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Most scholars and development experts assume that scientists in developing countries are isolated, although some posit that they are part of a global scientific community. This paper seeks to determine the size of professional networks for scientists in less developed countries (LDC) as well as the distribution of their ties across organisational contexts and locations. Professional contact networks of scientists in Africa and Asia were determined in personal interviews with 293 researchers in universities, government laboratories and non-governmental organisations. Contrary to expectations, researchers in the least devel oped countries do not have the smallest networks. Results indicate that: (a) international and domestic networks are inversely related, (b) education abroad increases contact with the developed world for scientists in state institutes and non-government organisations, but not for academics, and (c) there are reduced returns to education for researchers in the least developed research systems. Our primary conclusion is that the characterisation of LDC scientists as 'isolated' is misleading when their professional networks are concen trated in local arenas.

The speakership of Henry Clay marks an important period in the early development of American politics & political institutions. The "leadership survival" explanation of the Clay speakership, first proposed in James Sterling Young's, The Washington Community, 1800-1828, has enjoyed wide currency & more recently has been incorporated in work by scholars associated with the "new institutionalism" in rational choice theory. In this article we revisit Young's account of the Clay speakership, focusing on the period after the War of 1812. Using evidence from committee assignment & roll call records, we show that Speaker Clay's leadership strategy was more complex than Young & the new institutionalist accounts propose, & that it advanced Clay's public policy goals as well as his political ambition. A new survey of historical evidence also shows that Young significantly understated Clay's importance as a leader on matters of national policy. We propose a "strategic majority" explanation, which provides a more complete account of the politics of the Clay speakership & of Clay's influence on national policy during these years. 5 Tables, 1 Appendix. Adapted from the source document.

European cooperation in foreign policy, or political cooperation, recently completed its third decade of institutional development. Most of this change has taken place at European level, often by adopting or adapting the procedures of the European Community. Yet the expansion of foreign, & now security, policy cooperation in the European Union (EU) has also increasingly penetrated into the domestic politics of its member states. This article suggests a conceptual framework for measuring the ways political cooperation has encouraged corresponding changes in EU member states. Four indicators of national adaptation are stressed: elite socialization, bureaucratic restitutional changes, & changes in public perceptions about the desirability & legitimacy of this cooperation. These types of change demonstrate that the demands of foreign policy cooperation are much greater than those outlined in treaty articles, & must be taken into consideration as the EU negotiates its next enlargement with Central & Eastern European states & attempts to develop a European security & defense identity. 2 Tables, 43 References. Adapted from the source document.

A discussion of Canada's current policy on official bilingualism focuses on both its moral validity in light of theories of citizenship & its potential to enhance civic solidarity. An overview of the historical roots of English-French duality since 1763, when New France was ceded to GB, highlights events that impacted the development of official bilingualism as a civic commitment. Three strands of citizenship that correspond to justifications for accepting or rejecting language rights for French & English-speaking Canadians are described as the liberal strand; the historical strand; & the democratic deliberation strand. The liberal strand emphasizes equal respect for all human beings; the historical strand stresses the value of a historical contract among those who founded the political community; & the democratic deliberation strand accentuates the value of the democratic process that defines the terms of citizenship. Special attention is given to the current status of these justifications, as well as ways in which they reflect moral & instrumental commitments. J. Lindroth

During the last thirty years, ideologies, theories and policies relating to domestic violence have changed radically. As a result of this, community concern and state policies shifted considerably towards protecting and supporting abused wives. Although this shift was justified by the extreme severity of the problem and the relative inadequacy of relevant policies of the past to address wife abuse effectively, it nevertheless led to a partial neglect of other types of domestic violence. Particularly wife‐to‐husband abuse has been totally ignored and neglected, and even taken to be the fault of the victim. This paper explores the status of husband abuse, by re‐assessing relevant trends and developments in Australia and other countries, and presents a review of empirical evidence which shows that husband abuse is more common and more serious than it is generally believed to be, and that it is the task of the government to address spouse abuse by means of policies and practices which are free from a sexist bias.

Concern is expressed about the demise of rural communities resulting from processes of out-migration of young people and in-migration of newcomers. Youth out-migration is the result of a combination of structural and motivational factors. Here the relationship between agency and structure in explaining migration behaviour is explored through the study of one factor: the development of socio-spatial identities in youth. This is of interest not only as a facet of identity construction in childhood and youth, the product of an internal-external dialectic, but also because it appears to represent, alongside structural factors such as local disadvantage, an important but under-recognised factor influencing migration or staying-on decisions among young people brought up in rural communities. Here, the construction of socio-spatial identities, the respective roles of the community and the individual in processes of inclusion and exclusion, inter-generational processes of social reproduction and, finally, the relationship between identity and migration behaviour are explored through the accounts of young people from the Scottish Borders.

The World at the Turn of the Century, by Hubert Védrine
Far from being the "end of history" or a "new international order", the post-Cold War world is characterized rather by turbulent transition. Two fondamental issues are looming on the horizon : the role and place of the American "hyperpower" and the relations between the West and the other parts of the world. In the face of the risks of unilateralism and uniformization, we should strive to achieve a multipolar, diversified and multilateral world based on cooperation and negotiation. The European Union must play an important role in such a world. Faced with the risk of rejection or the West and of its values, it is necessary to hâve more regard for the pace and stages of development of non-Western countries and not to demand that they convert to democracy overnight. This is a key condition for the emergence of a genuinely universal consensus and of an authentic "international community".

Japanese economic activity and community growth in Great Britain.
Louise Hurdley and Paul White.
Japanese inward investment in Great Britain has been associated with the development of manufacturing activities within areas offering government assistance, whilst all forms of service activities have been concentrated in London. Japanese economic activity has been associated with the relocation of Japanese personnel, primarily for management and specialist functions. During the 1980s the number of Japanese residents in Britain grew at a faster rate than almost any group from the developed world. Although London houses the majority of these migrants, there are significant numbers in other locations throughout Britain, associated with manufacturing investments. The distribution of the Japanese in Britain is therefore highly distinctive in comparison to the distribution of other foreign or ethnic minority groups. In particular, there are now small Japanese communities in several towns where they constitute one of the biggest immigrant or ethnic minority groups, and they are particularly located in high status neighbourhoods. The evidence presented in this paper comes from unpublished data from the 1991 population census.

Between 3 and 4 December 1997, 122 governments signed theConvention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and On Their Destruction, marking the first time in history that die international community banned a weapon that is already in widespread use.Tens of millions of landmines are emplaced in about 70 nations. Another 100–200 million anti-personnel landmines are believed to be in the arsenals of more than 100 governments. Although militaries around the world have used antipersonnel landmines for decades, this treaty banning the weapon was proposed, developed, negotiated and signed in record time in recognition of the humanitarian imperative 'to put an end to the suffering and casualties caused by anti-personnel mines mat kill or maim hundreds of people every week, mostly innocent and defenceless civilians and especially children, obstruct economic development and reconstruction, inhibit the repatriation of refugees and internally displaced persons, and have other severe consequences for years after emplacement'.

This paper situates women in the public space of US agriculture by chronicling the development of the Women Food and Agriculture Network (WFAN). WFAN has grown from concern about systemic problems in agriculture; the dissonance between agricultural policy and women's knowledge and experiences; a desire to give voice to women on issues of food, agriculture, community and natural systems; and the belief in women's capacity to engage in a strategic and embodied agricultural politics. WFAN's emergence reflects the often inhospitable terrain and organizational challenges for women in agriculture. The author, as participant observer, constructs a partial, second‐order interpretation of WFAN as a potential social movement organization (SMO). She evokes the notion of direct theory, suggesting that WFAN theorizes about social change through practice, that member‐theorists and member‐activists contribute to social knowledge. WFAN's formative structures, processes and practices are shown to parallel those of SMOs, associations of persons challenging dominant social constructions of what is realistic, reasonable, and ethical.

Working from literature on the social construction of ethnicity and on white ethnic identity, I explore contemporary white supremacist discourse aimed at presenting whites as a "pan‐ethnic" community of European descendants, whose ethnicity is equivalent to that of established ethnic and minority communities. First, I look at how white supremacists struggle with uniting all "whites," negotiate the meanings and boundaries of "whiteness" and "European‐American," and conceptualize their putative ethnicity as lamentable. Second, I look at discourse on efforts to organize "White Student Unions." The use of the hyphenated‐American strategy and the development of white student unions both reflect tactical breaks with the past and are part of a "new racist" focus on putting forth a more presentable image for white supremacy and presenting whites as an ethnic/minority group, with ethnic‐like concerns and traits. If indeed there is an emergent pan‐ethnic phenomenon among "European‐Americans," then it may prove important to recognize when this phenomenon is rooted in white supremacy and when it is not.

The development in the last 50 years of the principles that comprise human rights law has had a major impact on international humanitarian law and indeed on international law generally. In more recent years, the movement for recognition of the equal rights of women has been exerting its own influence on human rights law and to some effect. In 1979, for example, the international community adopted the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), to which 155 States are now party. Consideration is currently being given to the adoption of an Optional Protocol that will allow for individual and group complaints to be brought before the CEDAW Committee. Governmental and non-governmental organizations have increasingly focused on women's human rights. As a result, a wide range of studies, reports and recommendations on various aspects of the issue is available. The topic of women is thus firmly established on the international human rights agenda.

The arrival of the euro will do away with all possibilities of using exchange rate adjustments to accommodate excessively high or excessively low pay settlements. In a situation of mass unemployment and extremely slow price developments, there is a risk of excessively low wage settlements being reached in order to win markets to the detriment of Euro-partners. There is a threat of mercantilist races to devaluation and a deflatory spiral would destroy any successes achieved on the growth and employment front. Under a single monetary and coordinated fiscal policy (EU stability pact), there is also a need to seek to coordinate incomes policies. The participants must undertake to abide by a macro-economic criterion of wage determination. The productivity trends of the national economies, taken together with the European Central Bank's unavoidable inflation forecast, are useful macro-economic indicators. Such concertation, hitherto neglected in the Treaties, is a task for the labour market partners and the Community bodies.

Contemporary governments have an important role in promoting economic development and at the same time improving the quality of life experienced by its people, but in many nations of the Pacific Rim governments can be hampered by the pace of the rapid urbanization, as well as poor understanding of the connection between values, attitudes, and behavior regarding public policy initiatives. In this paper the authors, through an analysis of the relationship between traditional Thai cultural values, attitudes, and behavior regarding environmental issues, health and environmental practices, and policy, explore whether environmental policies in Thailand effectively reflect the needs of low-income urban communities. A survey of 515 slum dwellers in Bangkok reveals that behavior which improves the quality of life is related to a number of important attitudes as well as cultural values. Cultural values based on the Thai notion of individualism, for example, are an obstacle to community-based environmental behavior, An understanding of cultural values and their linkages to attitudes and behavior is thus critical to the design of more effective policies.

Given the contested meanings of the local global context, it is important to see local political processes as more than a matter of new interests or claims prompted by globalization or even new institutions such as public-private partnerships. We argue that local politics in a global era are best understood in terms of the ideas, institutions, and interests shaping local policy processes. They are shaped by the causal stories that different groups and organizations use to politicize issues linking the local and the global, to seek new institutional venues, and to promote some solutions over others. We draw on our national surveys in 1989 and 1996 of large and mediumsized American cities to examine these causal stories about globalization and localism and the policy choices they privilege. Five local strategies are especially salient: classic locational approaches, the world-class community orientation, the entrepreneurial mercantilism strategy, asset-based human capital strategies, and the sustainable development orientation.