Suchergebnisse

This book examines how macro-fiscal policy can lead to gender-aware human development in an emerging economy like India, with special reference to gender budgeting. Integrating gender lens in macro-fiscal policies has been widely recognized in international and national policy making and budgeting. The book highlights the gender diagnosis—the measurement issues relate to construction of gender outcome variables; the statistical invisibility of unpaid care economy sector and how deficiency in public infrastructure can accentuate the private costs; the analytical link between gender outcome variables and macro-fiscal policy frameworks; the role and impact of fiscal transfers on gender equality outcomes at subnational levels; time series of gender budgets in India across sectors and its fiscal marksmanship; gender disaggregated public expenditure benefit incidence analysis to understand the distributional impacts of public spending on women across income quintiles and suggest policy alternatives. The book uses unique database—time use survey data and the disaggregated demand for grants, expenditure budgets using gender lens. The book employs case study, simple statistical tools for the analysis and econometric methodology. Dr. Lekha S. Chakraborty is Professor at National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, India. She is elected as Member of Governing Board of Management of International Institute of Public Finance (IIPF), Munich. She is also affiliated as Research Associate with the Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, New York, USA. She is the pioneer economist who has worked for institutionalizing gender budgeting in India, working with the Chief Economic Advisor, Ministry of Finance, Government of India, in 2004. She is the author of Fiscal Consolidation, Budget deficits and Macroeconomy (2016) and co-author of the book Social Sector in Decentralised Economy: India in the Era of Globalisation (2016). Her work experience on macro-fiscal policy and human development spans across Asia Pacific, and some specific countries include Sweden, Canada, Morocco, the Philippines, South Africa, Sri Lanka, and Mexico.

Since 1978, China's economy has opened to the world. Over the past 40 years, China's capital stock has grown at an annual rate of 6.9%. China began to implement the "Going out" policy in 2002, mainly to promote its overseas investment activities. The Chinese government launched a rescue plan of 4 trillion yuan in 2008, hoping to shift from export led growth to promote the expansion of the internal market. In this paper, China imports to Mongolia have increased year by year, accounting for 33.5% of its imports in 2018. China has pledged to invest globally by 1.25 trillion USD in 2025, and has increased investment in Mongolian mineral deposits. When the Chinese economy was in the "New Normal", it proposed the "Belt and Road" initiative. To strengthen the connection between the "Belt and Road" and the "Steppe Silk Road" initiative, 32 projects will be implement in Mongolia. After reform and opening up, China has made great achievements. But, the upgrading of industrial structure and technological progress are still slow, economic growth continues to slow down, the aging population is becoming more serious, and the production capacity is seriously surplus. From Mongolia, there are abundant natural resources, and the mining industry is driving economic growth. The economic growth rate is relatively fast, but the industrial structure is single, the evolution of the industrial technology system is stagnation, and the human resources are insufficient, resulting in excessive dependence on foreign trade. The economic situation depends on the neighboring countries, the inflation is serious, and the unemployment rate remains high. Therefore, under such circumstances, China and Mongolia should make good use of the geographical advantages of their neighbors, enhance mutual trust, strengthen economic trade cooperation, maintain the unity of their countries and maintain the strategic balance of international power and jointly create political mutual trust and economic cooperation. This paper takes China Mongolian cooperation as the main research line, and explores new ways for economic and trade cooperation to promote the upgrading of industrial structure and sustained economic growth of the two countries. In addition, as the main component of the "Belt and Road" initiative, Mongolia strengthens economic and trade cooperation with China and promotes the improvement of the level of cooperation between the two countries, and can also achieve long term common development. ; Since 1978, China's economy has opened to the world. Over the past 40 years, China's capital stock has grown at an annual rate of 6.9%. China began to implement the "Going out" policy in 2002, mainly to promote its overseas investment activities. The Chinese government launched a rescue plan of 4 trillion yuan in 2008, hoping to shift from export led growth to promote the expansion of the internal market. In this paper, China imports to Mongolia have increased year by year, accounting for 33.5% of its imports in 2018. China has pledged to invest globally by 1.25 trillion USD in 2025, and has increased investment in Mongolian mineral deposits. When the Chinese economy was in the "New Normal", it proposed the "Belt and Road" initiative. To strengthen the connection between the "Belt and Road" and the "Steppe Silk Road" initiative, 32 projects will be implement in Mongolia. After reform and opening up, China has made great achievements. But, the upgrading of industrial structure and technological progress are still slow, economic growth continues to slow down, the aging population is becoming more serious, and the production capacity is seriously surplus. From Mongolia, there are abundant natural resources, and the mining industry is driving economic growth. The economic growth rate is relatively fast, but the industrial structure is single, the evolution of the industrial technology system is stagnation, and the human resources are insufficient, resulting in excessive dependence on foreign trade. The economic situation depends on the neighboring countries, the inflation is serious, and the unemployment rate remains high. Therefore, under such circumstances, China and Mongolia should make good use of the geographical advantages of their neighbors, enhance mutual trust, strengthen economic trade cooperation, maintain the unity of their countries and maintain the strategic balance of international power and jointly create political mutual trust and economic cooperation. This paper takes China Mongolian cooperation as the main research line, and explores new ways for economic and trade cooperation to promote the upgrading of industrial structure and sustained economic growth of the two countries. In addition, as the main component of the "Belt and Road" initiative, Mongolia strengthens economic and trade cooperation with China and promotes the improvement of the level of cooperation between the two countries, and can also achieve long term common development.

SUMMARY The paper seeks to explain the renewed attention in UNCTAD to ECDC (economic cooperation among developing countries) despite past failures by developing countries to devise workable arrangements for economic integration. (The traditional customs unions approach has been unsuccessful, at least so far. Non‐traditional arrangements, such as regional industrial planning, have progressed only extremely slowly.) The main stimulus to renewed effort has been the slow‐down of growth in Western markets and the rise of protectionism there. But there is support also from the expansion of inter‐ldc trade—which has occurred despite the failure of formal groupings, and also from the success of the Andean Group and ASEAN in exercising greater bargaining power from a position of collective solidarity. New ideas are being considered and some tried out: planned complementarity between developing countries, global preferences, monetary cooperation. But problems involved in economic integration are great, as are those in welding developing countries into a more coherent negotiating unit.RÉSUMÉ Les perspectives de la coopération économiques entre les pays en développementL'article cherche à expliquer le regain d'intérêt suscité à la CNUCED par la coopération économique entre les pays en développement, malgré les échecs enregistrés à cet égard par les tentatives d'établissement de dispositions favorisant l'intégration économique des PVD. La démarche traditionnelle passant par l'union douanière n'a pas abouti, du moins jusqu'ici. Les dispositions non traditionnelles, telles que la planification industrielle régionale, ne progressent que très lentement. Le principal stimulant à la reprise des efforts a été le ralentissement de la croissance des débouchés occidentaux et la montée du protectionnisme dans les pays développés. Mais il faut également noter l'expansion du commerce entre les PVD, qui est survenue malgré l'échec des groupements officiels, ainsi que le succès du groupe andin et de l'Association des Etats du Sud‐Est asiatique qui se sont acquis une puissance de négociation plus grande grace à l'adoption de positions solidaires. De nouvelles idées sont à l'étude, certaines sont mises à l'épreuve: la complémentarité planifiée entre les PVD, les préférences globales et la coopération monétaire. Mais Ses problèmes suscités par l'intégration économique sont importants, comme l'est la difficulté de 'souder' les PVD en une unité plus cohérente aux fins des négociations.RESUMEN Perspectivas de coooerarión económica entre los paires en vías de desarrolloEn el artículo se trata de explicar la renovada atención suscitada en la UNCTAD a la cooperación entre los países en vías de desarrollo, a pesar de los fracasos anteriores por parte de dichos países para concebir disposiciones susceptibles de aplicación para la integración económica. La tradicional actitud de uniones aduaneras no ha tenido éxito, por lo menos hasta la fecha. Las medidas no tradicionales, tales como la planificación industrial regional, han progresado solamente de manera lentísima. El principal estímulo para renovar los esfuerzos ha sido el decrecimiento en el desarrollo de los mercados occidentales y el aumento del proteccionismo en dicha zona. Pero también cuenta con apoyo la expansión del comercio entre los países menos desarrollados, que se ha producido a pesar del fracaso de las agrupaciones oficiales y también debido al éxito del Grupo Andino y la ASEAN para ejercer mayor poder de negociación desde una posición de solidaridad colectiva. Se están estudiando nuevas ideas y se han probado algunas tales como la complementaridad planificada entre los países en vías de desarrollo, las preferencias globales y la cooperación monetaria. Pero los problemas que plantea la integración económica son enormes, lo mismo que los que plantea la vinculación firme entre los países en vías de desarrollo para constituir una unidad negociadora más coherente.

The Southwest Pacific is considered one of the most vulnerable regions in the world to natural hazards. Five of the Pacific Island States (PIS) rank among the top 20 most-at risk countries in the World Risk Index, with Vanuatu and Tonga ranking first and second respectively. The Southwest Pacific neighbours Southeast Asia and both regions are exposed to a variety of natural hazards, resulting in significant damage and loss of lives annually. Similar exposure to climate-induced hazards raises the potential to create a coalition of affected states from the Asia-Pacific to share knowledge of disaster governance in areas where niche capabilities have been developed and shape the global debate on the effects of natural hazards and climate-induced disasters. This article argues that inter-regional partnership on disaster governance is the next step in the Asia-Pacific to respond to a collective action problem affecting two sub-regions - Southeast Asia and the Southwest Pacific. Through the conduct of desk research and interviews, this article first presents findings and observations on the disaster governance landscape and future developments in the Pacific. It then discusses disaster management frameworks and initiatives that ASEAN has institutionalised, and how work in the two sub-regions can complement one another and provide a platform to help shape the global agenda on disaster governance and climate change. (Pac Rev/GIGA)

Zusammenstellung von zum Teil schon früher veröffentlichten Aufsätzen zum Thema wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit zwischen den islamischen Staaten, Außenhandel, Entwicklungspolitik und Nahrungsmittelversorgung. (DÜI-Sdt)

This book examines the uneven economy in Asia, showing how the pace of economic transformation affects prosperity and the emerging middle class. Using the Lewis turning point and the long run cycle of the rise and fall of nations as a framework, it demonstrates how demographic trends, digitalization rates and consumer preferences creates business opportunities in a disruptive and uncertain world. This includes moves toward promoting Eurasian integration, restructuring of state-owned enterprises, green economy, and the digital economies - ecommerce, fintech and sharing economy. Vanity capital, longevity and leisure economies are also discussed. The author explains what drives creative disruption, technical innovation and their effect on manufacturing, consumers, businesses, and sustainability. It is essential reading for students, academics, executives, and businesspersons wanting in-depth coverage of the economic landscape in Asia.