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International organization — Officials — Sources of law — General principles of law — Human rights — Council of Europe — Statute — Discrimination on grounds of sex — Payment of family allowances to officials

AbstractOne result of recent empirical research into the household‐formation systems of rural Europe during the pre‐industrial era has been an increasing emphasis upon variations in norms governing these formations among different European regions. Relatively little attention, however, has been directed toward understanding the origins of these regional variations, or (in view of the inevitable problems of available source material) empirically tracing these regional variations further backward in time. Historical sociologists and anthropologists concerned with pre‐1500 European household systems have rather tended to concentrate upon the emergence of Christian or post‐classical family systems in general. But recently more detailed work in quasi‐census‐type material in three widely scattered regions ‐ late‐Byzantine Greece, early‐Renaissance Tuscany, and late‐medieval England ‐has made it possible to argue that the broad regional variations now established for these regions on the eve of industrialisation now seem discernible from a much earlier era. Brief consideration of the empirical data for household sizes and types, and comparisons with later material, help to elucidate this. Particular attention is given to the patterns now emerging from English evidence, in view of recent debate about the 'peculiarity' of the pre‐modern English experience.RésuméUn résultat des recherches empiriques récentes sur les systèmes de formation des ménages dans ľEurope rurale pré‐industrielle a été de montrer ľimportance des variations dans les normes qui, dans différentes régions ?Europe, gouvernent la formation des ménages. Mais on s'est peu attardéà expliquer les causes de ces variations, pas plus qu'on n'a ‐ compte tenu des problèmes de sources ‐ essayé de décrire ces variations pour des périodes antérieures. La sociologie historique et ľanthropologie, quand elles s'intéressent aux systèmes familiaux avant 1500, se sont plutôt attachées à décrire ľémergence des systèmes familiaux chrétiens ou post‐classiques. Récemment cependant un matériel empirique précis concernant trois régions très éloignées (Grèce post‐byzantine, Toscane de la pré‐Renaissance et Angleterre médiévale) a permis de montrer que ces variations régionales, qui sont bien établies àľaube de 1'industriaJisation, existaient en fait depuis beaucoup plus longtemps. Des données empiriques, concernant les types et compositions des ménages, le montrent. Et ľauteur s'intéresse spécialement aux modèles qui émergent à partir du cas anglais, ce qui éclaire le débat actuel sur la particularité de ľexpérience anglaise pré‐moderne.KurzfassungEin Ergebnis neuerer empirischer Forschungen über Systemc der Haushaltsbildung im ländlichen Europa während der frühindustrialisierung war eine zunehmende Betonung der Unterschiede von Normen, die diese Bildungsprozesse beeinfluβt haben. Vergleichsweise wenig Aufmerksamkeit wurde jedoch auf das Verständnis der Ursprünge dieser regionalen Unterschiede oder (in Anbetracht der unvermeidlichen Probleme des verfügbaren Quellen‐materials) auf das Zurückverfolgen dieser regionalen Unterschiede in die Vergangenheit gerichtet. Historisch orientierte Soziologen und Anthropologen, die sich mit Haushalts‐systemen in Europa vor dem 15.Jahrhundert beschäftigt haben, waren eher geneigt, sich ganz allgemein auf das Entstehen christlicher oder postklassischer Familiensysteme zu konzentrieren.Neuerdings haben detaillierte Arbeiten mit zensusähnlichem Datenmaterial aus drei weit auseinander liegenden Regionen ‐ dem spätbyzanthinischen Griechenland, der Toskana der Frührenaissance und dem spätmittelalterlichen England ‐ es aber möglich gemacht, die Behauptung aufzustellen, daβ die für diese Gebiete bis heute auf den Vorabend der Industrialisierung zurückgeführten groβen regionalen Unterschiede jetzt ab einem viel früheren Zeitraum nachweisbar zu sein scheinen. Eine kurze Betrachtungder empirischen Daten über Haushaltsgröβen und ‐typen sowie Vergleiche mit älterem Material helfen, dies zu erhellen. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wird Mustern geschenkt, die aufgrund der jüngsten Debatte über die Eigenartigkeit der englischen Verhältnisse nun aus englischen Quellen hervorgchen.

AbstractThe paper provides a brief review of system dynamics activity in continental Europe. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Europe made great progress towards a "whole and free" continent during the 35 years until 2007/08, when a cascade of crises occurred, culminating in Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Timothy Garten Ash argues that a Ukraine victory would offer the opportunity to renew efforts to create a "whole and free" Europe.

History of the introduction of the feudal system into Great Britain.--History of tenures.--History of the alienation of land property.--History of entails.--History of the laws of succession or descent.--History of the forms of conveyance.--History of jurisdictions, and of the forms of procedure in courts.--History of the constitution of Parliament ; Mode of access: Internet.

"This volume examines how ideas of the nation influenced ordinary people by focusing on their affective lives. Using a variety of sources, methods and cases, ranging from Spain during the age of Revolutions to post-WWII Poland, it demonstrates that emotions are integral to understanding the everyday pull of nationalism on ordinary people"--

This ground-breaking book surveys the history of women's political thought in Europe from the late medieval period to the early modern era. The authors examine women's ideas about topics such as the basis of political authority, the best form of political organisation, justifications of obedience and resistance, and concepts of liberty, toleration, sociability, equality, and self-preservation. Women's ideas concerning relations between the sexes are discussed in tandem with their broader political outlooks; and the authors demonstrate that the development of a distinctively sexual politics is reflected in women's critiques of marriage, the double standard, and women's exclusion from government. Women writers are also shown to be indebted to the ancient idea of political virtue, and to be acutely aware of being part of a long tradition of female political commentary. This work will be of tremendous interest to political philosophers, historians of ideas, and feminist scholars alike

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1: Introduction: History and Politics of Big Science in Europe -- Bibliography -- Chapter 2: What Kind of Europe for European Big Science? -- 2.1 The Other Europe -- 2.1.1 Technology -- 2.1.2 Spatiality -- 2.1.3 Politics -- 2.2 What Role for the European Economic Union (EEC) and the European Union (EU)? -- Bibliography -- Chapter 3: History and Science of Research with Synchrotron Radiation -- Bibliography -- Chapter 4: Founding the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 1977-1988 -- 4.1 Origins of the ESRF -- 4.2 Intergovernmental Arrangements -- 4.3 Putting the ESRF in Place -- 4.4 The Role of France and Germany -- 4.4.1 "Embedded Bilateralism" -- 4.4.2 National Agendas in France and Germany -- 4.5 Towards a Convention for the ESRF -- 4.6 Concluding Discussion -- Bibliography -- ESRF Archive, Grenoble, France -- Archives Nationales de France, Paris, France -- Bundesarchiv, Koblenz, Germany -- Legal/Governmental Documents -- Literature -- Chapter 5: Establishing the European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser (European XFEL), 1992-2009 -- 5.1 The Transformation of DESY -- 5.2 The TESLA Proposal for a Linear Collider -- 5.3 From the Free-Electron Laser at the TESLA Test Facility to FLASH -- 5.4 Political Commitment to the European XFEL -- 5.5 Foreign Partners and In-Kind Contributions -- 5.6 The Role of Russia -- 5.6.1 German-Russian Collaborations in Science -- 5.6.2 Nanotechnology, Big Politics and the European XFEL -- 5.7 Towards a Convention -- 5.8 Concluding Discussion -- Bibliography -- Bundesarchiv, Koblenz, Germany -- DESY Archive, Hamburg, Germany (Chronological Order) -- Legal/Governmental Documents (Chronological Order) -- References -- Miscellaneous -- Chapter 6: The Other Europe of Big Science: Historical Dynamics and Contemporary Tendencies.