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The spring of 2020 was marked by a severe economic crisis caused by the spread of a new coronavirus infection, falling oil prices and the instability of the global economy. In the current situation of imposition of restrictive measures, many
entrepreneurs are deprived of the opportunity to provide services or sell goods, and consumers are unable to use and purchase them. The principle of entrepreneurial freedom is being restricted in order to protect the life and health of the population.
These circumstances require the State to take relevant legal and economic decisions, including the establishing of a system of business support measures. In the article, the authors recognize the problematic aspects of realization of the principle of entrepreneurial freedom in terms of the pandemic and the use of the administrative coercive measures. Research is carried out on the positions expressed in the scientifi c literature on the collaboration between the State and business, and the tendencies of improvements in the law in the analysed area are being considered. We conclude that the Russian legal system is not prepared for the epidemiological situation caused by the spread of the new virus. This poses a serious threat to national security. In order to eliminate the threat, some recommendations are made. It is stated that the adoption of the Conception
of business legislative improvements, including certain provisions of administrative law, could precede the legislative work. A proposal is made to develop, at the level of federal law, clear legal requirements that defi ne the limits on the restriction of
freedom of business in the event of a biological hazard.

Of all losers of the first World War Hungary had been the most penalized. That included the losing of over two third of its territory and nearly as much of its population. Albeit paying lip service to the right of self-determination, the victors delegated 5,5 million people into a minority position (whilst for some this meant no change, yet brought difficulties). It was only 5,2 million about whom it could be claimed on ethnic grounds – in part with reservations – that their fate as that of a community improved. In the areas annexed by Romania, the socio-economic processes of the wider region prevailed in the studied period. The greatest change took place during Communism's four decades. The main objective of the centrally managed economy was industrialization, and soon the national-communist leadership aimed at creating a "homogenized society". Population growth of four decades after the second World War came to a halt due to mass emigration and decline in birth rate in the early 1990s; the number of population falling by nearly 4 million to date. In proportional terms the loss of the 16,8 million strong Romanians (2011) and the 1,2 million strong Hungarians was near identical during the 2002–2011 period. By 2011, the number of Transylvanian Germans counting 600 000 prior to the second World War had been reduced to 36 000. The number of the half a million strong in 1930 Jews had fallen to a few hundred. At the same time, the number of Romani increased to 621 000. The Hungarian indigenous minority in Transylvania see the survival of their community in the realization of autonomy in Székelyland, and in Northwestern Transylvania.

Objective To help address a long-standing gap in research and knowledge, this paper explores the issue of what service providers need to be aware of to best meet the needs of ethnic minority children and families who have come to the attention of child protection authorities and have substantiated reports of domestic violence. Method The results are written in narrative form, combining informed insider perspectives with a small subset of data drawn from a larger rigorous mixed methods study in Australia, that involved an exhaustive literature review, review of 120 randomly selected case files, and in-depth qualitative interviews with 29 ethnic minority families involved in the child protection system and 17 child protection caseworkers. Results and significance Three issues for ethnic minorities relating to the nexus of child protection and domestic violence are identified: (i) being in the child protection system tarnishes family name, which is greatly valued, leading to a preference for child maltreatment and family violence to remain private, and for compliance with Apprehended Violence Orders (AVOs) and service uptake/engagement to be low, (ii) family cohesion is also highly valued, so family violence victims may sacrifice their own personal safety to protect the family unity and cultural safety of their children, and (iii) family violence interacts with cultural factors for ethnic minorities but does occur in all families; attributing it to race or culture would be racism. Several implications for practice are identified, falling under a broad umbrella approach that asks for child protection authorities and family violence agencies to work collaboratively. A call for empirically rigorous future research is also made to ensure practice is evidence-based.

AbstractClimate risk financing programs in agriculture have caught the attention of researchers and policy makers over the last decade. Weather index insurance has emerged as a promising market-based risk financing mechanism. However, to develop a suitable weather index insurance mechanism it is essential to incorporate the distribution of underlying weather and climate risks to a specific event model that can minimize intraseasonal basis risk. In this paper we investigate the erratic nature of rainfall patterns in Kenya using Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Station Data (CHIRPS) rainfall data from 1983 to 2017. We find that the patterns of rainfall are fractional, both erratic and persistent, which is consistent with the Noah and Joseph effects that are well known in mathematics. The erratic nature of rainfall emerges from the breakdown of the convergence to a normal distribution. Instead we find that the distribution about the average is approximately lognormal, with an almost 50% higher chance of deficit rainfall below the mean than adequate rainfall above the mean. We find that the rainfall patterns obey the Hurst law and that the measured Hurst coefficients for seasonal rainfall pattern across all years range from a low of 0.137 to a high above 0.685. To incorporate the erratic and persistent nature of seasonal rainfall, we develop a new approach to weather index insurance based upon the accumulated rainfall in any 21-day period falling below 60% of the long-term average for that same 21-day period. We argue that this approach is more satisfactory to matching drought conditions within and between various phenological stages of growth.

Abstract. Flood databases of high spatio-temporal resolution are a
necessary tool for proper spatial planning, especially in areas with high
levels of exposure and danger to floods. This study presents the preliminary
results of the Spanish Mediterranean Coastal Flood (SMC-Flood) database covering the
municipalities in this region. This database collects information on flood
cases that occurred between 1960 and 2015 by systematically consulting the
digital archives of the main newspapers in the study area. The search for
flood information was conducted by means of using links between municipality
names and seven keywords that correspond to the most common ways of referring to
a situation that is likely to describe a flood in Spain. This methodology
has enabled the reconstruction of 3008 flood cases at a municipal scale with
daily resolution while gathering information on the types of damage,
intensity, severity and area affected. The spatio-temporal analysis of the
data reveals hotspots where flood cases are especially intense and damaging
when compared to highly developed areas where the frequency of flood cases
is very high. This situation is especially worrying insofar as we have
detected a growing trend in the frequency and area affected by flood cases.
However, one positive aspect is that the intensity and severity of flood
cases follows a falling trend. The main novelty lies in the fact that the
high-resolution spatial analysis has made it possible to detect a clear
latitudinal gradient of growing intensity and severity in a north–south
direction. This pattern calls for new actions by the coastal municipal
authorities of southern Spain for adaptation to a more complex flood
scenario.

The purpose of the study is to review the long glorious history of student politics in Bangladesh under different regime and to illustrate the recent trends of student politics. The study includes two parts, first part is entirely based on a literature review and second portion includes a field survey. Twenty two literatures have been selected as a data set through searching Web of Science, SCOPUS and Google Scholar databases by using the relevant keywords for reviewing the past experiences of student politics. On the other hand, a field survey has been conducted using the unknown population sampling technique, where student's perceptions toward present student politics have been explored. From the literature review, it is found that student politics in Bangladesh has a magnificent past history of fighting and greatest sacrifice for the national interest during all turning points of the country, including anti-British movement in 1940s, the language movement of 1948 to 1952, six point movement of 1966, mass upsurge of 1969, liberation war of 1971, and the falling of military dictator Ershad in 1990s. Unfortunately, the impression of this historic student politics have been transformed to the personal goal accomplishment after starting democratic forms of government in 1991, when student organizations are mostly found to be used as the political weapons of mainstream political parties. The results of field survey also complemented that the perception of present party backed student politics is mostly focused on personal agenda or their mother party's political agenda rather than national or common interest of the students.

A wide regional and inter-district disparity exists in the state of Jharkhand. The rankings of its districts on indicators of development reveal that those located in the north-western parts of Jharkhand including Palamu and its north-eastern parts are less developed compared to the ones falling in the central and western parts of the state (Planning-cum-Finance Department, 2017, Jharkhand Economic Survey 2016–17, Ranchi: Government of Jharkhand). Jharkhand is one of the most poverty-stricken states of India with a sharp contrast between rural and urban poverty. Studies often show that the process of liberalisation and economic reforms in India has a mixed impact on a mineral rich state like Jharkhand. The well-known phenomenon of 'resource curse' is particularly observed in the case of Jharkhand where manufacturing sector growth is increasing but the state is lagging behind in terms of human development indicators. The political instability and unplanned exploitation of its mineral wealth without benefiting the tribal population clearly indicate that the state suffers from the deficit of governance and development. It is in this context that this article analyses the patterns of poverty and food security among tribals and other social groups in seven villages of Manatu block under Palamu district of Jharkhand from a gender perspective. The article also explores the factors influencing the dynamics of household food security in Palamu district through empirical findings. It examines how the poor rural/tribal communities cope with food insecurity through case studies. Finally, the article critically analyses the implementation of social policies in addressing food security problem of Jharkhand.

International audience ; The paper proposes a theorization of the notion of resignification in discourse analysis based on the proposals of Judith Butler and American linguists working in the field of gender and language studies, which makes it possible to report on certain technodiscursive practices on the web 2.0. It describes the origins of the notion, its mobilization as a political practice of subversive repetition and its semantic-pragmatic functioning as an operator of inversion of the values of an offensive word, before laying down a theoretical definition for the analysis of the discourse, based on a series of categorizing criteria. It then proposes a typology of native digital practices of response to phenomena of discursive cyberbullying, falling within the scope of resignification, based on three categories: enunciative recontextualisation, analogue publication and the production of a cultural device. ; L'article propose une théorisation de la notion de resignification en analyse du discours à partir des propositions de Judith Butler et de linguistes étatsuniennes travaillant dans le champ des gender and language studies, qui permet de rendre compte de certaines pratiques technodiscursives sur le web 2.0. Il décrit les origines de la notion, sa mobilisation comme pratique politique de répétition subversive et ses fonctionnements sémantico-pragmatiques comme opérateur d'inversion des valeurs d'un mot blessant, avant de poser une définition théorique pour l'analyse du discours, appuyée sur une série de critères catégorisants. Il propose ensuite une typologie des pratiques numériques natives de réponse à des phénomènes de cyberviolence discursive, relevant de la resignification, à partir de trois catégories : la recontextualisation énonciative, la publication analogique et la production d'un dispositif culturel.

Starting from a dialectic critique of key Marxist theses, new concepts emerge for the critical analysis of capitalism. These result from the new characteristics of that social system in the 21st century, and from the experience and lessons left by the past century when capitalism managed to prevail despite booming social and political radical movements of Marxian inspiration. In some cases —regarding exploitation, false class conscience, imperialism, falling rate of profit and commodity fetishism— adjustments are proposed following new forms adopted by capitalism in the of 21st century. In other cases, related to the Marxian strategy for overcoming capitalism, a deep change is proposed regarding the role of class struggle and the deterministic presumption for history is rejected. ; A partir de la crítica dialéctica de algunas tesis centrales del marxismo, surgen nuevas conceptualizaciones en el análisis crítico del capitalismo. Esto a la luz de las nuevas formas que caracterizan a ese sistema social en el siglo XXI, así como también de la experiencia y lecciones del siglo pasado cuando el capitalismo logró prevalecer a pesar del auge de amplios movimientos sociales y políticos radicales de inspiración marxista. En algunos casos —en referencia a los planteamientos sobre explotación, falsa conciencia de clase, imperialismo, caída tendencial de la tasa de ganancia y fetichismo de las mercancías —se propone adecuaciones que responden a las nuevas formas del capitalismo. En otros casos, que dicen relación con la estrategia marxista para la superación del capitalismo, se propone un profundo cambio respecto del rol de la lucha de clases y se rechaza la presunción del determinismo histórico.

BACKGROUND: In the context of the biggest GP workforce crisis since the NHS began, the alleged negative portrayal of UK general practice in the media is often cited as a reason for falling recruitment. AIM: To explore how general practice and GPs are depicted in UK national newspapers. DESIGN AND SETTING: A thematic analysis of all newspaper articles mentioning GPs or general practice published in the UK from late October 2016 to early October 2017 was undertaken, along with a sample of articles on hospital medicine. METHOD: Articles were identified through the LexisNexis(®) Academic UK search engine; relevant titles were tabulated and data extracted. A preliminary coding scheme was developed through discussion and used to categorise data; additional codes and categories were added iteratively as the analysis progressed. RESULTS: In total, 403 articles on general practice or GPs were identified, and 100 on hospital specialists or specialties were sampled. Articles depicted UK general practice as a service in crisis, with low morale and high burnout, and leaving gaps in patient care. The traditional family doctor service was depicted as rapidly eroding through privatisation and fragmentation, with GPs portrayed as responsible for the crisis and the resulting negative impact on quality of care. Hospital specialties were also illustrated as under pressure, but this crisis was depicted as being the fault of the government. GP leaders interviewed in the press were usually defending their specialty; hospital doctors were usually sharing their expertise. CONCLUSION: Newspaper portrayals of general practice are currently very negative. Efforts to influence the media to provide a more balanced perspective of general practice should continue.

This study assesses Japan's mid-century low-emission pathways using both national and global integrated assessment models in the common mitigation scenario framework, based on the carbon budgets corresponding to the global 2 °C goal. We examine high and low budgets, equal to global cumulative 1600 and 1000 Gt-CO2 (2011–2100) for global models, and 36 and 31 Gt-CO2 (2011–2050) in Japan for national models, based on the cost-effectiveness allocation performed by the global models. The impacts of near-term policy assumption, including the implementation and enhancement of the 2030 target of the nationally determined contribution (NDC), are also considered. Our estimates show that the low budget scenarios require a 75% reduction of CO2 emissions by 2050 below the 2010 level, which is nearly the same as Japan's governmental 2050 goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 80%. With regard to near-term actions, Japan's 2030 target included in the NDC is on track to meet the high budget scenario, whereas it is falling short for the low budget scenario, which would require emission reductions immediately after 2020. Whereas models differ in the type of energy source on which they foresee Japan basing its decarbonization process (e.g., nuclear- or variable renewable energy-dependent), the large-scale deployment of low-carbon energy (nuclear, renewable, and carbon capture and storage) is shared across most models in both the high and low budget scenarios. By 2050, low-carbon energy represents 44–54% of primary energy and 86–97% of electricity supply in the high and low budget scenarios, respectively.

This study assesses Japan's mid-century low-emission pathways using both national and global integrated assessment models in the common mitigation scenario framework, based on the carbon budgets corresponding to the global 2 °C goal. We examine high and low budgets, equal to global cumulative 1600 and 1000 Gt-CO2 (2011–2100) for global models, and 36 and 31 Gt-CO2 (2011–2050) in Japan for national models, based on the cost-effectiveness allocation performed by the global models. The impacts of near-term policy assumption, including the implementation and enhancement of the 2030 target of the nationally determined contribution (NDC), are also considered. Our estimates show that the low budget scenarios require a 75% reduction of CO2 emissions by 2050 below the 2010 level, which is nearly the same as Japan's governmental 2050 goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 80%. With regard to near-term actions, Japan's 2030 target included in the NDC is on track to meet the high budget scenario, whereas it is falling short for the low budget scenario, which would require emission reductions immediately after 2020. Whereas models differ in the type of energy source on which they foresee Japan basing its decarbonization process (e.g., nuclear- or variable renewable energy-dependent), the large-scale deployment of low-carbon energy (nuclear, renewable, and carbon capture and storage) is shared across most models in both the high and low budget scenarios. By 2050, low-carbon energy represents 44–54% of primary energy and 86–97% of electricity supply in the high and low budget scenarios, respectively.

This study assesses Japan's mid-century low-emission pathways using both national and global integrated assessment models in the common mitigation scenario framework, based on the carbon budgets corresponding to the global 2 °C goal. We examine high and low budgets, equal to global cumulative 1600 and 1000 Gt-CO2 (2011–2100) for global models, and 36 and 31 Gt-CO2 (2011–2050) in Japan for national models, based on the cost-effectiveness allocation performed by the global models. The impacts of near-term policy assumption, including the implementation and enhancement of the 2030 target of the nationally determined contribution (NDC), are also considered. Our estimates show that the low budget scenarios require a 75% reduction of CO2 emissions by 2050 below the 2010 level, which is nearly the same as Japan's governmental 2050 goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 80%. With regard to near-term actions, Japan's 2030 target included in the NDC is on track to meet the high budget scenario, whereas it is falling short for the low budget scenario, which would require emission reductions immediately after 2020. Whereas models differ in the type of energy source on which they foresee Japan basing its decarbonization process (e.g., nuclear- or variable renewable energy-dependent), the large-scale deployment of low-carbon energy (nuclear, renewable, and carbon capture and storage) is shared across most models in both the high and low budget scenarios. By 2050, low-carbon energy represents 44–54% of primary energy and 86–97% of electricity supply in the high and low budget scenarios, respectively. © 2019, The Author(s).

To combat transnational organized crime, the States focus their efforts target the economic aspect of organized crime, this being the new strategy of criminal policy. To achieve this, confiscation, considered a sui generis measure, acquires relevance and becomes the effective instrument to recover assets of illegal origin. Falling on the instruments, products and proceeds of crime. In this article, a concept of confiscation will be determined after the analysis of comparative legislations and supranational norms, as well as the different modalities of confiscation and its legal nature. Will be addressed confiscation and its compatibility with the limits of the ius puniendi. Likewise, the confiscation and its regulation in Nicaraguan criminal law and will be analyzed the confiscation as an instrument for the recovery of assets resulting from money laundering in Nicaraguan criminal legislation. ; Para combatir la criminalidad organizada trasnacional, los Estados centran sus esfuerzos en atacar el aspecto económico de la criminalidad organizada, siendo esta la nueva estrategia de política criminal. Para conseguirlo, el comiso, considerado una medida sui generis, adquiere relevancia y se convierte en el instrumento eficaz para recuperar bienes de origen ilícito, recayendo sobre los instrumentos, productos y ganancias del delito. En este artículo se determinará un concepto de comiso tras el análisis de legislaciones comparadas y normas supranacionales, asimismo las diferentes modalidades del comiso y su naturaleza jurídica. Se abordará el comiso y su compatibilidad con los límites del ius puniendi. De igual forma se analizará el comiso y su regulación en la legislación penal nicaragüense y el comiso como instrumento para la recuperación de activos producto de lavado de activos en la legislación penal nicaragüense.

2019 Spring. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Oil sands surface mining in the boreal region of Alberta, Canada alters the natural hydrologic processes, vegetation, and geochemistry of affected ecosystems. Peat accumulating bogs and fens cover approximately 30% of the oil sands region and function as long-term carbon sinks. The government of Alberta has legislated that disturbed areas be reclaimed to "equivalent land capacity." However, no guidelines exist for reclaiming peatlands in post-mined landscapes. A pilot fen was constructed on Suncor's Millennium oil sands mine in 2013 and I analyzed the effects on annual biomass growth by introducing plants as seeds, seedlings, and rhizome fragments from locally harvested material. Total above-ground biomass (AGB) in year five was 460 ± 30.7 g m-2 (n 56) and was comparable to natural fens in the region. Total living below-ground biomass (BGB) averaged 1640 ± 99.9 g m-2 (n 56) by year five, falling slightly below ranges for regional fens. When averaged across all treatments, C. aquatilis produced the greatest AGB (404 ± 32.8 g m-2, n 56) in year five and represented over 70% (se 1.520) of the site total biomass. AGB of C. aquatilis and J. balticus and total AGB and BGB were positively correlated with water table depth. Total BGB was positively correlated with electrical conductivity. Typha latifolia AGB was significantly affected by removal treatments when averaged across sampling years. Plant derived carbon inputs to reclaimed peatlands and long-term storage are characterized in part by the effects of abiotic variables on vascular plant biomass. Results from this study provide guidance for evaluating reclaimed post-mined fens in Alberta, Canada.