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This analogy, written before Milosevic's ouster, theorizes that Serbia in the aftermath of Kosovo mirrors Germany after 1919 as a nation forced to accept an imposed peace. From the evidence, a resurgence of Serb nationalism & territorial ambition is still inevitable. Various parallels support this conclusion, including the use of postwar sanctions, demands to hand over a wanted war criminal & own up to guilt, geographical fragmentation, political uncertainty, economic depression, & military association with Russia. The salient point remains one of oversight by the victors to acknowledge that an ignominious settlement is the source of all grievances & patterns of instability. 1 Map. Adapted from the source document.

MOST DISCUSSIONS ABOUT THE EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON SECURITY FOCUS ON THREATS. THIS DEBATE ABOUT NEW THREATS IS ESSENTIALLY A PRODUCT OF REALIST REASONING, AND NOT VERY HELPFUL IN ANALYZING THE MAJOR REPERCUSSIONS OF GLOBALIZATION ON SECURITY. THIS ARTICLE ANALYZES THE EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON POLITICS AND ON SECURITY. IT COMPARES REALISM WITH CONSTRUCTIVISM AND THE UNDERLYING SECURITY CONCEPTS OF BOTH IN THEIR CAPACITY TO GRASP THESE EFFECTS. IT THEN FOCUSES ON THE MAIN CHALLENGE RESULTING FROM GLOBALIZATION: THE GREATER NEED FOR COLLECTIVE ACTION STEMMING FROM ENHANCED AWARENESS OF GLOBAL PROBLEMS UNDER EXISTING CONDITIONS OF INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL FRAGMENTATION.

This article presents a review and analysis of empirically based research on strategic management in nonprofit organizations reported in major journals from 1977 to the present. Although much work has been done on strategy formulation, types of strategies pursued, and implementation in nonprofits, significant gaps exist in our knowledge. Few explicit connections have been made among research studies, contributing to fragmentation of the field. Crucial relationships among strategy components are missing, and links between these components and organizational performance have yet to be made. The article analyzes what is known about strategic management in nonprofits and identifies questions for future research.

The focus of this article is on institutions that, from a comparative perspective, have usually been perceived as contributing both to Germany's economic success and social integration: the vocational training and the industrial relations systems. The traditional institutional arrangements are being undermined by the consequences of German unification, persistence, mass unemployment and the disappearance of long-term perspectives on the part of capital. Of course, the 'German model' was never as consistent as the stylized accounts presented it to be, but recent changes in power relations have partly paralysed institutional enforcement processes and thereby have led to the fragmentation of institutional settings.

This paper analyses the effects of International Monetary Fund (IMF) arrangements on the timing of inflation stabilization programs. Essentially, we test the hypothesis that IMF aid accelerates stabilization using probit and proportional hazards models. As in theoretical models, results are mixed: larger withdrawals of the amounts agreed to seem to hasten stabilization, but there is weak evidence that IMF arrangements lead to greater delays. Concerning other effects, greater fragmentation of the political system delays stabilization while higher inflation tends to hasten it. Other political and economic variables do not seem to have significant effects on the timing of ...

Does economic restructuring provide opportunities for remaking old industrial centers into regional industrial systems? Such regions possess institutions that allow firms and support organizations to adjust to market shifts. The case of Detroit's Downriver suburbs is used to explore this question in a metropolitan setting. Downriver regionalism supported several market interventions, showing that restructuring can create opportunities for economic regionalism. However, regionalism did not produce industrial adjustment mechanisms and eventually succumbed to interlocal competition for investment. The author concludes that prospects for regional systems are diminished by metropolitan fragmentation and national policies promoting capital mobility as the primary mechanism for economic adjustment.

Most Latin American party systems change so often and in so many respects that the `typical' party system of each country can be described only in imprecise terms, if at all. However, the nature of party systems as they are defined in individual elections can be described in rich and fairly reliable detail. This article compares the party systems of 20th-century Latin America election by election through indicators of fragmentation, volatility, personalism, ideological clarity, mean left-right tendency and polarization. The data cover approximately 150 lower or single-house legislative elections in 20th-century Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela.

Globalization cuts both ways. Not only does it valorize the local in a cultural sense, it constructs the local as the tribal. Processes of geopolitical fragmentation give those in power even more room to manoeuvre. Glocalization involves the reallocation of poverty and stigma from above without even the residual responsibility of noblesse oblige. Geographical and social mobility are dichotomized; populations are refigured as tourists and vagabonds. Globalization thus reinforces already existing patterns of domination, while globalization indicates trends to dispersal and conflict on neo-traditional grounds. The privileged walk, or fly away; the others take revenge upon each other.

Assesses the rise in importance of cities in Europe, which are relying on their demographic & economic dynamism, on the one hand, & their political strategies, on the other. In most European countries, urban elites are trying to implement medium-term development strategies & to fight against fragmentation. Globalization represents both a constraint & an opportunity for cities; it does not determine their strategies or policies. Though often in the background, the state remains an important factor in the evolution of cities in Europe, but not a dominant one. This emergence of the city as a player goes hand in hand with processes of identity redefinition & collective strategies. Adapted from the source document.

An Encyclopedia by Tradition Arranges its Material in Alphabetical order. Therefore, the subject matter is broken down into small pieces, which in the case of larger subjects is a problem. Some fields clearly are at an advantage over others, depending on how easily a keyword can be found and fitted to a given set of questions. Some types of keywords seem to lead to a greater fragmentation of the fields treated under them, whereas other types lend themselves more readily to the presentation of larger subjects. The Encyclopaedia Iranica is no exception, and therefore the following review is arranged by types of entries.

In this article, the author reflects on the changes in the Czech Republic since 1989, including the subjective experiences of new-found freedom, the initial influx of foreign experts and visitors, and the unanticipated difficulties, such as rising crime rates, that have accompanied these changes. The article focuses on the social fragmentation, hardships, and disillusionment that have been part of the post-socialist experience. The author emphasizes the importance of research in better understanding the recent social changes in the Czech Republic and suggests that skill building in negotiation, communication, and problem solving is greatly needed to manage the impact of these changes.

Discusses why the Federal Republic of Germany lacks a politically potent movement of the unemployed, arguing that only a small portion of the 4 million unemployed participate in organized protest for several structural & environmental reasons, eg, fragmentation caused by organizational, ideological, & strategic differences between the movement's religious, unionist, welfare-corporatist, & independent currents. An integrative model of unemployment work is presented, & it is contended that the movement's future is bleak without improved coordination, fictional rapprochement, & establishment of a coalition politics with realistic political goals & a sound media strategy. 1 Table, 1 Figure, 23 References. Adapted from the source document.

Announces a research project at the political science department of the Freie U (Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany) on social movement & nongovernmental organization (NGO) networks' roles in governing a world that is globalizing under the hegemony of a neoliberal economic order. The empirical material to be analyzed will primarily pertain to international climate policy & related world conferences. Issues to be explored include conceptions of global governance, possibilities for democractic participation, function of the global mass media, development of international forms of civil society, & new lines of fragmentation & conflict. A theoretically eclectic approach to the politicization of globalization is advocated. E. Blackwell