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The legal system in states governed by Islamic law is comprised of a set of heterogeneous rules and principles. Alongside its codified, positive law, religious laws serve as a referential source for the legislature and judiciary. The constitutionalization of Islam as both an official religion and a legislative source in Islamic law states nurtures this legal plurality. The coexistence of these different sources of law, positive and religious respectively, is further accentuated by the subjective variability of law. In this context, the existence of freedom of religion, as enshrined in the constitutions of these Islamic law states, is called into question. The principle of equality without discrimination on grounds of religion; the liberty to freely practice one's religion; or, indeed, the right to change one's religion, are framed by legislation or jurisprudence. Although all states have begun the process of constitutionalization, constitutional judges still struggle to assert their autonomy over the executive branch. Islamic law is being exploited by political powers wishing to anchor their authority in religious legitimacy. Nonetheless, encouraging signs of change are evident in the forward-thinking jurisprudence of certain jurisdictions. ; Le système juridique des Etats de droit musulman est composé de règles et de principes hétérogènes. A côté du droit positif codifié, les règles religieuses constituent une source de référence pour le législateur et pour le juge. La constitutionnalisation de l'islam comme religion officielle et comme source de législation dans les Etats de droit musulman, développe ce pluralisme juridique. La coexistence des différentes sources de droit, positive et religieuse, est accentuée par le système de personnalité des lois. Dans ce contexte, l'effectivité de la liberté de religion proclamée par la Constitution des Etats de droit musulman est remise en cause. Le principe d'égalité sans discrimination fondée sur la religion, la liberté de pratiquer librement sa religion ou encore le droit de changer de religion sont encadrés par la législation ou par la jurisprudence. Bien que tous les Etats aient amorcé le processus de constitutionnalisation, les juges constitutionnels peinent à affirmer leur autonomie par rapport au pouvoir exécutif. Le droit musulman est instrumentalisé par les pouvoirs politiques pour asseoir leur autorité sur une légitimité religieuse. Toutefois, la jurisprudence avant-gardiste de la Haute Cour constitutionnelle égyptienne qui a affirmé son indépendance et la jurisprudence civile des tribunaux tunisiens qui ont interprété l'article 1er de la Constitution tunisienne, sont le signe encourageant d'un changement possible.

This Article addresses the extent to which officials and citizens should rely directly on their religious convictions to reach political judgments and make political arguments. Reviewing opposing "exclusive" and "inclusive" positions, this Article suggests that officials generally should not articulate arguments in religious terms. Many officials should have a greater freedom to rely on religious bases of judgments, and private citizens should not regard themselves as constrained in the manner of officials. This approach, defended initially from the perspective of detached political philosophy, fits comfortably with a variety of overarching religious views. The constraints it suggests should be regarded as a matter of principle, not merely counsels of prudence. Finally, this Article defends, with qualifications, the idea that members of the clergy who intend to remain active in that role should not run for important political offices.

Diese Studie geht den religiösen Aspekten nach, die in Musik und Showgeschäft, Fernsehserien und Starwelten, also in ganz verschiedenen Bereichen der Erlebnis- und Unterhaltungsgesellschaft aufzuspüren sind. Diese Spurensuche zeigt, dass es zu nicht-religiösen Aneignungen religiöser Traditionen kommt, andererseits aber auch bestimmte Medienformate religiöse Funktion erhalten. Dabei wird deutlich: Religion hat sich nicht einfach aufgelöst, sondern ist zu großen Teilen in das Unterhaltungsressort ausgewandert. Die Übergänge und Grenzen zwischen Religion und Unterhaltung verschwimmen. Diffuse Sehnsucht nach dem Mehr im Leben lebt so in der Erlebnis- und Unterhaltungsgesellschaft fort. Bleibt die Frage nach den Folgen für den Stellenwert der Religion als Religion, wenn alles Religiöse unterhaltsam eingekleidet wird.

Surveying civil war in the world today is striking in terms of how often religious cleavages and grievances have become central to armed conflict. How are the causes and outcomes of religious civil wars different than other civil wars, if at all? Is Islam implicated for the contemporary surge in religious civil war? The first section reviews the literature and addresses the importance of religion for civil war. I then introduce a dataset and describe key trends in religious civil war in the third section, while in the fourth section I present tests of whether Muslim or Arab Muslim societies in particular are more prone to religious strife. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of the main findings.

In this presumably secular age it may astound many people that religion is still one of the primary components of voting behavior. But how else can one explain facts such as these: German Catholic communities in North Dakota gave Kennedy over 90 per cent of their votes but gave Stevenson less than 25 per cent. A German Catholic precinct in Wisconsin gave Kennedy a comfortable 63 per cent but has not voted for a Democratic presidential candidate since. A German Lutheran precinct in Wisconsin went for Stevenson but gave Kennedy less than a fourth of its votes. Three Baptist precincts in Roosevelt County, New Mexico, gave Stevenson comfortable majorities but Kennedy less than a third.

Alle Weltreligionen sehen sich zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts radikalen Transformationen ausgesetzt, alle Weltreligionen ebenso wie alle kulturellen Schöpfungen und Symbole existieren gleichzeitig nebeneinander und stehen meist, herausgelöst aus ihren zeitlichen und räumlichen Kontexten, offen für eine allgemeine Verfügbarkeit, für fundamentalistische oder individuelle Aneignungen.