Suchergebnisse

In 1985 North Carolina's Local Government Commission (LGC) began a program to evaluate the percentage portfolios of the funds invested and the diversity of the investment governments and public authorities. The LGC established state's local five evaluation criteria and notified the governments and authorities of deviations from the five investment norms. This article discusses what was reported to the LGC and changes in invested funds occuring after LGC's evaluation. Principal findings include: cities over 10,000 population and counties in general are investing a high percentage of their funds; small‐sized cities and public authorities tend to avoid the higher yielding, but more complex to purchase, instruments: and most governments and authorities experienced a considerable increase in the percentage of funds invested after review by the LGC. Based on the marked increases in funds invested, other states should consider helping local governments and public authorities with cash management.

The search for medieval parallels and for medieval roots in New World history has become a fascinating genre. My own university has produced one of the major figures in this field, Lynn White, Jr., and has recently honored another, Luis Weckmann. With the Columbus centennial rushing toward us, we may expect more exercises in their spirit. Such an approach is not farfetched or whimsical. We are the heirs of medieval technology and mentalities. In both, as White has reminded us, the United States may be "closer to the Middle Ages than is Europe." And the great historian Shelomo Goitein, after spending most of his working life in pre-Nazi Germany and then in Israel, upon moving to the United States was startled to recognize the medieval flavor of our social structures and mentalities; as a lifelong student of the Middle Ages, he found that "one feels quite at home" here.

Farmers of the Ogallala Aquifer region of the Great Plains in the western United States were interviewed concerning their perceptions of drought, weather and climate changes, aquifer conditions, and the adaptive strategies used to cope with these. The results of these surveys parallel and refine the results reported by Saarinen in 1966: Farmers recall classic droughts and the most recent years as drought; intermediate years and droughts are lost from memory. A pattern of perception is suggested by these results wherein experience influences both definition and memory, which in turn affect expectations of the particular environmental event. People's perceptions, expectations, and adaptive responses to recurrent environmental stimulae, such as drought, are related to their direct experiences. When one's experience restricts his or her view of the potential variance in meteorological or other environmental events, however, that restriction may lead to inappropriate or insufficient response to environmental hazards.

Analytical efforts to understand the factors which influence
population growth and the variables which affect fertility behaviour
have become the concern of most social scientists. Studies done to look
at the interrelationship between population growth and economic
development have mostly used the viewpoints of economics and demography.
The economists belonging to different schools of thought have treated
the population question differently: while some of them have treated
population growth as an exogenous variable, others have considered it to
be endogenous. The economist's decision-making model of fertility
behaviour, which considered children as an economic good, was developed
as an extension of the conceptual framework of the micro-economic model
of a consumer's decision-making process in allocating a restricted
budget to alternative uses. The validity of the application of an
economic theoretical framework to household fertility behaviour has,
however, been questioned by many social scientists.

Die Autoren wenden sich gegen die Kritiker, die den Sandinistas antidemokratische Tendenzen vorwerfen. Sie heben den aus ihrer Sicht demokratischen Charakter der sandinistischen Revolution hervor, der sich auch und gerade in den unterschiedlichen Formen der demokratischen Beteiligung des Volkes zeige. Einer Gesellschaft, die revolutionäre Veränderungen angesichts äußerer Aggression, Konterrevolution und ökonomischer Krise umzusetzen versuche, könnten einzelne Maßnahmen nicht als Beweis angeblich antidemokratischer Absichten vorgehalten werden

During the 1980s, most European countries underwent substantial changes in their economic and educational systems. During the period it became clear that the discussions were going to be centered around the rapid changes being experienced by the higher education systems in practically all the countries of the region in their attempts to adapt themselves to new socio-economic conditions. In particular, much stress was given to the need to arrive at a clearer understanding of the diversification processes which were currently taking place in various higher education systems and of the combinations of factors which lead to such diversification. This book aims to discuss the features, the causes, and the national experiences of the ongoing processes of adaptation of higher education to changing societal needs and diversification of processes that were exerting similar influences on different national systems of higher education in European countries. ; UNESCO European Centre for Higher Education

Most studies of presidential power assume that legitimacy is derived from the Constitution. This essay argues that presidents can become authors of their own legitimacy, whether understood in normative or behavioral terms. Specifically, the thesis is that presidential assertions of power, cloaked in an antipower rhetoric which formally honors the dominant values of the culture, have created an American state that has served as an extraconstitutional source of presidential legitimacy. It is widely believed that American constitutionalism undermined the state by destroying sovereignty. Lincoln's interpretation and use of the war power, however, denned a supreme national authority located in the presidency. In addition, his Gettysburg Address provided a paradigmatic metaphor for concealing presidential power rhetorically. Subsequent presidents have taken advantage of both effects by attempting to assert power as revolutionary principle. Linguistically, these concealments are reflected in tropes which constitute legitimizing defenses for exercise of extraordinary power.

Götz Hillig, Marianne Krûger-Potratz, The "second birth" of AS. Makarenko.
Makarenko is world-famous as Soviet educationist: his Road to Life is undoubtedly among the most-read educational books. The historical context of his educational experiments and of his writings is less known, and almost unknown are the origins of the reception of his works in the educational field. When Makarenko died in 1939, he was mourned as a literary author. At that time (due to the politics of the Party, of which the 1931-1936 decrees are only tips of an iceberg) Soviet education appeared to be without pedagogues. The 1940 edition of the Education manual knows of only two names: Lenin and Stalin. How Galina Stakhievna Makarenko, as well as former co-workers and friends of Makarenko "s managed to give his work back to education is the topic of this paper.

Interview data (N = 141 Fs) on traits desired in children from the Lynds' studies of Muncie (Middletown), Ind, in the 1920s are compared with similar data (N = 333 F Rs) collected in a 1978 replication of the Lynds' work by Theodore Caplow et al (Middletown Families: Fifty Years of Change and Continuity [see IRPS No. 12/82c00119]). The results indicate that major changes have occurred in the most preferred qualities of children over this century, providing relatively strong evidence of changes in parent-child relations over this period. These patterns suggest greater emphasis on qualities linked to the autonomy of children in contemporary society, whereas earlier desiderata stressed greater obedience to institutional & adult authority. These trends are interpreted in terms of changing relations in the family & in the context of the response of the family to social, economic, & demographic changes during the twentieth century. 1 Table, 56 References. Modified HA

A review essay on a book edited by Gerard Radnitzky & W. W. Bartley, III, Evolutionary Epistemology, Theory of Rationality, and the Sociology of Knowledge (La Salle, Ill: Open Court, 1987 [see listing in IRPS No. 51]). Karl Popper conceived of evolutionary epistemology as a generalization of his theory that all learning is by trial & error, error being the selective impact of experience on our trials. The biological implications & the self-consistency of this conception, & rival views of knowledge are considered in this book. Attention is drawn to the divergent character & levels of difficulty of the work's three parts. Of most importance is the hypothesis of a real world as part of biological explanation. It is suggested here that this leaves the question of "what the real world is like" underdetermined. Like evolutionary anthropology, selection pressures explain general features, but not the detail, in evolutionary epistemology. AA

MARX'S THOUGHTS ON THE PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNISM HAVE BEEN EXTENSIVELY QUOTED AND ANALYSED, CRITICIZED AND PRAISED. TODAY THE MOST FAMOUS AMONG THEM IS A SHORT PASSAGE FROM THE GERMAN IDEOLOGY, A MANUSCRIPT WORK BY MARX AND ENGELS FIRST PUBLISHED IN 1924 IN A RUSSIAN TRANSLATION, AND THEN IN THE ORIGINAL GERMAN IN 1926. THIS PASSAGE IS SO WELL KNOWN AND SO EXTENSIVELY QUOTED THAT ITS OMMISSION FROM ANY STUDY OF MARX'S WORK IS WORTHY OF NOTICE, BECAUSE IT SUGGESTS THAT THE COMMENTATOR IS UNWILLING TO CONFRONT AN ISSUE THAT CAN NOW BE RESOLVED. THIS IS THE QUESTION OF CONSISTENCY IN MARX'S VIEWS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY AND COMMUNIST SOCIETY. THE PASSAGE CANNOT NOW BE READ AS ONE CONTINUOUS TRAIN OF THOUGHT. IN FACT IT SHOWS MARX SHARPLY REBUKING ENGELS FOR STRAYING, PERHAPS MOMENTARILY, FROM THE SERIOUS WORK OF UNDERCUTTING THE FANTASIES OF UTOPIAN SOCIALISTS.

The ways that the US has effected changes in Grenada's economy since it occupied that country in 1983 are explored, with special reference to agriculture. The primary policy executed through the Grenada government by the US has been divestment of state enterprises. Class relations in the agricultural center were dominated by a feudal class process from emancipation in 1834 through the early twentieth century, with cash slowly replacing land as payment for estate labor. The People's Revolutionary Government ([PRG] 1979-1983) policy promoted agricultural self-sufficiency & initiation of cooperatives. Besides dismantling any program begun under the PRG, the US has launched the Model Farms Project, which divests government lands & returns them to their former owners. Among its aims is an attempt to crush the reorganization of agricultural workers, historically among the most militant in Grenada, & create a class of capitalist farmers. 2 Tables, 26 References. A. Waters

Five colonies of Rhinonycteris aurantius in the Northern Territory are described. Colonies occurred
in caves and mine shafts and ranged in size from 40 individuals to about 11 250. In all, 24 000
R. aurantius were estimated to be present in the five colonies. Macroderrna gigas, Miniopterus
schreibersii and Hippossideros after frequently occurred in the same caves and mine shafts as R.
auranfius but only H. ater shared the same roost. Most R. aurantius used roasts between 30 and
32�C with relative humidities from 90 to 96%. Roosts were frequently in confined spaces and, as the
bats roost 12 cm apart, were comparatively large. Male R. aurantius were significantly heavier than
females (mean weight of males 8.4 g; mean weight of females 7.6 g; P<O.01) and there were marked
regional differences in pelage colour. No breeding activity was observed and no juveniles were identified.

Preferences of Chelodina expansa, Chelodina longicollis and Emydura macquarii (Testudines : Chelidae)
for different types of aquatic habitat on the Murray River flood plain in south-eastern Australia were
inferred from catch statistics. E. macquarii was the species most often caught in the river itself and river
backwaters, whereas C. longicollis formed the majority of captures from oxbow lakes, anabranches,
ponds, rain pools and a swamp. Relative abundance of E. macquarii was significantly positively
correlated with water body depth, transparency, persistence during dry conditions and flow speed, and
negatively correlated with remoteness from the river. C. longicollis demonstrated the opposite pattern,
and the proportional catch of C. expansa was weakly correlated with environmental variables. The
capacity of C. longicollis for colonising and surviving in small, remote and ephemeral ponds and pools
relates to its ability to aestivate and resist desiccation and its propensity for overland migration.