries have recognised that water and sanitation are human rights and there are solid commitments to realising services for all. However, guidance on putting the human rights to water and sanitation into practice still tends to address more central levels of government, rather than local government where services need to be planned for, implemented and maintained. A group of organisations has developed the 'Making Rights Real' toolkit to close this gap. The toolkit was tested in India with the aim of understanding its effectiveness in changing thinking among local government officials. Throughout the trial, encouraging impressions as well as important learnings for the further use of the toolkit were made.

Controversial events of the last few years have presented the American public with the question whether arms transfers by the United States have gotten out of hand. Has our country become the chief "merchant of death," as believed by many at the time of Senator Nye's investigation soon after World War I, or is it the "arsenal of democracy," as generally believed during and after World War II? This article deals with transfers of all kinds of non-nuclear arms from or by the United States, and it examines all types of transfers including grants, transfers on credit, government to government sales, and commercial transactions in which the seller is part of the private sector of the United States. There is an analysis of statutory law and applicable international agreements, followed by a description of the machinery that the United States Government uses to make decisions regarding transfers. The statistics are then discussed, focusing primarily on the current programs, but seeking to discern trends. There is a discussion of United States foreign affairs and military policy involved in arms transfers and a consideration of economic factors. In conclusion there are some comments about the future.