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Bildung und Gesundheit, zusammen auch Humankapital genannt, sind sowohl wichtige Ziele an sich als auch wichtige Faktoren für Armutsbekämpfung und Wirtschaftswachstum. Für die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung eines Landes ist es deswegen unerlässlich, Faktoren, die eine Verbesserung des Humankapitals behindern, zu erkennen und zu beseitigen. Daher untersucht diese Dissertation drei Hindernisse zur Verbesserung von Humankapital. Der erste Aufsatz untersucht, welche Auswirkungen die Auszahlung von Geldern und Trainingsangebote für Eltern und Lehrpersonal auf die Grundschulbildung in Sokoto, Nigeri...

The author's primary goal is to present a number of features related to air transport – implemented by low-cost airlines and on the basis of an analysis of the current state of passenger air travel – and to outline some prospects for the development of aviation as a whole. To achieve such an objective, the advantages and deficiencies accompanying the transportation of passengers by low-cost airlines have been systematized. In accordance with these theoretical considerations, an analysis has been made of the current dimensions of this market segment's development, based on the indicators that globally account for the market share of low-cost airlines in certain regions around the world, including Europe, as well as for the annual growth in demand for passenger air transport on a global level. On a national level, Sofia, Varna, and Burgas airports' number of passenger movements have been monitored on a yearly basis, while the resort airports have monthly reports. In her conclusions, the author discovers a few prospects for development in air travel which are mainly associated with the symbiosis between transport alternatives and ecological transport solutions.

Abstract
In this article on Victoria (Vicky) Chick (1936–2023), we intend to cover the main research areas into which Chick devoted her life's work. We categorise the contributions into three broad fields. First, her work on Keynes's General Theory and the message that economists have taken from it since its publication. Chick wrote extensively on the many misinterpretations of the General Theory that have clouded its message. Instead, through her writings, she offered an alternative perspective and interpretative line that became central to the post-Keynesian school of thought. Second, her work on Keynes gave her the starting point for her novel understanding on the monetary nature of the economy and was the inspiration in the development of the banking stages of history approach that shows the evolutionary nature of banking theory and practice. Finally, the way in which The General Theory built its argument and the misinterpretation that many mainstream economists took from it led Chick to develop her methodological approach on open and closed systems of analysis and the importance of developing judgement as part of teaching in economics.

This survey provides an in-depth analysis of existing research on the economic analysis of terrorism and counter-terrorist measures. First the existing evidence on the causes of terrorism is analyzed, then we consider the evidence of the consequences of terrorism and we demonstrate why it is important to regarding of the issue of counter-terrorism policy. Moreover the survey presents the existing knowledge on the interrelation between the economy and the issue of security and it incorporates analysis the level of knowledge about the causal chains between security and the economy. Also it focuses on perspective and methodologies from the discipline of economics but also refers to research from related disciplines (sociology, political science). It also assembles the knowledge on the impact of terrorism on the economy as reflected in macro-economic variables and its impact on specific sectors. Furthermore it assesses how potential an actual terrorist event determine consumer and producer behaviour, public policy, as well as terrorist responses to these policies. Finally a European perspective on the terrorism security annexes is discussed and here we analyze the causes of terrorism in Europe.

This survey provides an in-depth analysis of existing research on the economic analysis of terrorism and counter-terrorist measures. First the existing evidence on the causes of terrorism is analyzed, then we consider the evidence of the consequences of terrorism and we demonstrate why it is important to regarding of the issue of counter-terrorism policy. Moreover the survey presents the existing knowledge on the interrelation between the economy and the issue of security and it incorporates analysis the level of knowledge about the causal chains between security and the economy. Also it focuses on perspective and methodologies from the discipline of economics but also refers to research from related disciplines (sociology, political science). It also assembles the knowledge on the impact of terrorism on the economy as reflected in macro-economic variables and its impact on specific sectors. Furthermore it assesses how potential an actual terrorist event determine consumer and producer behaviour, public policy, as well as terrorist responses to these policies. Finally a European perspective on the terrorism security annexes is discussed and here we analyze the causes of terrorism in Europe.

This article is founded on the assumption that cluster analysis can be used to complement regressionbased techniques to obtain further improvement in systematic understanding of the nexus of politics, economics, and conflict. It assumes such variables form part of a yet to be understood, non-linear, timedependent interactive system. Cluster analysis is used to classify entities into groups and aims toward explanations based on characteristics cutting across the objects in which they are embedded; thus, the analysis seeks a more compelling account of the complex linkages between and among economic, political, and conflict-related variables. Cross-sectional data for 1967, 1974, 1981, 1988, and 1995 from the Dataset on National Attributes is used in the cluster analysis. The data analysis identifies clusters of states based on a range of characteristics. As expected within a time-dependent system, there is evidence of consistent clustering of countries within and across years, along with evidence of change. Several clusters, such as the advanced states, are very stable and indicate patterns that should be explored further with regression analysis.

It is important to determine the main directions of evolution of economic views on the formation of scientific approaches to the interpretation of the economic nature of cultural and creative industries. The purpose of the article is to find out the main social and economic conditions for the formation of the conception of cultural and creative industries in economics based on the analysis of evolution and co-evolution of the Ukrainian and world economic thought on that subject. The scientific methods of induction and deduction, historical and logical analysis, comparison are used. The author has shown that the key reasons for the formation of theoretical and methodological principles of the conception of «cultural» and «creative» industries were related to social and economic environment for the society development, and the peculiarities of the integration of cultural and creative activities into the system of economic relations and production processes. It is defined that the features of the formation of theoretical and methodological approaches to the interpretation of the economic nature of these industries are scientific discussions about: the importance of creativity/art in order to produce competitive goods; inclusion of specific types of cultural production in the system of division of labor; the methodology for determining the value of works of art and creative activity; clarification of the subject of economics taking into account the character of cultural activity and manufacturing of cultural products; interpretation of the essence of culture and creativity and their influence on the economic system evolution; and identification of the definitions of «cultural Industry», «cultural Industries» and «creative Industries». It is revealed that the major factors of the evolution and co-evolution of cultural and creative industries are the increase in the interaction between economic agents and economic activities in this sector of the national economy, and improving the technologies of replicating cultural products and relationships with potential consumers. The author has substantiated that the foundation of the theoretical processes of evolution and co-evolution of these industries is the inclusion in the creative and cultural industries of all types of economic activity, which belong to them according to the classification criterion.

В статье рассматривается политика Советского государства в деревне в 20-е гг. ХХ в. Дан подробный анализ изменению трудовых отношений в сельском хозяйстве, период НЭПа. Рассмотрен процесс аграрных преобразований в стране, направленный на превращение крестьянского мира в часть государственной системы, и постановки сельскохозяйственного производства под контроль бюрократического аппарата, а также демографическая политика власти на селе. ; The article discusses the policy of the Soviet state in the country in the 20-ies. XX. A detailed analysis of changes in labor relations in agriculture, the period of the NEP. The process of agrarian reforms, aimed at transforming the peasant world of the state system and the placement of agricultural production under the control of the bureaucracy, and the demographic policy of the government at the village

Limited tax collection authority in local self-governments hampers revenue generation in rural regions with smaller populations and limited commercial activity, while the growth of the digital economy further complicates tax collection for local governments. The objective of this study is to examine the challenges encountered by both the central and local tax administrations in Indonesia when implementing consumption-based taxation, especially in light of the increasing prevalence of digital transactions. The study reveals that the shift from traditional to digital transactions is likely to result in conflicting taxing rights between central and local governments. Local governments are typically entitled to a share of taxes on certain forms of consumption, such as accommodation, food delivery, and entertainment. However, the use of digital platforms to provide these services has significantly reduced the local government's share of tax revenue. This issue is exacerbated when the central tax administration, with its competitive advantage, administers the transaction alongside the broader value-added tax object. In addition to the unclear tax-sharing arrangement, the underlying problem consists in the inadequate coverage of all digital transactions, potentially leading to revenue leakage and double non-taxation.

L'urbanisation croissante et la multiplication des banlieues créent des demandes en terme d'immobilisations scolaires. Dans une tentative de mesurer ces besoins, l'étude traite de l'évolution de la proportion des moins de 20 ans par rapport à la population totale d'un développement domiciliaire en cours de vieillissement.
L'évolution de la structure par âge d'un développement domiciliaire est évidemment différente de celle de l'ensemble du Québec en raison de l'espace limité, d'une entrée « sélective » des résidents du développement domiciliaire et d'un renouvellement différent de la population. La composition de la population quant à l'âge et l'état matrimonial, par exemple, sera également différente d'un type de développement domiciliaire a l'autre d'où un fractionnement en sept (7) modèles de développements domiciliaires définis par la densité, soit le pourcentage de maisons unifamiliales et celui d'appartements.
A partir des données de recensements, on a calculé des coefficients permettant de mesurer l'évolution de la structure par âge de 0 à 20 ans, propre à un développement domiciliaire. Ainsi, entre autres résultats, 5 années après la fin de la phase principale de développement, la proportion des 0-4 ans baisse d'environ 20 $ pour ensuite se stabiliser.

This proceedings volume presents new methods and applications in applied economic research with an emphasis on advances in panel data analysis. Featuring papers presented at the 2017 International Conference on Applied Economics (ICOAE) held at Coventry University, this volume provides current research on econometric panel data methodologies as they are applied in microeconomics, macroeconomics, financial economics and agricultural economics. International Conference on Applied Economics (ICOAE) is an annual conference that started in 2008 designed to bring together economists from different fields of applied economic research in order to share methods and ideas. Applied economics is a rapidly growing field of economics that combines economic theory with econometrics to analyse economic problems of the real world usually with economic policy interest. In addition, there is growing interest in the field for panel data estimation methods, tests and techniques. This volume makes a contribution in the field of applied economic research in this area. Featuring country specific studies, this book will be of interest to academics, students, researchers, practitioners, and policy makers in applied economics and economic policy.