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This academic paper provides a historical reflection on the problem of the origin of science in order to determine the reasons for differences in determining the date and content of the first scientific achievements. The application of historical-genetic research methods in the disciplinary aspect contributes to the distinction of particular scientific programs in the science body frame with a different relationship between the object and subject of cognition, the internal logic of ideas and worldviews. As a result, the existing research concerned with the conditions of knowledge function in different types of society or with the relations between the structure of knowledge and its purpose, was supplemented by an explication of forms of the continuity of program components – ontological, epistemological and axiological basis of specific scientific cognition/knowledge. In particular, it is established that the ancient world atomistic and peripatetic programs follow the structural pattern of the scientific explanation of the Pythagorean one (scientific and philosophical at the same time), contributing a new subject content in it.

Es gibt einige neue Versuche, die Kluft zwischen quantitativen und qualitativen Methoden in den Sozialwissenschaften zu überbrücken (vgl. auch Berg-Schlosser & Quenter 1996). Dieser Beitrag illustriert und testet einerseits ausschließlich einige dieser Methoden wie etwa Regressions-, Cluster- oder Diskriminanzanalyse und andererseits neuere Fall- und Diversität-orientierte Methoden wie QCA, MultiValue QCA (MVQCA) und Fuzzy-Set QCA (fs/ QCA). Dazu werden Daten genutzt, um Lipsets Theorie der sozio-ökonomischen 'Anforderungen' von Demokratie auf der Basis von 18 Fällen in Europa in der Zeit zwischen den Kriegen zu testen. Dadurch werden die spezifischen Stärken und Schwächen der jeweiligen Methoden gezeigt. ; There are some new attempts to bridge the divide between quantitative and qualitative methods in the social sciences (see also Berg-Schlosser & Quenter 1996). This paper explicitly illustrates and tests some of these methods like regression, cluster, or discriminant analysis, on the one hand, and more recent case- and diversity-oriented methods like QCA, Multi-Value QCA (MVQCA), and Fuzzy-Set QCA (fs/ QCA) on the other. This is done by using data to test Lipset's theory of socio-economic 'requisites' of democracy on the basis of 18 cases in Europe in the interwar period. In this way, the specific strengths and weaknesses of the respective methods are demonstrated.

Austerity as Public Mood explores how politicians and the media mobilise nostalgic and socially conservative ideas of work and community in order to justify cuts to public services and create divisions between the deserving and undeserving. It examines the powerful appeal of these concepts as part of a wider public mood marked by guilt, nostalgia and resentment – particularly around the inequalities produced by global capitalism and changes to the nature of work. In doing so, the book engages with urgent questions about the contemporary political climate. Focusing on the UK, it challenges accounts of neoliberalism which frame it as primarily an individualising force and localist definitions of community as mitigating its damaging effects. Finally, it explores how resistance to austerity can challenge these tendencies by offering a politics of solidarity and hope, and a forum for experimentation with alternative forms of collectivity.

In a society like South Korea which is undergoing great transformations, entailing rapid industrialization and economic growth, social integration is fast surfacing as a problematique to be squarely tackled both by intellectuals and by practically oriented minds, interested in the need for some degree of order in society. The article explores social integration in this country with special reference to Confucius' philosophy of change and excessive speed of change, excessive concentration of ressources and excessive rigidity of mind and behaviour of the ruling elite. (DÜI-Sen)

This paper analyzes the social insurance in the context of its basic function protection against social risks. The results of the study of the social insurance and social risk relationships help propose the definition of the social risk. We consider the social risk as the probability of financial distress due to the lack of earnings because of objective socially significant reasons and due to the additional costs of the children or other family members' allowance, as well as to meet the needs of health and social services. In this case, the object of compulsory state social insurance relations is the coverage of social risk. The social risk is actualized under a system of interconnected relationships. Its participants are the insurance carrier, the insurer and the insured. The purpose of these mentioned relationships is to provide insurance protection of the economically active population in the event of the social-risk situation, its prevention and effects compensation. Insurance risk function is transformed into a fee insurer liability for the consequences of the risk caused by the events which are preappointed by current legislation. The basic principles of social insurance are: commitment, a clear dependence between participation in the financing system and the size of pensions and benefits, provision of payments, comparable with the income of the insured person during his / her working life, facilities isolation and participation of the social partners in the governance.It has been mentioned that in contradiction to Ukraine the general trend for the member states of the European Union is a striving for the social contributions optimization. Thus, based on projections over the next fifty years, they expect an increase by only 5 % of GDP in the corresponding estimates, they take into account the expected effects of reforms in the social security that have already been legislated and done (including new aid schemes and conditions of pensions), and the expected increase of labor share in total population and employment levels.The current social insurance system in Ukraine in its content is not insurance in the classic sense, as it stores and serves the social security (benefits) functions. It has a number of disadvantages and needs to be improved, in particular: to improve the mechanism of insured persons providing with benefits and social services, policies differentiated insurance rates improvement, economic stimulation of employers providing in the implementation of measures to prevent industrial risks. To reduce the load on the payroll fund it is necessary to expand the base of insurance premiums accounting, to improve the system of collecting and accounting of insurance premiums and gradually ensure parity among employees and employers to pay insurance contributions for compulsory social state insurance.

Although it is well-recognized that Max Weber was of central importance to many of the emigre social scientists who fled Hitler, commentators have overlooked both Weber's attempt to found a new dynamic political science that would test partisan commitments and the endeavors of emigre political scientists to develop this project. This article lays out this new Weberian political science and assesses the fate of the various attempts on the part of the emigres to translate it into their new setting. It shows that Weber forged a notion of political science that combined an existential notion of politics as inexorable power struggle with a sociology of the business of politics that provided the setting in which that struggle was to take place. It also shows that the central purpose of this political science was to aid political partisans in clarifying the meaning of their political commitments by forcing them to view these commitments as they are shaped in the socio-political context that determines the struggle for power. I then show that Mannheim sought to radicalize this approach to political science by seeking to construct the political backdrop for the testing of political ideas out of a political field not out of parties, politicians, and state institutions but out of competing ideologies, each of which could be shown to have some insight into the dynamics of political conflict. For Mannheim we could now test political ideas against political reality by playing them off against each other. I call this project of testing political ideas against existential and sociological notions of the political field the Weber–Mannheim project. I then show how three emigre political scientists – Arnold Brecht, Hans Morgenthau, and Franz Neumann – sought to carry on the Weber–Mannheim project in their new setting. I argue that, of the three, Franz Neumann in his great work Behemoth, was most successful in staying true to that project. For he was able to find in his analysis of the Weimar Republic and the fascist regime a way of demonstrating the dynamics under which democracy and dictatorship fail or succeed while still maintaining openings for political will. Both Brecht and Morgenthau seem to have flattened the dynamic aspect of the Weberian and Mannheimian notions of a prudential political science – though it was Morgenthau who had the most successful reception in political science.

Introduction -- Securing and searching the crime scene -- Recording the crime scene -- Collection of crime-scene evidence -- Physical evidence -- Death investigation -- Crime-scene reconstruction -- Fingerprints -- Firearms, tool marks, and other impressions -- Bloodstain pattern analysis -- Drugs -- Forensic toxicology -- Trace evidence I: Hairs and fibers -- Trace evidence II: Paint, glass, and soil -- Biological stain analysis: DNA -- Forensic aspects of fire and explosion investigation -- Document examination -- Computer forensics -- Mobile device forensics

Die systemtheoretisch orientierte Monografie untersucht Phänomen und Funktion von Illegalität. Sie enthält außerdem die Ausarbeitung des neuen Theoriestücks der Modalmedien. Illegalität ist ein solches Modalmedium, das sich an rechtlich-politischen Unvereinbarkeiten entzündet. Es stellt auf der Ebene der Inklusion und Exklusion von Organisationen und Personen und in Bezug auf die Selbstbeobachtung der Weltgesellschaft ein Beobachtungspotential bereit, um diese formalen Unvereinbarkeiten auf illegale Weise vereinbar zu machen. So wird durch Illegalität eine zugleich destabilisierende und stabilisierende Behandlung innerer und äußerer Systemgrenzen ermöglicht, indem unvereinbare formale Erwartungen verletzt und genau dadurch erfüllt werden. Das Modalmedium ermöglicht demnach die Systemreproduktion auch dann, wenn sie durch rechtlich-politische Unvereinbarkeiten gefährdet ist. Der Inhalt Begriffliche Vorarbeiten ● Verbotene Realität ● Evolution des Verbotenen - Teil I: vom Tabubruch zum Verbrechen ● Evolution des Verbotenen - Teil II: Kriminalität ● Zwischenstand: Bedingungen von Illegalität ● Vorformen von Illegalität ● Gesetzlichkeit ● Sozialismus und Nationalsozialismus - und Illegalität ● Erste Beschreibungen von Illegalität ● Illegalität: Annäherungen an ein Medium ● Einschub: Kommunikationsmedien ● Legalität und Illegalität ● Illegalität als Modalmedium ● Funktionale Äquivalente für Illegalität ● Vernetzung, Korruption und Illegalität ● Ordnung der Exklusionen Die Zielgruppen ● Studierende und Lehrende der Soziologie, der Politologie, der Kulturwissenschaft, der Medientheorie ● KrimininalsoziologInnen ● Alle an Systemtheorie Interessierte Der Autor Uli Reiter ist Wissenschaftler, freier Künstler und Marketingdienstleister. www.illegalitaet.com www.illegalität.de

This book provides a unique empirical study of criminal trials in China. Western observers such as the media, politicians and the legal scholars alike, have rarely had the exposure to the vast majority of the ordinary criminal trials in China. A number of legal reforms have been implemented in Chinese criminal courts in recent years, but there has been little research on whether these reforms have been effective. This book fills that gap, by unveiling the day-to-day reality of criminal cases tried by the lowest level courts in China. The data used in this study include hundreds of criminal trial observations, complete criminal case dossiers, and a comprehensive questionnaire survey of criminal justice practitioners from one large province located in China's Southeast coast. These data were collected over a two-year period, with a generous research grant from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, by scholars already working in the Chinese legal system. The work opens with a historical framework of the Chinese criminal justice system, both Western and Chinese interpretations, and an overview of the current state of the system. It will provide unique analysis of how criminal trials are being carried out in China, with a useful context for scholars with varying levels of familiarity with the current system. The research framework for gathering data discussed in this book will also provide a useful basis for studying the criminal justice system in other regions

In diesem Band werden die Ergebnisse einer qualitativen Studie vorgestellt, die rechtsextreme Gewalttaten aus der subjektiven Sicht der Opfer untersucht. Gegenstand der Analysen sind das Erleben der Tat selbst durch die Betroffenen sowie kurz- oder langfristige Folgen für ihren weiteren Lebensweg. Besonderes Augenmerk wird dabei auf Prozesse einer individuellen und sozialen Restabilisierung nach der Tat gelegt sowie auf gesellschaftliche Bedingungen, die diese Prozesse unterstützen, aber auch behindern können.