Suchergebnisse

The performance of the Malian economy is largely dependent on the performance of the agricultural sector. The overall good growth in the Malian economy over the last several years is attributed to the agricultural GDP growth. Since 1995, the economy grew at about 5 percent per year until 2010, but a global recession, the military coup and terrorist activity caused a noticeable slowdown in GDP to about 1.2 percent in 2011-2012. The economic growth has resumed at a slow pace since 2013 and is currently estimated around 4.5 percent for 2014-2015. Agricultural development in general and agricultural finance in particular is hampered by a lack of quality data on the sector. Although improving, reliable statistical information is still lacking in Mali. There are often inconsistencies in agricultural data presented in the various reports available in the country. Although data on the main food crops and cotton are readily available, quality information on the high potential value chains, like mango and meat and dairy value chains, is less frequently provided. The lack of quality agricultural statistics makes public planning and analysis difficult and deters private sector investment.

Nearly half of East Asia population lives in cities and the region is urbanizing so rapidly that built up areas are projected to increase faster here than in any other region in the next twenty years. Still, more than half of slum dwellers around the world live in East Asia. These are the people most vulnerable to disaster impacts. Given that Asia accounted for more than a third of the number of all reported disasters in 2010, and that natural disasters have quadrupled in the region during the past twenty years the fastest rate of increase of any region in the world managing urban growth for resilience is increasingly important. And yet, many cities do not have master plans to guide their projected growth, let alone tools for risk sensitive land use planning. The impetus for action will come from accessible tools that allow local policymakers to first minimize risk today and then think about addressing future risk. This methodology report describes the underlying risk components, including a description of the models required inputs related to metropolitan elements at risk, hazard sub-indices for thirteen hazard types and thirty parameters of physical, socioeconomic, and institutional vulnerability. In addition to this report, three city reports present results that can be used by a variety of users from those interested in the overall city wide risk from all natural hazards to those interested in more disaggregated information.

1 Opening Session / Jean Vertut Memorial Session, Eulogy -- Advanced Teleoperation. Introductory Paper. The Advanced Teleoperation Project -- Advanced Teleoperation (I). Control and Supervision in Computer Aided Teleoperation -- Advanced Teleoperation (II). The Generalized Information Feedback Concept in Computer-Aided Teleoperation -- Advanced Teleoperation (III). An Integrated Experiment -- Analysis of a Robot Wrist Device for Mechanical Decoupling of the End-Effector Position and Orientation -- 2 Mechanics 1 -- Robot Motion: Configuration Analysis of Redundant and Non Redundant Manipulators -- Analysis of the Positioning and Orientation Accuracy in 6R Manipulators (Direct Task) -- A Unified Approach to Modelling of Flexible Robot Arms -- Solving the Inverse Kinematic Problem for Robotic Manipulators -- Determination of the Accuracy of Flexible Automatic Positioning Module with Clearances -- Invariant Kinestatic Filtering -- 3 Mechanics 2 -- Redundant Manipulators and Kinematic Singularities The Operational Space Approach -- Modelling and Simulation of Mechanical Process in Hyperstatical Gripping with n-Contact Points -- Computer Aided Modelling of Pneumo-Hydraulic Robots -- A Cartesian Model of Manipulator Kinematics -- A Method for Solving the Inverse Problem of Kinematics of Anthropomorphic Manipulators with Spherical Wrist -- Dynamic Equations of General Robots by Kane's Method -- The Role of Delay in Robot Dynamics -- 4 Synthesis and Design 1 -- Smart Hand Systems for Robotics and Teleoperation -- A Mathematical Model of a Flexible Manipulator of the Elephant's-Trunk-Type -- Analytical Design of Two-Revolute Open Chains -- On a Fundamental Study of Micro Mechanical Gripper Using Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) Actuator -- The Kinematic Design and Mass Redistribution of Manipulator Arms for Decoupled and Invariant Inertia -- Graphical-Interactive System for CAD and Simulation of Manipulation Systems -- 5 Sensing and Machine Intelligence 1 -- Force Feedback in Telemanipulators -- Theoretical and Experimental Investigations of Optical Fibre Reflective Sensors for Robotics -- Task Specification and Closed Loop Control of Manipulators in the Presence of External Sensors -- Adaptive Force Control of Grippers Taking into Account the Dynamics of Objects -- Bilateral Remote Control with Dynamic Reflexion -- 6 Control of Motion 1 -- Finger-Arm Coordination Control Method for Multiple Degrees of Freedom Robot -- A Model-Based Expert System for Strategical Control Level of Manipulation Robots -- Robot-Task Adaptability by Semi-Local Correction without Contact -- Robot Control Synthesis in Conjunction with Moving Workpieces -- Dynamic Command Motion Tuning for Robots. A Self Learning Algorithm -- 7 Sensing and Machine Intelligence 2 -- C-Surface Theory Applied to Force-Feedback Control of Robots -- Experimental Investigation of Active Force Control of Robot and Manipulator Arms -- Automatic Grasp Planning. An Operation Space Approach -- A Method of Optical Processing in the Robot Vision -- Tridimensional Optical Syntaxer -- 8 Locomotion and Walking Machines -- Towards Generalized Concepts and Tools for Unconventional Mobile Robots. General Languages, Mobility Modes -- Mobile Robotic Systems for Use in Unstructured Terrain -- Wall Climbing Vehicle Using Internally Balanced Magnetic Unit -- Experimental Development of a Walking Transport Robot -- Legs that Deform Elastically -- Features of Mechanisms Synthesis of Walking Robot Propelling Agents -- Avoiding Obstacles by a Mobile Robotized Vehicle -- 9 Application and Performance Evaluation -- The Automation of the Mine Support Erection Technology with Remotely-Controlled Manipulators -- Experimental Investigations of Robots and Manipulators -- Minimization of Vibrations of a Gantry Manipulator During Positioning -- Experimental Evaluation of Feedforward and Computed Torque Control -- Experimental Research and Development of Methods for Improving Kinematic and Dynamic Robot Characteristics -- 10 Synthesis and Design 2 -- Kinematics and Torque Control of Multi-Fingered Articulated Robot Hand -- Progress towards a Robotic Aid for the severely Disabled -- Logical Structures for Collision Avoidance in Assembly with Robots -- Repositioning-Unit for very Fine and Accurate Displacements Analysis and Design -- 11 Synthesis and Design 3 -- Polyarticulated Mechanical Structure for Decoupling the Position and Orientation of a Robot -- Application of I-Coordinates in Robotics -- Design of Spring Mechanisms for Balancing the Weight of Robots -- Structural and Geometrical Systematization of Spatial Positioning Kinematic Chains Employed in Industrial Robots -- Tasks and Methods of Constructing Mechanical Facilities and Control Systems of Industrial Robots Taking into Account their Force Interaction with the Equipment -- 12 Control of Motion 2 -- Contribution to Solving Dynamic Robot Control in Machining Process -- An Approach to Development of Real-Time Robot Models -- Time-Optimal Robotic Manipulator Task Planning -- Time-Optimal Motions of Some Robotic Systems -- Frequency Space Synthesis of a Robust Dynamic Command -- Structure Strategy Problem on a Redundant Manipulator -- Participants.

The object of this master thesis is a process of forming new ecological policy and waste management system of collecting, recycling and utilization of municipal waste in Ukraine. The main purpose of the theses is to determine features and problems of the functioning of the waste management system in Ukraine in light of the country's obligations resulted from signing of the Association Agreement between European Union (EU) and Ukraine in 2014. The main objectives of the theses are to research world's best practices in waste management, to analyze recycling processes of the system and waste recycling hierarchy options, to research laws and regulations of the EU and Ukraine in waste management to focus on main principles; to make an analyses of the empirical data received from expert interviews to summarize specifics and problems of the whole waste management system. The following methods were used such as analyses of the scientific literature and statistical data as well as laws and regulations and qualitative methods of analyses of expert interviews with state employee of the ecological body and employees of non-government organizations. The following conclusion was made that current ecological policy of Ukraine in regards with waste management system needs a correction in areas of implementation of European ecological standards. Ukraine is in a state of deep structural reforms under a heavy burden of different ecological problems. Current status of the waste management system and its functioning mechanisms do not allow handling constantly increasing volume of waste to make it economically beneficial and to be effective in ecological sense. Utility tariffs for waste management do not cover a fraction of the cost to collect, transport and recycle waste. Collection of waste products is not well coordinated, the lack of a clear division of areas of responsibility between collectors, carriers and those responsible for recycling leads to their demotivation in the qualitative results of each stage of waste treatment, which as a result leads to a small percentage of secondary material resources extracted from waste. In the regions, the problem of collection leads to unauthorized landfills. There is a communications problem between central government, local authorities and general public, when legislation norms and requirements are adopted and then an understanding comes in that neither conditions nor infrastructure readiness can handle these legislation initiatives. General public is not well informed on basics of the ecological policy which is only done by non-government organizations, which is definitely not enough. Low utility rates for waste disposal do not meet the basic principle of the environmental policy on minimizing landfills disposal volumes. The lack of a unified system of accounting for transported and disposed wastes and criteria may be a reason for obtaining the distorted data necessary for further quality planning. The prevention and minimization of waste generation is not considered at the legislative level as apriority principle of environmental policy in the field of waste management. Lack of funding and worn out infrastructure does not allow implementing new recycling technologies in full. Copy and paste approach of the EU ecological legislation does not help to resolve problems in Ukraine. Cohesion policy and integration practices of the EU and Ukraine require thorough planning and precise implementation with performance indicators. Ecological integration must be executed in a framework of current legislation considering current local conditions and practices, the infrastructure status, recommendations of non-government organizations and donors as well as EU experience in implementing such a policy. During five years since Ukraine signed Association Agreement with the EU and its member-states a significant progress was made in coherence policy of the waste management system; however dynamics of positive changes are quit low. The Government in cooperation with NGOs, donors and general public is in a good position to develop ecological norms and requirements and successfully implement it to create mechanisms of stimulus and rationale for all actors of the waste management system in line with EU policy guidelines. The author believes that the results of the study could give useful guidelines to students, researchers, people involved in governance, legislation, management and public policy and whose, whom personal and professional interests lie in the area of ecology, environmental protection and waste management.

The object of this master thesis is a process of forming new ecological policy and waste management system of collecting, recycling and utilization of municipal waste in Ukraine. The main purpose of the theses is to determine features and problems of the functioning of the waste management system in Ukraine in light of the country's obligations resulted from signing of the Association Agreement between European Union (EU) and Ukraine in 2014. The main objectives of the theses are to research world's best practices in waste management, to analyze recycling processes of the system and waste recycling hierarchy options, to research laws and regulations of the EU and Ukraine in waste management to focus on main principles; to make an analyses of the empirical data received from expert interviews to summarize specifics and problems of the whole waste management system. The following methods were used such as analyses of the scientific literature and statistical data as well as laws and regulations and qualitative methods of analyses of expert interviews with state employee of the ecological body and employees of non-government organizations. The following conclusion was made that current ecological policy of Ukraine in regards with waste management system needs a correction in areas of implementation of European ecological standards. Ukraine is in a state of deep structural reforms under a heavy burden of different ecological problems. Current status of the waste management system and its functioning mechanisms do not allow handling constantly increasing volume of waste to make it economically beneficial and to be effective in ecological sense. Utility tariffs for waste management do not cover a fraction of the cost to collect, transport and recycle waste. Collection of waste products is not well coordinated, the lack of a clear division of areas of responsibility between collectors, carriers and those responsible for recycling leads to their demotivation in the qualitative results of each stage of waste treatment, which as a result leads to a small percentage of secondary material resources extracted from waste. In the regions, the problem of collection leads to unauthorized landfills. There is a communications problem between central government, local authorities and general public, when legislation norms and requirements are adopted and then an understanding comes in that neither conditions nor infrastructure readiness can handle these legislation initiatives. General public is not well informed on basics of the ecological policy which is only done by non-government organizations, which is definitely not enough. Low utility rates for waste disposal do not meet the basic principle of the environmental policy on minimizing landfills disposal volumes. The lack of a unified system of accounting for transported and disposed wastes and criteria may be a reason for obtaining the distorted data necessary for further quality planning. The prevention and minimization of waste generation is not considered at the legislative level as apriority principle of environmental policy in the field of waste management. Lack of funding and worn out infrastructure does not allow implementing new recycling technologies in full. Copy and paste approach of the EU ecological legislation does not help to resolve problems in Ukraine. Cohesion policy and integration practices of the EU and Ukraine require thorough planning and precise implementation with performance indicators. Ecological integration must be executed in a framework of current legislation considering current local conditions and practices, the infrastructure status, recommendations of non-government organizations and donors as well as EU experience in implementing such a policy. During five years since Ukraine signed Association Agreement with the EU and its member-states a significant progress was made in coherence policy of the waste management system; however dynamics of positive changes are quit low. The Government in cooperation with NGOs, donors and general public is in a good position to develop ecological norms and requirements and successfully implement it to create mechanisms of stimulus and rationale for all actors of the waste management system in line with EU policy guidelines. The author believes that the results of the study could give useful guidelines to students, researchers, people involved in governance, legislation, management and public policy and whose, whom personal and professional interests lie in the area of ecology, environmental protection and waste management.

Water is a fundamental element of survival and growth on Earth. As a prerequisite for life and an important economic resource, it supports all aspects of everyday activity. Ensuring that water is available, accessible and safe for current and future generations is among humanity's greatest challenge. One of the most important Non-Traditional Security (NTS) challenges facing Southeast Asia is water security. This NTS Insight explores water security issues in Southeast Asia and examines the ways it threatens states and societies. While water security challenges are not new in the region, the nature of issues are changing, making it important to assess how such threats are defined, negotiated, and managed. The NTS governance process begins with identifying and understanding NTS challenges, and ways they are securitised. By looking at case studies at the sub-national, national and regional level, this paper seeks to present some of the major water security issues in the region, how they affect states and societies, and why they merit urgent attention and resources. This Insight explains why addressing sub-national water security challenges require consultative and participatory approaches that facilitate open democratic dialogue and local collective action. It will also lay out how deliberate planning, careful implementation, and judicious monitoring of water management policies are needed at both the national and regional levels. Further, while it is not easy to reconcile developmental goals with environmental protection, the gravity of the situation requires more preventive diplomacy and subregional collaborative mechanisms which are geared towards averting water conflicts. Overall, it aims to help formal and informal NTS actors working through various channels to gain further understanding of emerging water security challenges in Southeast Asia.

Part 1. Various Applications of S&G -- Chapter 1. Introducing Arrival City Game for Neighborhood Diversity -- Chapter 2. Designing a Human Computation Game for Enhancing Early-Phase Movie Box Office Prediction -- Chapter 3. Hallucifear: Educational Game about Drug Addiction -- Chapter 4. A Perspective on the Needs for Simulation and Gaming Technology in Outpatient Care -- Chapter 5. A Simulation Game of Patient Transportation -- Chapter 6. A Simulation Game for Anticipatory Scheduling of Synchromodal Transport -- Chapter 7. From Discussions to Games - Facilitating Interactions between Experts from Aviation and Humanitarian Aid -- Chapter 8. 3D Periodic Sugoroku Game for Active Learning of the Periodic Table -- Part 2. S&G to Learn Business -- Chapter 9. A Business Simulation Game to Teach How to Comprehend Financial Statements -- Chapter 10. Co-Creating Prototype Improvement using Participatory Design on the Development of a Serious Game in Financial Literacy Skills -- Chapter 11. Bis Augmented Reality in Finance Learning Games -- Chapter 12. Learning Efficacy among Executives and Students of an Organizational Growth Game -- Chapter 13. Business Game Promoting Supply Chain Collaboration Education at Universities -- Chapter 14. How can we ensure Middle School Students Acquire Economic Thinking? Developing and Evaluating an Analog Game Involving Smartphones Simulated with LEGO® blocks -- Chapter 15. Simulation Games to Foster Innovation: Insights from the Transport and Logistics Sector -- Chapter 16. Disrupting Traditional Business Test by Internet Based Simulation Game -- Part 3. S&G to Learn Environmental Issues -- Chapter 17. Methodology for Environmental Learning based on Material Flow Diagram of Green Multi-Dimensional Bookkeeping System -- Chapter 18. Board Game for Collective Learning on Green Roof Ecosystem Services -- Chapter 19. Design of Simulation and Gaming to Promote the Energy Transition from Fossil Fuels to Renewables -- Chapter 20. Agent-based Gaming for Two-sided Electricity Markets -- Chapter 21. Using Role-Play Game for Active Learning to Solve Water Inequity -- Part 4. S&G in Disaster Management -- Chapter 22. Gaming Simulation as a Tool of Problem-based Learning for University Disaster Education -- Chapter 23. A Study on Gaming of Participatory Evacuation Planning in Tourist Areas using Agent Simulation -- Chapter 24. A Study on Effect of "Information Mismatch" Simulation on Victims' Quality of Life and Sense of Place in the Post-Disaster Period -- Part 5. S&G with the Latest Technology -- Chapter 25. Empirical Studies on the Role of Matchmaking in Mobile eSports Players Engagement -- Chapter 26. Learning via AI Dolls: Creating Self-Active Learning for Children -- Chapter 27. Virtual Reality for Active English Learning in the University Context -- Chapter 28. Research on User Experience in Risk Management Alternate Reality Game -- Part 6. S&G to facilitate Consensus Building -- Chapter 29. Rights-Conversion Type Urban Redevelopment Game Considering Financial Risk Management -- Chapter 30. Impact Finder: Board Game as a Tool for Social Impact Assessment Knowledge Transfer -- Chapter 31. A Study about the Changes of Participants' Impressions through a Brainstorming Group Work -- Chapter 32. Eliciting Requirements of a Knowledge Management System for Gaming in an Organization: The Role of Tacit Knowledge -- Chapter 33. Community Forest Board Game for Learning Interactions Among Ecosystem Components in Community Forest with Local People -- Chapter 34. For Gaming-based Consensus Building: Problem Formulation of Snowfall Disaster Mitigation in Japanese Rural Area -- Chapter 35. Wadakamari Gaming - Which Promotes Players' Viewpoint Switching in Consensus Building -- Part 7. S&G for Empowerment of Human Mind -- Chapter 36. Experience Design for Understanding Social Withdrawal: Employing a Live-Action Role-Play (LARP) to Learn about and Empathize with Hikikomori in Japan -- Chapter 37. Hooshmand – Intelligence and Emotion Entangled in a Simulation Game -- Chapter 38. Self-Esteem Building Activity: Personality Development of Thonburi University Students -- Chapter 39. City of Emotions – Case Studies for a Broader Scope of Intervention -- Chapter 40. Arising Hope after Disaster: the Parcobaleno Project -- Part 8. NEO-Simulation Gaming toward Active Learning Era -- Chapter 41. Building Theoretical and Practical Experiencing Through an Integrated Active Learning Approach Using Case Studies and a Problem-Based Learning Methodology in International PBL -- Chapter 42. Bis Physical and Mental Environments for Simulation and Gaming: The Facilitator's Role as a Designer of Environments -- Chapter 43. The Context Dependency of Four Persuasive Game Design Principles -- Chapter 44. Digital Versus Analogue Multi-Player Gaming: Comparing Learning Outcomes -- Chapter 45. Simulation Game Complexity Perception: An Approach to The Research Model -- Chapter 46. How to Describe a Large Business on a Business Board Game: An Illustration of Construction Company -- Chapter 47. Virtual Lesson Game for Prompting Teachers to Change Their Instructional Style to Promote the Integration and Utilization of Knowledge in Problem-Solving -- Chapter 48. The Effects of Debriefing on the Performance and Attitude of Austrian University Students and Cultural Differences to Japanese Students -- Chapter 49. What Business Simulations Teach: The Effect of Debriefing -- Chapter 50. Gaming Simulation Validation: Matching Participants' Worldviews with Their Decisions -- Chapter 51. Educational Gamification: Challenges to Overcome - and to Enjoy

Since February 2022, following the escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian war, the European Union has been facing the challenge of achieving energy security without thwarting the efforts to fight climate change and to advance the energy transition. In other words, the EU needs a strategy that can grant energy supply to its citizens while reaching the goals of the European Green Deal. To build such a strategy, it could follow four pathways: diversification of energy supplies (both in terms of geographical origin and energy sources); improvement of energy efficiency; reinforcement of research and development programmes; and sustainable sourcing of critical minerals.Diversifying energy supplies and sources
With regard to energy supplies, with the project REPowerEU,[1] the EU has already reached important results as concerns overcoming dependence on Russian gas. To this end, the EU invested in liquefied natural gas (LNG) imports and strengthened relationships with third countries regarding pipeline supply; as a result, imports of Russian gas shrank from 41 per cent in August 2021 to 8 per cent in September 2022. Furthermore, to guarantee the supply of gas for all member states, the EU implemented a temporary market correction mechanism, which helped strengthen the cohesion of member states. Finally, the EU decided to increase gas reserves with the goal of reaching at least an 80 per cent filling level of storage infrastructures by winter 2023. The target was met in July 2022, and all expectations were exceeded when a 96 per cent filling level was reached in November of the same year.[2]
In terms of diversifying energy sources, instead, the EU still has a lot of work to do. Following the escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian war, due to the ensuing energy crisis, member states were tempted to turn their attention back to fossil fuels. Such a solution, however, threatened to jeopardise the achievement of Green Deal objectives. Increasing renewable energy generation would provide a sustainable long-term option. To do this, the EU should boost funding for photovoltaic and wind power installations, without neglecting adequate land use planning, as an excessive exploitation of land could lead to hydrogeological instability. However, since renewable energy sources are unlikely to cover the entire EU demand, at least in the short to medium term, a complementary investment in natural gas and related infrastructure will still be needed. As a matter of fact, investing in natural gas is what EU member states, including Italy, are doing.[3]Increasing energy efficiency
A strategy to strengthen energy efficiency is fundamental to a transition that is coupled with energy security. The EU took a first step in this direction during summer 2022, when it urged member states to voluntarily reduce gas consumption by 15 per cent.[4] Nevertheless, behavioural change in citizens' energy consumption is not the only possible way to improve energy efficiency. Another direction is the improvement of technologies to reduce consumption in conversion processes and inside electric power plants. In fact, the percentage ratio between final energy consumption and total energy consumption was barely at 66 per cent in the EU in 2020; true, some member states, including Italy, were performing better (73 per cent),[5] but still with substantial room for improvement.Strengthening research and development
Improving energy efficiency goes hand in hand with the need to strengthen research and development programmes. Indeed, the latter can help improve efficiency in energy intensive-sectors such as heat and electricity generation, transportation, and manufacturing and construction, which caused about 61.5 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions in 2019.[6]
Regarding consumption linked to buildings, research and development programmes could be focused on the possibility of reducing costs for the construction of green buildings and the renovation of energy-intensive buildings. In parallel, projects could be developed to counter the urban heat island effect, which is a phenomenon that makes urban areas record higher temperatures than their surrounding areas due to the presence of buildings and paved roads which absorb the heat. This not only increases heat-related illnesses, but also pushes people to use air conditioners, in turn increasing energy consumption and thus contributing to extreme heat phenomena.[7]
Another sector which would benefit from research and development programmes is the transport sector, the one in which the least progress has been made due to excessive reliance on oil-based technologies. As a matter of fact, road transport, which mostly relies on petrol and diesel, is the most polluting sector in transport, causing 12.6 per cent of global CO2 emissions in 2019.[8] The EU should push its citizens to overcome reliance on cars as the main means of transport, promoting research programmes which are oriented toward the improvement of technologies related to electric vehicles and programmes that aim at improving public transport and "soft mobility" in urban areas.
Finally, regarding energy consumption by industries, research programmes should focus on waste heat recovery projects, which can make it possible to recover heat that is wasted by industries during the production process. For example, looking at Italy, the estimate of the waste heat available is approximately 26 TWh/year, so recovering this heat would make it possible to increase efficiency in industrial activities. However, waste heat recovery technologies are still too expensive, thus research programmes could focus on developing new technologies to reduce these costs.[9] Another option to reduce the environmental impact of industries would be to revise the Emissions Trading System (ETS) by lowering the number of emission allowances which are granted to industries by it.Sourcing critical minerals in a sustainable way
A major challenge for the EU regards the supply of critical minerals such as cobalt and rare earths, which are necessary to transition to renewable energy sources. The fact that the EU imports 100 per cent of its supply of heavy rare earths from China causes a strong dependence.[10] Therefore, Brussels should aim at establishing collaborations with countries which own large deposits of critical minerals, such as the Democratic Republic of Congo, home to large cobalt deposits. At the same time, the social aspects and contentious issues related to sourcing critical minerals – especially the labour standards, safety and rights of involved workers – must not be overlooked. The EU should work on promoting trade relations based on a market that provides guarantees for workers' rights and environmental sustainability. Furthermore, trade relations should encourage countries that are home to mineral deposits to implement their own renewable energy policies. The climate crisis is a global issue; strengthening EU energy security and achieving Green Deal goals without addressing exploitation of, and in, developing countries would not bring advantages to either side, in the end.A joint and holistic approach
Achieving energy security without affecting decarbonisation efforts is a great challenge for the European Union, which can also be considered as a test for its cohesion. EU institutions and member states must work together at all levels around the four pathways of diversification of energy supplies, improvement of energy efficiency, reinforcement of R&D programmes and sustainable sourcing of critical minerals. This joint and holistic effort will be quintessential to the success of the EU's energy transition, reconciling energy security and decarbonisation.Emanuele Esposito is a Global Security Policies student at Roma Tre University.
This is a winning article (2nd place) submitted to the 2023 edition of the IAI Prize contest.[1] European Commission website: REPowerEU: Affordable, Secure and Sustainable Energy for Europe, https://commission.europa.eu/node/5661_en.[2] Council of the European Union, Infographic - How Much Gas Have the EU Countries Stored?, last updated on 3 August 2023, https://europa.eu/!GKpHPh.[3] Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, "Net Installed Electricity Generation Capacity in Italy in 2022", in Energy Charts, last updated on 26 September 2023, https://energy-charts.info/charts/installed_power/chart.htm?l=en&c=IT&chartColumnSorting=default.[4] Council of the European Union, Member States Commit to Reducing Gas Demand by 15% Next Winter, 26 July 2022, https://europa.eu/!mC8KCt.[5] Antonio Caputo and Giulia Iorio, "Rapporto tra i consumi finali di energia e i consumi totali di energia", in Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Ambiente in Italia: uno sguardo d'insieme. Annuario dei dati ambientali 2022, Rome, ISPRA, 2023, p. 51, https://indicatoriambientali.isprambiente.it/sys_ind/1186.[6] Mengpin Ge, Johannes Friedrich and Leandro Vigna, "4 Charts Explain Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Countries and Sectors", in WRI Insights, 6 February 2020 (updated in June 2022), https://www.wri.org/node/66088.[7] Climate Central, "Hot Zones: Urban Heat Islands", in Climate Central Research Briefs, 14 July 2021, https://www.climatecentral.org/climate-matters/urban-heat-islands.[8] Mengpin Ge, Johannes Friedrich and Leandro Vigna, "4 Charts Explain", cit.[9] Miriam Benedetti, Lorena Giordano and Alessandra Gugliandolo, "Soluzioni per il recupero del calore a bassa temperatura nell'industria", in Energia ambiente e innovazione, No. 3/2020 (September-December 2020), p. 127-131, DOI 10.12910/EAI2020-084, https://www.eai.enea.it/archivio/efficienza-energetica-avanti-tutta/soluzioni-per-il-recupero-del-calore-a-bassa-temperatura-nell-industria.html.[10] Website of the European Commission DG for Internal Market: Critical Raw Materials, https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/node/279_en.

Chapter 1: Promoting accessibility through active mobility for sustainable and inclusive cities. An Inclusive Accessibility by Proximity Index (IAPI) -- Chapter 2: High Performance Wheelchair. Wheelchair mobility performance enhancement based on technological applications -- Chapter 3: Active Mobility behaviours contributing to Sustainable Development Goals -- Chapter 4: From school to city. An analysis on 600 school squares towards designing urban places for and with active mobility -- Chapter 5: A review of criticism to walkability: when the walkable approach is not a good idea? -- Chapter 6: Living and Walking in Campuses: the case of the University of Catania -- Chapter 7: The role of universities in promoting sustainability through active mobility in daily commuting -- Chapter 8: Analysing The Pedestrian Mobility in Urban Public Space: The Case Study of Mersin Kushimato Street and Uray Street -- Chapter 9: Pedestrian Movement and Access to Public Services, Mezitli-Mersin, Turkey -- Chapter 10: A Multi-Scalar Assessment of Urban Heat Effects on Walkability in Ankara -- Chapter 11: The "X-minute city": Milan from the idea of proximity to the creation of a quality public city -- Chapter 12: Walking city, Automobile city, and Sustainable city. Urban structures and mobility patterns for reuse the spaces of the automobile era -- Chapter 13: Integrating the TOD and 15-minute City concepts in the analysis of rail station areas: a methodological approach for a case study in Palermo (Italy) -- Chapter 14: Sustainable mobility and the X-minute city. The case study of Berlin and Teheran -- Chapter 15: Improving walkability in the city. Urban and personal "comfort" and the need for cultural shifts -- Chapter 16: Walkability and rebalancing of centralities in a city under reconstruction -- Chapter 17: The role of transport in urban regeneration. The neighborhood Le Albere in Trento throught the lens of GBC Quartieri -- Chapter 18: A cycling indicator for tourism accessibility evaluation in urban areas -- Chapter 19: Environmental and operational efficiency of integrated Urban last-mile freight distribution systems based on the use of cargo bikes -- Chapter 20: The challenges of implementing pedestrian-focused interventions using a multi-stakeholder approach – the case study of Malta -- Chapter 21: Revitalization, development, and integration of rail system in urban areas – Zadar Urban Area Case Study -- Chapter 22: Sustainable mobility in the urban and metropolitan areas of Mediterranean -- Chapter 23: Coastal roads. An Atlas for the socio-ecological transition of coastal territories -- Chapter 24: Participatory process for upgrading public spaces through sustainable mobility and social inclusiveness -- Chapter 25: Different conceptions of Active Mobility: how cyclability is planned in the world. Case study investigation -- Chapter 26: Embedding green infrastructure in urban regeneration projects -- Chapter 27: Urban Regeneration Through Large Urban Projects – Case Study of Traffic Analysis As Urban Planning Method -- Chapter 28: The intertemporal issue of low hourly occupancy of loading/ unloading parking spaces in the city of Thessaloniki -- Chapter 29: Hybrid Urban Services, Proximity Growth and Digital Connectivity -- Chapter 30: The experimentation of tactical urbanism as a tool for adaptation to climate change. The SpaziAttivi itinerary of the city of Brescia.

Objective: To determine the association between socioeconomic, political and geographic variables in relation to low vaccination covertures in children under the age of 5 in Santa Bárbara county, Antioquia. This was to be performed by a cases and controls study that allows for the planning of intervention programs. Methods: Cases and controls study with prevalent cases that are representative of the population. Patients were matched by geographic area and by age. n = 352, cases (117) and controls (235). A logistic regression analysis was performed considering X2 , OR, CI 95% and a value of p < 0.05. A Hosmer and Lameshow test was performed in order to determine the level of standardization. Results: Risk Factors: Not taking children to get vaccinated because of disease OR = 3.02, CI 95% (1.68 – 5.42); a lack of money to pay for the transportation OR = 5.10 CI 95% (2.9 – 8.99), other variables with a statistical significance were: not having, forgetting or losing the health ID p = 0.003 and, the care taker not having anyone to leave their other children with p< 0.001. Protective Factors: Related to vaccination campaigns' communication media (radio, health promoter, health staff) and the academic level of the care taker (complete high school). Conclusions: Economic, cultural, administrative and social factors are associated with the reasons of a lack of vaccination of children younger than 5. It is necessary a conjunction action between the mayor office, the local health department and the local hospital if useful vaccination covertures want to be achieved. ; Objetivo: Determinar la asociación existente entre variables socioeconómicas, políticas y geográficas con relación a las bajas coberturas de vacunación en menores de 5 años en el municipio de Santa Bárbara, Antioquia, mediante un estudio de casos y controles que permita la planeación de programas de intervención. Métodos: Estudio de casos y controles con casos prevalentes, representativo de la población. Se hizo equiparamiento por área geográfica y por edad. n = 352, casos (117) y controles (235). Se realizó un análisis por regresión logística considerando X2 , OR, IC 95% y valor de p< 0.05 y se practicó la prueba de Hosmer and Lemeshow para observar la bondad del ajuste. Resultados. Factores de Riesgo: No llevar a vacunar a los niños por enfermedad OR = 3.02, IC 95% (1.68 - 5.42), por falta de dinero para pagar transporte OR = 5.10 IC 95% (2.9 - 8.99). Otras variables con significancia estadística fueron estas: no tener, olvidar o perder el carné de salud p = 0.003 y el cuidador no tiene con quien dejar a sus otros hijos p< 0.001. Factores de Protección: Relacionados con medios de comunicación de las campañas de vacunación (radio, promotor de salud, personal de salud), y con el nivel educativo del cuidador (bachillerato completo). Conclusiones: Factores económicos, culturales, administrativos y sociales están asociados con los motivos de no vacunación de menores de 5 años. Es necesario realizar una acción conjunta entre la Alcaldía, la Dirección Local de Salud y la ESE municipal si se quieren alcanzar coberturas vacunales útiles en esta población.

Este trabajo tiene por objeto analizar los posibles vínculos entre la logística inversa y la logística urbana y describir las oportunidades de colaboración entre ambas áreas de investigación. Se ofrece una descripción del estado actual de la técnica con el fin de destacar los principales retos a los que se enfrentan ambas disciplinas. Por ejemplo, en lo que respecta a la logística inversa, las nuevas opciones de recuperación, las estrategias de comercialización de los productos recuperados y las cuestiones de legislación sobre la devolución de productos en contextos específicos; en lo que respecta a la logística urbana, la planificación a largo plazo, la participación de los interesados, la gestión de la información, la eficiencia, la fiabilidad y la seguridad, y los nuevos modelos comerciales son algunos de esos retos fundamentales. A pesar del creciente interés mostrado tanto en las áreas de logística como en su relevancia para las empresas y los consumidores, la logística inversa y la logística urbana son dos conceptos que todavía son algo desconocidos y, sobre todo, tratados como relativamente separados. Sin embargo, existen algunos aspectos en los que ambas disciplinas convergen y que pueden representar oportunidades de colaboración, por ejemplo, el tratamiento y la gestión adecuados de los desechos urbanos y la gestión eficiente de los reembolsos y devoluciones comerciales. Además, otras cuestiones fundamentales, como la utilización de la tierra, la tipología de las ciudades, las infraestructuras y la participación de los interesados deberían analizarse más a fondo para seguir avanzando en la descripción de los vínculos entre ambas áreas. ; This work is aimed at analyzing potential links between reverse logistics and urban logistics and describing opportunities for collaboration between both areas of research. A description of the current state-of-the-art is provided in order to highlight the main challenges faced by both disciplines. For example, regarding reverse logistics, new recovery options, marketing strategies for recovered products, and legislation issues on the return of products in specific contexts; in regards to urban logistics, long-term planning, stakeholders' engagement, information management, efficiency, reliability and safety, and new business models are some of such key challenges. Despite the growing interest shown in both logistics areas and their relevance for companies and consumers, reverse logistics and urban logistics are two concepts that are still somewhat unknown and, above all, treated as being relatively separated. However, there exist some aspectswhere the two disciplines converge and thatmay represent opportunities for collaboration, for example, the proper treatment and management of urban waste, and the efficient management of commercial refunds and returns. In addition, other key issues, such as land use, city typology, infrastructures, and stakeholders' engagement should be further analyzed in order to keep advancing in the description of links between both areas. ; • H2020-MSCA-RISE-2016 program, grant number 734909: project "Promoting Sustainable Freight Transport in Urban Contexts: Policy and Decision-Making Approaches (ProSFeT)" • Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad and FEDER: grant numbers DPI2015-67740-P and ECO2015-63880-R ; peerReviewed

Globalization and urbanization go hand in hand. Worldwide the number of people living in cities is rising. During the last years Indonesia showed one of the fastest growing rates of urbanization within Southeast Asia. Today more than half (265 Million) of all Indonesians live in cities. Until 2050 this percentage is expected to rise to 71 %. This means that Indonesia's urban population will grow by around 100 million. One major issue is the provision of affordable housing. Here the Central-Javanese city of Surakarta could gain national and international attention for its in-novative housing policies. This master thesis gives an insight into the livelihoods of the urban poor in the city of Surakarta. The thesis focuses on two case studies in Mojosongo, in the north part of the city: Ngemplak Sutan and Mipitan Sewu. Both research areas were founded within a relocation program by the city government in 2008, as a response to heavy inner-city flooding. Consequently, in a first step, this thesis analyses the resources the household has access to. In a second step, the influ-ences of the surrounding structures and processes are being analyzed. A special focus is put on the effects of the relocation program and the residents satisfaction with the resettlement. This research uses qualitative primary data, collected through semi-structured interviews, observa-tions and focus group discussions. Besides mapping and household surveys were conducted in both settlements. This research reveals that financial-capital has got a crucial role for the households in both re-search areas, since monetary means are being used to compensate the lack of various resources. Low educational levels, as well as a lack of formal working places, lead to a high importance of the informal sector. Both settlements lack proper infrastructural provision, especially regarding the accessibility and connectivity to the city center. This circumstance is responsible for higher living costs (e.g. transport) in Mojosongo, compared to the former inner-city situation. The high importance of the informal sector further limits the potential to increase household income and shortens the household (planning-) perspective. Although social-capital is strongly existent among most households, the benefits the households can gain from it are little, due to the lack of financial means. Hence social-capital is limited to solidarity within the neighborhood and reli-gious activities. People in both settlements could profit from the process of democratization and decentraliza-tion. Since 1998 measurable efforts could be made in education and health provision. Further the process of relocation meant a positive change for most people. Nevertheless, a universal evaluation of the project is not possible since the success is highly dependent on the local cir-cumstances. This study increases the knowledge about urban livelihoods in Central-Java, Indonesia and shows how measurements of the city administration can affect local livelihoods. These results may be used for future resettlement measurements and recommendations for an adequate provision of common goods. ; vorgelegt von: Sebastian Pihan ; Abstract in englischer Sprache ; Universität Innsbruck, Masterarbeit, 2018 ; (VLID)2873787

Pendapatan Asli Daerah dari retribusi daerah yang termasuk didalamnya retribusi terminal diatur dalam Pasal 180 ayat (1) huruf b Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2006 tentang Pemerintahan Aceh, Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2009 tentang Pajak Daerah dan Retribusi Daerah, dan Pasal 285 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2014 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah. Dengan demikian timbul permasalahan yang perlu dikaji bagaimanakah penentuan target penerimaan retribusi terminal, apakah pemungutan retribusi terminal sudah efektif, dan Apakah pungutan retribusi terminal dapat dipertahankan.Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui penentuan target penerimaan retribusi terminal, apakah pemungutan retribusi terminal sudah efektif, dan untuk mengetahui pungutan retribusi terminal apa perlu dipertahankan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan penelitian yuridis empiris. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengelolaan retribusi terminal dari tahun 2014 sampai dengan tahun 2016 dinilai masih kurang efektif, Proses penentuan target termuat dalam setiap Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah (RPJM) Kabupaten/Kota yang merupakan Dokumen perencanaan yaitu meliputi Rencana Strategis, Rencana Kerja dan Rencana Kegiatan dan Anggaran. Retribusi terminal perlu dipertahankan oleh setiap Pemerintah Kabupaten/Kota karena menjadi prospek yang positif, khususnya di Wilayah Aceh yang Penghasilan Asli Daerah masih sangat rendah. Disarankan kepada Pemerintah Kabupaten/Kota untuk lebih serius dalam mengelola retribusi terminal, untuk bertindak tegas kepada para supir yang tidak membayar retribusi , dan disarankan kepada petugas agar melakukan pengutipan sesuai dengan prosedur sehingga tidak menimbulkan kebocoran pemasukan.The original Area of levy income areas including retribution terminal is set in article 180 Paragraph (1) letter b Act No. 11 Year 2006 about the Aceh Government Act, Act No. 28 Year 2009 about local tax and Regional Levies, and article 285 Paragraph (1) Act No. 23 Year 2014 about Local Governance. Thus arising, problems that need to be examined, How is the determination of target acceptance levy terminal, whether the voting terminal already levy effective, and whether the charges retribution terminal can be maintained. The purpose of research to determine whether ballots already terminal levy effective, How is the determination of target acceptance levy terminal, and whether the charges retribution terminal can be maintained. The method of research used empirical juridical research. The results showed that the management of the terminal from the year 2014 levy up to the year 2016 assessed less effective, The process of determining the targets contained in the medium-term Development Plan (RPJM) District/City which is a planning document that is covering the strategic plan, Work plan and activity plan and budget. Levy terminal that until recently was indeed need to be maintained by each County Government/city due to be positive prospects, particularly in the area of Aceh that was in fact the original Regional Income is still very low. It is recommended to the District/City Governments for more serious in managing the terminal retribution, to act firmly to the transport driver, and recommended for officers who perform excerpts real retribution should the charges be done appropriately, in terms of the correct procedure done with, so as not to cause leakage of infusion.

Rēzekne Special Economic Zone (RSEZ) was established in 1997 as state stock company in order to promote trade, develop production and transport, as well as import and export of goods through Latvia. RSEZ administers state aid in form of tax allowances. During the 20 years of the history of RSEZ several substantial changes have taken place, determining overall development of RSEZ. In 2004 the legal status of the organization was changed due to amendments in legal acts of Latvia. It was reformed from a non-profit organization into a stock company. The ministry of Economics of the Republic of Latvia handed over its stocks of RSEZ to Rēzekne city; subsequently from 2004 to 2010 55% of the stocks were owned by Rēzekne City Council. Regardless of the fact that the control interest was owned by public institutions, RSEZ was a subject of private law and that contradicted the aim of the establishment of RSEZ i. e. promotion of regional development. It determined the necessity to make changes in the functioning of RSEZ. As a result the legal status of RSEZ was changed again in 2010 from stock company to joint municipal institution and amendments with regard to the territory of RSEZ were made. Simultaneously with the aforementioned transitions the economic and politic situation in the country changed – in 2004 Latvia became a member state of the European Union and harmonization of legal acts was performed in accordance with the requirements of the EU. Since 2004 several times substantial amendments have been made in the legal acts regulating the operation of RSEZ and overall its competitiveness and attractiveness for the investments has decreased. Nevertheless the last five years had been the most successful since the establishment of RSEZ. It is possible to distinguish two stages in the development of RSEZ 1) 1997–2010; 2) 2010 – up to nowadays. Altogether RSEZ enterprises (since 2001) have invested almost 150 million euros, from which 120 million euros had been invested in last 10 years and 80 million euros – in last 5 years. The turnover of RSEZ enterprises in 2016 was 84.5 million euros (70.5 million euros – in 2015). In comparison with 2009 the turnover of RSEZ enterprises has increased by 60 million euros or more than 3 times. In the recent years prospects of growth and investment attraction in Latvia and Europe are encumbered by political instability and slow economic growth of Eurozone. Certainly an important factor for investment attraction is developed and qualitative business infrastructure. Therefore significant is the role of the initiatives of municipalities related to implementation of EU Structural Fund financed projects in RSEZ territory as well as proactive work of RSEZ in investment attraction. The paper describes the RSEZ regulatory framework, activities and results achieved in the past, as well as future challenges. The research has been based on the database of RSEZ business research and analysis information system, as well as on the European Union and Latvian policy and development planning documents, laws and regulations. It was found that the RSEZ results and performance indicators have improved after the change of the legal status of RSEZ in 2010. RSEZ enterprises make an important contribution to the development of Rēzekne city and Rēzekne region.

The subject. The article is devoted to the analysis of the causes, the process, the consequencesof the enlargement of municipalities in the Russian Federation.The purpose of this paper is to show that with the initial increase in the number of municipalities,many of them turned out to be incapable of effectively addressing local issues andproviding quality services to the population. In this regard, the reverse process began – theconsolidation of municipalities. As a result, the number of municipalities, especially the rurallevel, has dramatically decreased. The enlargement of municipal formations went arbitrarily,without taking into account the infrastructural and historical unity of the unified urbansettlements.The methodology. The author uses a dialectical method, a method of analysis and synthesis,a formal legal method, a comparative legal method.Results, scope of application. 03.04.2017 Federal Law No. 62-FZ is adopted, which providesfor the transformation of municipal raions and constituent urban and rural settlements intourban districts according to a "simplified procedure", that is, with the consent of the populationexpressed by the representative body of the municipality. In parallel, under considerationin the legal department of the State Duma of the Russian Federation there is a billintroduced by deputy A.P. Markov, offering to introduce a new type of municipal formation– the rural district. In rural districts it is proposed to unite settlements in rural municipalareas. The implementation of this bill will lead to the mass elimination of rural settlements.Actually there are no accurate and exhaustive legislative provisions regulating the territorialboundaries of urban districts, forms of the transformation and abolition of municipalities;moreover, local political and economic elites persistently seek to preserve the single tiermanagement system developed over the decades. As a result of these blemishes, within administrative areas of some RF constituent entities, there are urban districts that consist of the large not urbanized territories with a poorly developed transport, social, economic infrastructure and without any common development goals. The authors conclude that the bias towards municipalities' consolidation in many RF constituent entities is justified and caused by ignoring of the vertical command relations in former areas. At the same time, they point out the need to take into account the town-planning, economic and geographical, socio-demographic factors while transforming municipal areas into urban districts, otherwise, all these transformations are fictitious and turn into revising of powers by local elites.Conclusions. The municipal legal policy of consolidation of municipal entities is aimed at liquidating the settlement level of local self-government, which directly contradicts Part 1 of Art. 131 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which establishes the implementation of local self-government by the population, first of all, at the primary, settlement level. ; Статья посвящена анализу причин, процесса, последствий укрупнения муниципальных образований в Российской Федерации. Автор приходит к выводу, что при первоначальном увеличении числа муниципальных образований многие из них оказалисьнеспособными эффективно решать вопросы местного значения, предоставлять качественные услуги населению. В связи с этим начался обратный процесс – укрупнениемуниципальных образований. В результате число муниципальных образований, особенно сельского уровня, резко сократилось. Укрупнение муниципальных образований происходит произвольно, без учета инфраструктурного и исторического единства объединяемых городских поселений.