Suchergebnisse

Abstract
From a purely contractual perspective, this article reflects upon labour standard clauses with the objective to ensure that the fundamental ILO conventions and the International Bill of Human Rights are complied with throughout global value chains in respectively business-to-business (private), and public commercial contracts. The clauses are in both settings based widely on the same standards; however scholarship on the two types of contracts has been quite separate. The article reviews some Scandinavian case law concerning labour standard clauses and procurement regulation. It finds that contractual argumentation supported the outcome in these cases, isolates this argumentation, and reflects on whether contractual perspectives on the public contract might inspire current research on private contracts. It finally argues that an actual fusion is already taking place, wherefore contract lawyers may play an important role as to whether 'the interpretative wall' should be breached, or whether this is not feasible due to the distinctive characteristics of each contract.

La creciente demanda de minerales en el mundo y la situación de debilidad en los mercados internacionales de Europa han propiciado que la Unión Europea (UE) promueva distintas iniciativas, como la Raw Material Iniatiative (2008), claramente orientadas a fomentar la producción. A pesar de los enormes retos políticos, económicos, sociales y medioambientales que implica, la implementación de esa directiva sirvió de paraguas a una larga serie de «estrategias mineras nacionales» que han impulsado la «remineralización» del Viejo Continente. Ese proceso no fue uniforme, en especial después de la Gran Recesión, sino que las zonas de explotación se extendieron mayoritariamente por la periferia del continente. La intensa recuperación del sector dio lugar, además, a fuertes tensiones sociales. Es de particular interés en este contexto la investigación de la Faja Pirítica onubense y los conflictos derivados de la utilización del agua en la mina a cielo abierto Cobre Las Cruces, la más importante de Europa.

The topic of this essay is Trotsky's attitude to dialectical philosophy and the natural sciences. We will first summarize the tradition whose mantle Trotsky inherited as it was developed by Engels. We will then consider Trotsky's relationship to the natural sciences. Trotsky, echoing Engels proclamations decades earlier, maintained that a dialectical philosophy is an essential guide to the work of the scientist while at the same time granting the autonomy and freedom of scientists to pursue their research. Trotsky had a lifelong interest in following the developments in the natural sciences. He also had an intuitive grasp of some important developments in the natural sciences that would only come to fruition decades after his death. We will then present a case study of how a dialectical approach to nature can assist in overcoming a crisis that is plaguing contemporary physics. Specifically we will discuss how a dialectical approach to nature can inform cosmology in the 21st century and avoid the philosophical pitfalls and dead-ends that mark the contemporary crisis in physics.

Les sites qui proposent à leurs utilisateurs de reconstituer en ligne leur arbre généalogique fleurissent sur Internet. Cet article analyse le travail de collecte et de saisie effectué par ces utilisateurs et comment il pourrait être utilisé en démographie historique, afin de compléter la connaissance des générations du passé. Pour cela, les résultats obtenus à partir de la base Geneanet sont confrontés à ceux connus de la littérature, et concernent les enregistrements de 2 457 450 individus français ou d'origine française ayant vécu au xix e siècle. Est ainsi mis en évidence un biais important du rapport de masculinité (sous-représentation des femmes). La fécondité est elle aussi fortement sous-estimée. Quant à la mortalité, (par comparaison aux valeurs historiques), ces données sous-estiment la mortalité des hommes jusqu'à 40 ans environ et celle des femmes jusqu'à 25 ans, puis elles la surestiment. Enfin, la richesse des caractéristiques spatiales contenues dans les arbres généalogiques est également exploitée pour produire de nouvelles données sur les migrations internes au xix e siècle.

L'objectif de cet article est de différencier le rôle joué par les compétences transversales et les compétences métier accumulées à l'étranger, sur les chances d'accéder à un emploi en France, ainsi que sur l'adéquation de cet emploi et du niveau de salaire avec les compétences prémigratoires. Pour quantifier l'impact de la transférabilité du capital humain, les données de l'enquête Trajectoires et Origines (2008) sont utilisées. Le capital humain prémigratoire joue un rôle important aussi bien sur les chances d'accès à un emploi, que pour le maintien ou la progression de la position socioprofessionnelle, ainsi que pour la rémunération des immigrés. En utilisant plusieurs indicateurs d'intégration des immigrés, quantitatifs et qualitatifs, on s'aperçoit qu'à l'exception des compétences linguistiques, les autres compétences transversales ne jouent pas le rôle attendu en tant que vecteur d'intégration. À l'inverse, les compétences métier permettent une meilleure intégration économique. Par ailleurs, les effets négatifs d'un faible niveau de transférabilité des compétences métier sur l'intégration économique se maintiennent.

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically affected social life. In efforts to reduce the spread of the virus, countries around the world implemented social restrictions, including social distancing, working from home, and the shuttering of numerous businesses. These social restrictions have also affected crime rates. In this study, we investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the frequency of offending (crimes include property, violent, mischief, and miscellaneous) in Queensland, Australia. In particular, we examine this impact across numerous settings, including rural, regional and urban. We measure these shifts across the restriction period, as well as the staged relaxation of these restrictions. In order to measure impact of this period we use structural break tests. In general, we find that criminal offences have significantly decreased during the initial lockdown, but as expected, increased once social restrictions were relaxed. These findings were consistent across Queensland's districts, save for two areas. We discuss how these findings are important for criminal justice and social service practitioners when operating within an extraordinary event.

This article explores the intersection between the politics and construction of victimhood in transitional societies and the use of truth recovery as a platform for the creation of hierarchies of truth. It explores how, in a context of contested victimhood and an unresolved past, the 'political currency' of victimhood may lead to the domination and embellishment of certain voices and narratives and the concurrent silencing of others. As this article will then demonstrate, when applied to the debate on truth recovery, the capturing of victims' voice and agency can manifest in a damaging 'truth as trumps' dynamic and recourse to 'whataboutery' in which one call for truth or the recovery of truth as significant to one side of the community is countered by that of a more 'significant' or more 'important' truth on the part of the other. The paper argues for the inculcation of a culture political generosity in transitional contexts as a way to begin to ameliorate these challenges.

El objetivo del presente estudio es analizar las prácticas de comercio tradicional de unidades domésticas campesinas en el mercado Cosme del Razo, en San Pedro Cholula, Puebla. Para generar información se aplicó una encuesta a 102 comerciantes de productos y subproductos derivados de la agricultura familiar. Los y las comerciantes se clasificaron en establecidos y semiestablecidos. Los principales productos expendidos fueron las frutas provenientes de la Central de Abastos, así como hortalizas y plantas aromáticas y medicinales cuyo origen es el traspatio de las unidades domésticas campesinas. Se encontró que las mujeres, al constituir un sector mayoritario (90 por ciento), contribuyen de manera importante no solo a la actividad del comercio, sino también a la reproducción de la unidad doméstica campesina. El trabajo familiar, el conocimiento ancestral, el uso de los recursos naturales y las relaciones de coope-ración son elementos que dan forma y estructura a los mercados garantizando la permanencia de las unidades domésticas campesinas en el comercio tradicional.

AbstractRecognizing democratic backsliding and increasing support for authoritarianism, research on public preferences for democracy and its authoritarian alternatives has gained traction. Moving beyond the extant focus on economic determinants, our analysis examines the effect of national identity, demonstrating that it is a double-edged sword for regime preferences. Using recent European Values Survey data on 24 European countries from 2017 to 2018, we show that civic national identity is associated with a higher support for democracy and lower support for authoritarian regimes, whereas the reverse holds for ethnic identities. Further, economic hardship moderates these relationships: it strengthens both the negative effect of ethnic national identities and, to some extent, the positive effect of civic national identities on democracy supportvis-à-visauthoritarian alternatives. This has important implications for the survival of democracy in times of crises and the study of a cultural backlash, since social identity matters substantively for individuals' responses to economic hardship.

When do radical parties gain support? Previous studies cite the economy and mainstream party ideological convergence as important. Responding to earlier inconsistent findings, I provide evidence for an interactive approach. Anti-system parties succeed when mainstream parties are simultaneously presiding over an ailing economy and failing to provide the diversity of political opinion for the electorate to meaningfully challenge the policies associated with this malaise, through which dissatisfaction with the status quo could otherwise be channeled. Two studies support this "crisis and convergence" model. At the aggregate-level, the anti-system vote is strongest during times of negative economic growth and widespread mainstream party ideological de-polarization. At the voter-level, the link between negative economic evaluations and radical party voting is stronger during establishment convergence and, vice versa, personal perceptions of convergence are themselves more closely related to support for these parties when the macroeconomy is sickly. Mainstream party homogeneity radicalizes the economic vote and strengthens anti-system challengers.

Este artículo pretende analizar el comportamiento y los resultados de un cuerpo legislativo dominado por una fuerza emergente como Morena tras 20 años de gobiernos divididos, a través de un estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo sobre el trabajo parlamentario colectivo, en comisiones e individual, basado en el examen de bancos de datos. Los resultados evidencian una tendencia estable en la aprobación de iniciativas legislativas pese a que existe un contexto de gobierno unificado. Asimismo, una implicación encontrada consiste en ver que el presi-dente y el Congreso estarían siendo más cautelosos de lo esperado tras la elección de 2018 para emprender reformas legislativas profundas. La originalidad radica en que se analiza el proceso legislativo en la coyuntura presente, además de que aporta información sistematizada y actualizada sobre el Poder Legislativo. En conclusión, observamos que el comportamiento de la Cámara de Diputados actual no muestra variaciones importantes en términos cuantitativos con respecto de Legislaturas anteriores.

In recent decades, governments have made labour markets sites of immigration enforcement through employer sanctions and other measures. In some countries, unions and employers' associations facilitate implementation of these initiatives, while in others they openly or tacitly resist cooperation. This paper explores these patterns of cooperation and resistance through analysis of six countries. The method used is qualitative comparative analysis, using primary and secondary sources that include newspaper coverage, government reports, union documents and scholarly accounts. The explanation centres on the degree of social partner embeddedness in government decision-making and economic management. In countries with institutionalized, coordinated relationships between the social partners and the state, this coordination extends to implementation of employers' sanctions. In systems with less institutionalized cooperation, employers and unions are less likely to assist the immigration control objectives of state officials. These practices also affect migrants' ability to live within a society, making them not only a form of immigration control, but also important for migrant wellbeing.

Since the refugee crisis of 2015, European institutions and governments strengthened policies to better manage migration flows and protect EU's external borders. In the external dimension, the Union implemented a wide variety of economic, political and deterrence measurers to regain control over migratory flows. Though development cooperation was declared one of important tools for addressing root causes of migration, the externalization of migration management to neighboring transit countries became the main pillar of anti-crisis strategy. Although this policy enabled to essentially reduce the number of irregular arrivals to Europe, it cannot be considered as a long-term solution, as recent developments on Greece-Turkey border reminded. To be better prepared for migration challenges of the future the EU should rethink its development cooperation with the origin and transit countries and include both forced and economic migrants in its comprehensive response. Aid can be a useful tool for the EU if it is used to manage rather than to stop migration.

L'industrialisation occupe une place centrale dans la nouvelle ingénierie de l'émergence au Cameroun. Le retour des pouvoirs publics dans la planification des politiques de développement est examiné ici à travers les projets de construction des infrastructures matérielles, de réformes institutionnelles et de financement du développement des entreprises. Il apparaît nettement que l'écart entre les objectifs déclarés, soit l'image présentée de lui-même par un régime soucieux de se construire une nouvelle légitimité, et les résultats atteints, soit les pratiques de l'État, informent sur les dynamiques du pouvoir dans le projet politique, économique et social de l'« émergence ». Notre terrain de recherche montre que cette configuration contribue à la réactualisation des logiques autour desquelles s'est historiquement structuré le pouvoir au Cameroun. Toutefois, même si les dynamiques de l'État convergent vers une préservation du statu quo , le projet de l'« émergence » s'accompagne de transformations importantes qui attestent la plasticité d'un régime capable de réinventer les formes de ce statu quo en permanence dans le but de garantir sa stabilité.

AbstractPhytoplankton blooms, including harmful algal blooms (HABs), have serious impacts on ecosystems, public health, and productivity activities. Rapid detection and monitoring of marine microalgae are important in predicting and managing HABs. We developed a toolkit, the Suitcase Lab, to detect harmful algae species in the field. We demonstrated the Suitcase Lab's capabilities for sampling, filtration, DNA extraction, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) detection in cultured Alexandrium catenella cells as well as Chilean coastal waters from four sites: Repollal, Isla García, Puerto Montt, and Metri. A LAMP assay using the Suitcase Lab in the field confirmed microscopic observations of A. catenella in samples from Repollal and Isla García. The Suitcase Lab allowed the rapid detection of A. catenella, within 2 h from the time of sampling, even at a single cell per milliliter concentrations, demonstrating its usefulness for quick and qualitative on-site diagnosis of target toxic algae species. This method is applicable not only to detecting harmful algae but also to other field studies that seek a rapid molecular diagnostic test.