Askerî darbe, askerlik mesleğince benimsen emir-komuta zinciri zihniyetine tabi, eyleminde ve söyleminde şiddet barındıran, toplumsal ve siyasal alana müdahaledir. Bu müdahale toplumların demokratikleşme yolundaki adımlarını geriletir ve durdurur. Askerî darbelerin yaşandığı ülkelerde siyaset ve yönetim, darbe ihtimali ile her zaman kıskaç altındadır. Bu ihtimal bireylerin hafızalarının bir köşesinde saklanır. Darbenin etkisi, sadece hafızalarda değil, toplumsal alanı düzenleyen en önemli metinlerde, anayasalarda da saklıdır. Türkiye'de anayasaların oluşturulması, darbeler sonucunda olmuştur. Bu anayasalar, darbe mimarı askerî yenin kendi özerklik alanını toplum karşısında güçlendiren düzenlemelerini de bol miktarda içermektedir. Eğitim, sağlık, barınma, personel rejimi gibi pek çok açıdan farklı uygulamalara tabi olan askerî kesimin yaptığı ve yaptırdığı darbe ürünü anayasalar ayrıca askere özgü yargı kurumlarını da oluşturmuştur. Böylelikle devletin temeli olan yasama, yürütme ve yargı kuvvetlerinden diğerlerini denetleyebilme niteliğini haiz yargı kuvvetini kendisi için özerkleştirmiştir. Askerî bürokrasi, askerî yargı mevzuat ve kurumlarını, 1960 ve 1980 darbeler sonrası Anayasaları ile sivil yargı alanının karşısında üretmiştir. Bu çalışmada Türkiye'de 1960 darbesi, 1971 muhtırası, 1980 darbesi ve 2016 darbe girişimi sonrasında askerî yargı kurumlarının nasıl şekillendiği açıklanmıştır. Askerî n özellikle yargı alanında etkinliğini kuvvetlendirecek kurumlar oluşturarak, sivil bürokrasi aleyhine özerklik alanını genişlettiği gözlenmiştir. ; The military coup, subject to the mentality of the chain of command embraced by military profession, thus is violent in its act and the rhetoric, is an intervention to social and political arena. This intervention halts and reverses the process of democratization of societies. In the countries where military coups were experienced once, politics and government are under claws of possible coup d'etat. This possibility stored in the memories of the individuals: The effects ...
La discusión sobre la participación democrática al interior de los sistemas penales, ha sido un debate en el que algunos doctrinantes han destacado la importancia de los Jurados de Conciencia como instrumento para la materialización de los principios democráticos. Estos Jurados de Conciencia están conformados por ciudadanos electos mediante un sorteo, siendo llamados para asumir la responsabilidad de tomar decisiones objetivas sobre el grado de responsabilidad y culpabilidad de los procesados. Los antecedentes de la participación democrática en los sistemas penales provienen del Derecho Procesal Penal Inglés, sistema en el cual, los ciudadanos tienen una larga trayectoria de participación en procesos judiciales a través del Jurado de Conciencia. La importancia de esta esta figura radica en la utilidad que supone no dejar la toma de decisiones de esta naturaleza en una sola persona, buscando evitar, en mayor medida, la subjetividad en la aplicación de fallos judiciales El Jurado de Conciencia en Colombia se encontraba en el ordenamiento jurídico desde 1853, pero luego fue suprimido en el año 1989 por medio del Decreto 1861 del 18 de agosto de 1989 (Presidencia de la República de Colombia, 1989), supresión que fue ratificada por la Corte Suprema de Justicia y debatida en la opinión pública por juristas y periodistas. Para aquella época los Jurados de Conciencia estaban constituidos por tres ciudadanos, designados previamente en un sorteo para tomar decisiones en juicios contra sujetos procesados por la comisión de delitos como el homicidio. Los argumentos en juego discutían sobre las complicaciones y problemáticas dentro del contexto de la administración de justicia criminal, que, como resalta Ismael Arenas (Arenas, 1990) "sus mecanismos materiales y humanos incidían gravemente en el curso de los juicios e, inclusive, se los señalaba como factor preponderante de impunidad". Tobón (Tobon Camacho, 2015) registra la discusión en el mismo sentido, reconociendo que las posturas estaban dividas entre, quienes sostenían que había sido una decisión acertada por considerar a los Jurados de Conciencia como el camino más rápido hacia la impunidad, y los otros, que argumentaban su eliminación como una vulneración a la participación democrática de los ciudadanos en la administración de justicia. Con la implementación del sistema penal acusatorio mediante la Ley 906 de 2004, se desarrolló la reforma constitucional contenida en el Acto Legislativo 03 de 2002, reformando los artículos 116 y 250 de la Constitución Política de Colombia, aplicando cambios sobre el Sistema Penal Procesal colombiano en relación a sus actos, instituciones y procedimientos aplicables a este nuevo sistema penal de enjuiciamiento, pero omitiendo la figura del Jurado de Conciencia, quedando sin una regulación taxativa en el Código de Procedimiento Penal. Frente a este contexto normativo y constitucional se pretende llevar a cabo un análisis en el que se analice el sistema acusatorio, estableciendo sus características propias y comparando legislaciones de países como Estados Unidos, España y Francia, haciendo énfasis en la evolución que ha tenido el Jurado de Conciencia como parte esencial en la implementación de esta clase de sistema de enjuiciamiento penal. Este análisis se construirá a partir del reconocimiento del Jurado de Conciencia como una manifestación del principio de participación democrática, para evitar la arbitrariedad y opresión de un solo individuo en la aplicación de la justicia penal. ; The discussion on democratic participation within the penal systems has been a debate in which some doctrinants have highlighted the importance of the Juries of Conscience as an instrument for the materialization of democratic principles. These Juries of Conscience are made up of citizens elected through a lottery, being called to assume the responsibility of making objective decisions on the degree of responsibility and guilt of the defendants. The antecedents of democratic participation in criminal systems come from the English Criminal Procedure Law, a system in which citizens have a long history of participation in judicial processes through the Jury of Conscience. The importance of this figure lies in the usefulness of not leaving decision-making of this nature to a single person, seeking to avoid, to a greater extent, subjectivity in the application of judicial decisions The Jury of Conscience in Colombia was in the legal system since 1853, but then it was suppressed in 1989 by Decree 1861 of August 18, 1989 (Presidency of the Republic of Colombia, 1989), suppression that was ratified by the Supreme Court of Justice and debated in public opinion by jurists and journalists. At that time, the Juries of Conscience were made up of three citizens, previously designated in a lottery to make decisions in trials against individuals prosecuted for crimes such as homicide. The arguments at stake discussed the complications and problems within the context of the administration of criminal justice, which, as Ismael Arenas (Arenas, 1990) highlights, "its material and human mechanisms had a serious impact on the course of the trials and, even, it pointed to them as a preponderant factor of impunity ". Tobón (Tobon Camacho, 2015) records the discussion in the same sense, recognizing that the positions were divided between, those who argued that it had been a wise decision to consider the Juries of Conscience as the fastest way to impunity, and the others , which argued its elimination as a violation of the democratic participation of citizens in the administration of justice. With the implementation of the accusatory criminal system through Law 906 of 2004, the constitutional reform contained in Legislative Act 03 of 2002 was developed, reforming articles 116 and 250 of the Political Constitution of Colombia, applying changes to the Colombian Criminal Procedure System in in relation to its acts, institutions and procedures applicable to this new criminal prosecution system, but omitting the figure of the Jury of Conscience, leaving it without an exhaustive regulation in the Code of Criminal Procedure. Faced with this normative and constitutional context, it is intended to carry out an analysis in which the accusatory system is analyzed, establishing its own characteristics and comparing laws of countries such as the United States, Spain and France, emphasizing the evolution that the Jury has had of Conscience as an essential part in the implementation of this kind of criminal prosecution system. This analysis will be built from the recognition of the Jury of Conscience as a manifestation of the principle of democratic participation, to avoid arbitrariness and oppression of a single individual in the application of criminal justice. ; CRAI-USTA Tunja
The procedural exceptions constitute mechanisms of defense that use the parts to defend themselves of the pretensions, in their formal aspects. The pending litigation is one of the exceptions that our procedural legal system gathers. Its entailment with the right to the effective jurisdictional protection sends us to the frame of constitutional character. The pending litigation exists in all process, because it is the space of time that exists between the date of presentation of the demand ant the date in which definitive sentence is sent, yielding the slug to the judged thing. As regards the pending litigation, we must resort to the fiction to consider that the time does not pass between the date of presentation of the demand and the moment at which the Judge solves, since is assume that the jurisdictional function would have to solve immediately the raised thing by the plaintiff, bus it is not possible because the stages must be fulfilled by which it has runs the process. One of the consequences of the pending litigation is that another similar process between the same parts and the same object of the pretension, because cannot be repeated to happen it, the harmed part will make be worth the exception of pending litigation The foreign doctrine and legislations indicate that for coming of the pending litigation exception the triple identity must take place: a) the same subjects, b) the same object of pretension and c) the same cause. Our legislation indicates accurately that they are the same parts, the same object of the pretensions and the same interest of the pretension and the same interest to build. The triple mentioned identity, in the judicial experience, always does not appear with dazzling clarity. When the identities do no adjust totally because in some of them exist different situations but connected, the interpretation of the institution is difficult. Although it is not total identity, but it has adjuncts, the result of one will affect the result of the other. It is reasonable that protects the exception in these cases, inasmuch as if it is not the triple identity, the solved thing in both processes can be contradictory. ; Las excepciones procesales constituyen mecanismos de defensa que utilizan las partes para defenderse de las pretensiones, en sus aspectos formales. La litispendencia es una de las excepciones que recoge nuestro sistema jurídico procesal. Su vinculación con el derecho a la tutela jurisdiccional efectiva nos remite al marco de carácter constitucional. La litispendencia existe en todo proceso, porque es el espacio de tiempo que existe entre la fecha de presentación de la demanda y la fecha en que se expide sentencia definitiva, cediendo la posta a la cosa juzgada. En cuanto a la litispendencia, debemos recurrir a la ficción de considerar que el tiempo no transcurre entre la fecha de presentación de la demanda y el momento en que el Juez resuelve, ya que se asume que la función jurisdiccional debería resolver de inmediato lo planteado por el demandante, pero ello no es posible porque deben cumplirse las etapas por las que tiene que discurre el proceso. Una de las consecuencias de la litispendencia es que no se puede repetir otro proceso similar entre las mismas partes y el mismo objeto de la pretensión, porque de ocurrir ello, la parte perjudicada hará valer la excepción de litispendencia. La doctrina y las legislaciones extranjeras señalan que para la procedencia de la excepción de litispendencia debe producirse la triple identidad: a) los mismos sujetos, b) el mismo objeto de la pretensión y c) la misma causa. Nuestra legislación señala con precisión que sean las mismas partes, el mismo objeto de la pretensión y el mismo interés para obrar. La triple identidad mencionada, en la experiencia judicial, no se presenta siempre con meridiana claridad. Es en estos casos, donde no se ajustan las identidades plenamente, porque en alguna de ellas existen situaciones diferentes pero conexas, donde se pone a prueba la interpretación de la institución. No existe identidad plena, pero si conexidad, de tal suerte que el resultado de uno incidirá en el resultado del otro. Es razonable que se ampare la excepción en estos casos, por cuanto si bien no existe la triple identidad, lo resuelto en ambos procesos puede resultar contradictorio.
The articles analyze the issues of standard permissible indicators, which are the established norms of criminal procedure legislation and the formation of judicial rules of practice, which create the formation of permissible indicators. The domestic legislator establishes a system of standard permissible indicators, which, on the one hand consists largely of 232 international standards of proof, which is gaining a broader understanding, and on the other hand, is widely used in judicial practice, while the history of clarification changes some of them. A significant part of the standard allowable indicators is determined by the rules of Art. 87 of the CPC of Ukraine, devoted to the grounds for recognizing in admissible indicators obtained as a result of a significant violation of human rights and freedoms. The legal model of inadmissibility provided by the CPC of Ukraine tends to its counter parts in the legislation of the Romano-Germanic legal system (CPC of Germany, France), while some features of this institution were also initiated by US and British legislation, in particular, the doctrine of trees», a certain analogue of which his provided for in Part 1 of Art. 87 of the CPC. Definite understanding of the doctrine of «fruit of the felled tree», which reveals any guilt that violates the police constitutional legal citizens, which has none, but simply an in direct connection with the process of identifying, removing and recording indicators, the severity of loss of recent legal force. This means the unconditional in admissibility of available indicators for any assignment established through the collection of indicators, regardless of their nature and degree. The article reveals a number of international standards of admissible indicators sent by the European Court of Human Rights. The range of cases for which the ECtHR in the context of the Convention provides for a response to accept able indicators and the establishment of national courts is revealed. On the basis of the conducted research the system of the international standards of admissible indicators formed in practice of the ECtHR is generalized. ; У статті проаналізовано питання стандартів допустимості доказів, що являють собою закріплені нормами кримінального процесуального закону та сформовані у судовій практиці правила, які забезпечують формування судами допустимих доказів. Вітчизняний законодавець закріплює систему стандартів допустимості доказів, яка, з однієї сторони, значною мірою ґрунтується на 232 міжнародних стандартах доказування, набуваючи більш широкого розуміння, а з іншої сторони, знаходить широке використання у судовій практиці, в якій відбувається істотне уточнення змісту окремих з них. Значна частина стандартів допустимості доказів ґрунтується на нормах ст. 87 КПК України, присвячених підставам визнання недопустимими доказів, отриманих внаслідок істотного порушення прав та свобод людини. Передбачена КПК України правова модель визнання доказів недопустимими тяжіє до її аналогів у законодавстві країн романо-германської правової системи (КПК Німеччини, Франції), утім окремі риси зазначеного інституту також запозичені із законодавства США та Англії, зокрема, доктрина «плодів отруєного дерева», певний аналог якої передбачено ч. 1 ст. 87 КПК. Визначено розуміння доктрини «плодів отруєного дерева», під якою розкривається будь-яке винне порушення поліцейськими конституційних прав громадян, що має не безпосередній, а лише опосередкований зв'язок із самим процесом виявлення, вилучення і фіксації доказів, тягне втрату останніми юридичної сили. Це означає безумовну недопустимість доказів при будь-якому порушенні встановленого порядку збирання доказів незалежно від їх характеру й ступеня. У статті розкрито низку напрацьованих ЄСПЛ міжнародних стандартів допустимості доказів. Розкривається коло випадків, за яких ЄСПЛ у контексті Конвенції звертається до питання допустимості доказів та її встановлення національними судами. На основі проведеного дослідження узагальнюється система міжнародних стандартів допустимості доказів, сформованих у практиці ЄСПЛ.
The articles analyze the issues of standard permissible indicators, which are the established norms of criminal procedure legislation and the formation of judicial rules of practice, which create the formation of permissible indicators. The domestic legislator establishes a system of standard permissible indicators, which, on the one hand consists largely of 232 international standards of proof, which is gaining a broader understanding, and on the other hand, is widely used in judicial practice, while the history of clarification changes some of them. A significant part of the standard allowable indicators is determined by the rules of Art. 87 of the CPC of Ukraine, devoted to the grounds for recognizing in admissible indicators obtained as a result of a significant violation of human rights and freedoms. The legal model of inadmissibility provided by the CPC of Ukraine tends to its counter parts in the legislation of the Romano-Germanic legal system (CPC of Germany, France), while some features of this institution were also initiated by US and British legislation, in particular, the doctrine of trees», a certain analogue of which his provided for in Part 1 of Art. 87 of the CPC. Definite understanding of the doctrine of «fruit of the felled tree», which reveals any guilt that violates the police constitutional legal citizens, which has none, but simply an in direct connection with the process of identifying, removing and recording indicators, the severity of loss of recent legal force. This means the unconditional in admissibility of available indicators for any assignment established through the collection of indicators, regardless of their nature and degree. The article reveals a number of international standards of admissible indicators sent by the European Court of Human Rights. The range of cases for which the ECtHR in the context of the Convention provides for a response to accept able indicators and the establishment of national courts is revealed. On the basis of the conducted research the system of the international standards of admissible indicators formed in practice of the ECtHR is generalized. ; У статті проаналізовано питання стандартів допустимості доказів, що являють собою закріплені нормами кримінального процесуального закону та сформовані у судовій практиці правила, які забезпечують формування судами допустимих доказів. Вітчизняний законодавець закріплює систему стандартів допустимості доказів, яка, з однієї сторони, значною мірою ґрунтується на 232 міжнародних стандартах доказування, набуваючи більш широкого розуміння, а з іншої сторони, знаходить широке використання у судовій практиці, в якій відбувається істотне уточнення змісту окремих з них. Значна частина стандартів допустимості доказів ґрунтується на нормах ст. 87 КПК України, присвячених підставам визнання недопустимими доказів, отриманих внаслідок істотного порушення прав та свобод людини. Передбачена КПК України правова модель визнання доказів недопустимими тяжіє до її аналогів у законодавстві країн романо-германської правової системи (КПК Німеччини, Франції), утім окремі риси зазначеного інституту також запозичені із законодавства США та Англії, зокрема, доктрина «плодів отруєного дерева», певний аналог якої передбачено ч. 1 ст. 87 КПК. Визначено розуміння доктрини «плодів отруєного дерева», під якою розкривається будь-яке винне порушення поліцейськими конституційних прав громадян, що має не безпосередній, а лише опосередкований зв'язок із самим процесом виявлення, вилучення і фіксації доказів, тягне втрату останніми юридичної сили. Це означає безумовну недопустимість доказів при будь-якому порушенні встановленого порядку збирання доказів незалежно від їх характеру й ступеня. У статті розкрито низку напрацьованих ЄСПЛ міжнародних стандартів допустимості доказів. Розкривається коло випадків, за яких ЄСПЛ у контексті Конвенції звертається до питання допустимості доказів та її встановлення національними судами. На основі проведеного дослідження узагальнюється система міжнародних стандартів допустимості доказів, сформованих у практиці ЄСПЛ.
The impact of civil service and affirmative action programs on minority employment in the law enforcement setting is addressed in this monograph. Each stage of the federal government's program to insure equal employment opportunity from nondiscrimination through affirmative action has been accompanied by acrimonious public debate, focusing particularly on affirmative action, which is designed to develop guidelines, timetables, and other measurable indexes by which employers can be held accountable for their progress, or lack of it, in implementing national policy. The principal burden of finding answers to the complex issues surrounding minority employment has fallen to the courts. Numerous judicial decisions, with enormous implications for police agencies, have been translated into procedural regulations covering the measures, techniques, criteria, and processes that may be used for employment decisions and employment selection. Several employment practices which may create problems in the area of employment discrimination are included. Whether due to enlightened police leadership, community pressures, political circumstances, civil service intervention, or a combination of all these factors, the racial characteristics of American policing have begun to change substantially over the past decade. Ten years ago, approximately 4 percent of the sworn police personnel in the nation were racial minorities; today, that figure has risen to 10 percent. Findings of the public service administration show that one of the most important factors in changing the nature and quality of policing is the courage and commitment of police leadership. To the extent that increasing minority and female participation in the ranks of sworn police officers is a crucial part of this change process, there is the added finding that such efforts are not enhanced by a reliance on the regulatory role of civil service. Several suggestions for institutionalizing this change process are noted. ; "Prepared under Grant Number 76-NI-99-0140 from the National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice, Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, U.S. Department of Justice." ; Includes bibliographical references. ; The impact of civil service and affirmative action programs on minority employment in the law enforcement setting is addressed in this monograph. Each stage of the federal government's program to insure equal employment opportunity from nondiscrimination through affirmative action has been accompanied by acrimonious public debate, focusing particularly on affirmative action, which is designed to develop guidelines, timetables, and other measurable indexes by which employers can be held accountable for their progress, or lack of it, in implementing national policy. The principal burden of finding answers to the complex issues surrounding minority employment has fallen to the courts. Numerous judicial decisions, with enormous implications for police agencies, have been translated into procedural regulations covering the measures, techniques, criteria, and processes that may be used for employment decisions and employment selection. Several employment practices which may create problems in the area of employment discrimination are included. Whether due to enlightened police leadership, community pressures, political circumstances, civil service intervention, or a combination of all these factors, the racial characteristics of American policing have begun to change substantially over the past decade. Ten years ago, approximately 4 percent of the sworn police personnel in the nation were racial minorities; today, that figure has risen to 10 percent. Findings of the public service administration show that one of the most important factors in changing the nature and quality of policing is the courage and commitment of police leadership. To the extent that increasing minority and female participation in the ranks of sworn police officers is a crucial part of this change process, there is the added finding that such efforts are not enhanced by a reliance on the regulatory role of civil service. Several suggestions for institutionalizing this change process are noted. ; Mode of access: Internet.
Asks how technology can help people to access justice across the legal industryBrings together leading judges, academics, practitioners, policy makers and educators from countries including India, Canada, Germany, United Kingdom South Africa and NigeriaOffers a dialogue between theory and practice by presenting practical and reflective essays on the nature of changes in the legal sectorAnalyses technological changes taking place in the legal sector, situates where these developments have taken place, who has brought it about and what impact has it had on societyWhile legal technology may bring efficiency and economy to business, where are the people in this process and what does it mean for their lives?Around five billion people globally are unable to address their everyday legal problems and do not have the security, opportunity or protection to redress their grievances and injustices. Courts and legal institutions can often be out of reach because of costs, distance or a lack of knowledge of rights and entitlements and judicial institutions may be under-funded leading to poor judicial infrastructure, inadequate staff, and limited resources to meet the needs of those who require such services.This book sets out to embed access to justice into mainstream discussions on the future of law and to explore how this can be addressed in different parts of the legal industry. It examines what changes in technology mean for the end user, whether an ordinary citizen, a client or a student. It looks at the everyday practice of law through a sector-wide analysis of law firms, universities, startups and civil society organisations. In doing so, the book provides a roadmap on how to address sector-specific access to justice questions and to draw lessons for the future. The book draws on experiences from judges, academics, practitioners, policy makers and educators and presents perspectives from both the Global South and the Global North
Access to local justice resolutions is significant not only for the rule of law but also for human rights, democratic governance, poverty reduction and security. Since many rural residents do not have access to formal courts, local justice resolution, namely village court (VC), is the only restorative mechanism in Bangladesh that is accessible and convenient for the grassroots community. This study investigates the management of restorative justice in Bangladesh and evaluates its effectiveness in terms of participation, accountability and transparency. Using key informant interviews and focus group discussions with Union Parishad officials and locals, the study collected empirical data from 60 respondents, who were purposefully selected from four unions covering two districts in Bangladesh. To understand judicial proceedings and interpret the data accordingly, the research team also observed the hearing procedures of the VC with the permission of the proper authorities. Since the local justice resolution system only handles minor and petty cases related to civil and criminal matters, the study indicates that the VC allows a great deal of popular participation in adjudication processes and ensures partial transparency through an open hearing system without incorporating formal mechanisms of accountability. This analysis also shows that ensuring good governance practices in the VC becomes imperative for impartial and credible justice for the local community. Despite having several gaps in the governance framework and drawbacks, the study concludes that a strengthened restorative justice mechanism might contribute to the performance of the formal judiciary, provide a feasible option for locals, and empower them. Therefore, ensuring good governance requires a comprehensive approach that looks beyond legal and judicial reforms and tackles broader structural, social and economic factors. By exploring governance performance and gaps in the local justice system, the article significantly contributes to the government's and policymakers' efforts to measure progress and reduce weaknesses. Although the VC system is still relatively new in many countries, it could be an excellent resource for restorative justice systems across the globe.
After the introduction of the then Article F.1 TEU by the Amsterdam Treaty, later supplemented by the Nice Treaty, Hungary has earned the dubious reputation to be the first Member State against which an Article 7 TEU procedure has been triggered. While the predominantly political process is apparently stalled for the time being, the Court had to deal with various aspects of the deteriorating rule of law situation. Although forming part of an undeniably fragmented approach, the Court's judgments nevertheless clearly attest the retrogressive developments in Hungary since 2010. The analysis of the Court's jurisprudence is based on the qualitative measurement of the rule of law indicators drawn up by the Venice Commission of the Council of Europe. The identification of the cases pertinent to our investigation presents a challenge by itself as there is no label attached to a case dossier titled "rule of law". In addition, several relevant cases deal with issues which prima facie do not have a bearing on this topic. Thus, e.g. the case relating to the radical lowering of the retirement age for Hungarian judges apparently revolves around age discrimination in the workplace while in fact these measures were politically motivated and had an adverse effect on judicial independence. The subject-matter of the cases identified so far range from the independence of the judiciary and regulatory bodies to the functioning of NGOs and higher education institutions; from the criminalisation of assistance for asylum seekers to the judicial challenge of the conditionality regulation. Most cases are infringement proceedings initiated by the European Commission but the Court was also turned upon through preliminary reference or actions for annulment. By analysing the submissions of the parties, the opinions of the Advocate General as well as the Court's assessment thereof, the paper aims to evaluate the role of the Court: its potential and the limitations. While not denying the Court's contribution to the provision of consistent ...
In practice, it is not easy to realize effective law enforcement, because there are many factors that influence it, both internal and external factors. However, creating conditions for effective law enforcement is not impossible, as long as there is seriousness and hard work from all parties, including the government, the private sector and the community.Therefore, the urgent thing to do is to make improvements in various sectors, both from the system and from the human resource factor, so that the performance and quality of law enforcement in the future can meet the expectations of the community.Law enforcers of Qanun No. 12 2003, among others, consist of Wilayatulhisbah, who is in charge of supervising, fostering, and advocating for the implementation of laws and regulations in the field of Islamic Shari'a in order to carry out amarma'rufnahimunkar, the Police as Investigators whose scope of functional duties is includes pre-emptive, preventive, non-judicial repressive and pro-judicial repressive actions in the field of general police duties and the enforcement of Islamic Shari'a, the Prosecutor as a Public Prosecutor with the authority to carry out special duties in the field of Islamic Shari'a, implementing the determinations and decisions of the Judges of the Syar'iah Court, and Judges The Sharia Court, whose terms and procedures for the appointment, dismissal and execution of their duties are stipulated by law.The procedural legal process stipulated in the implementation of Qanun Number: 12 2003 is still based on the Criminal Procedure Code. This is in accordance with Article 37 of Qanun No. 12 of 2003 and Article 32 of Qanun No. 13 of 2003 which states that: "Before the existence of the procedural law regulated in a separate Qanun, the procedural law regulated in Law No. 8 of 1981 concerning The Criminal Procedure Code, and other laws and regulations remain in effect as long as they are not regulated in this Qanun. Keywords: Detention, Qanun, Alcohol Drink
In: International law reports, Volume 192, p. 84-345
ISSN: 2633-707X
84International Court of Justice — Advisory jurisdiction — Article 65(1) of Statute of Court — Competence of General Assembly — United Nations Charter, 1945, Article 96(1) — Whether question submitted to Court of legal character — Alleged lack of clarity of terms of request — Whether having effect on legal nature of question — Whether depriving Court of jurisdictionInternational Court of Justice — Advisory jurisdiction — Discretion to decline to give opinion — Requirement of compelling reasons for Court to decline to give opinion — Whether questions raising complex and disputed factual issues unsuitable for determination — Whether Court having sufficient information and evidence — Requesting organ to determine whether opinion required — Whether advisory opinion would reopen findings of Arbitral Tribunal — Res judicata — Relevance of United Kingdom lack of consent to judicial settlement — Principle of consent to judicial settlement of disputes — Whether Court would be deciding a bilateral disputeStates — Decolonization — Independence — Separation of the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius — Whether process of decolonization of Mauritius lawfully completed — Relevant period — Applicable law — Right of self-determination — Whether self-determination customary law during relevant period — Territorial integrity — Whether detachment of Chagos Archipelago unlawfulInternational organizations — United Nations — General Assembly — Decolonization — Functions of the General Assembly regarding decolonization — Non-self-governing territories — Free and genuine will of people of a non-self-governing territory — MauritiusHuman rights — Self-determination — United Nations Charter, 1945 — General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) 1960 — Right erga omnes — Chagos Archipelago — Mauritius — Continued administration of Chagos Archipelago by United Kingdom — Consequences under international law arising from continued administration by United Kingdom of Chagos Archipelago — Whether continued administration constituting a wrongful act — Whether responsibility of United Kingdom engaged under international law — Whether United Kingdom obliged to put an end to any internationally wrongful act — Obligations upon all States under United Nations Charter and international law
The paper deals with the analysis of the legal nature of international courts' decisions and their impact on the international financial legal order. The author claims that decisions of international courts, creating no new international legal financial norms, act as an additional source of international financial law, having no autonomy, and in combination with other sources of international law, performs the following functions: 1) regulatory-prescriptive (via opinio juris of existing traditions in interstate practice in the financial sphere transforming them into international customary law); 2) regulatory-affirming (confirming the legal nature of the international agreement between the subjects of international financial legal relations which caused a disputable situation). The judicial practice on financial issues and specificity of functioning of such judicial institutions as the Permanent Court of International Justice, the International Court of Justice, the CIS Economic Court, the Court of Justice of the European Union, the Court of Justice of the Central African Economic and Monetary Community, etc. are examined. The features of the provisions of international agreements on financial issues regarding the procedure for resolving disputes between the parties of the agreement about its implementation are analyzed. The paper explores particularities of the origin and development of the idea of the creation of an international financial court. Amid modern processes of the rapid growth of the amount of crossborder financial flows in the context of globalization, which is the consequence of the implementation of numerous international financial agreements, the idea of creation of an international financial court, which was first suggested in 1935, due to the complexity of legal nature of interstate financial disputes, is an objective necessity. The following features intrinsic to decisions of international courts (including decisions on financial issues) have been identified: 1) locality (binding only on the ...
Legal certainty is an essential value to the Democratic Rule of Law, presenting itself as a relevant principie for limiting powers in the performance of state functíons. lt can be understood in a double perspective, from an objective perspective, that is, it concerns the establíshment of limits to the retroactive effects of state decisions, whether in the administrative sphere or in the judicial sphere, from a subjective perspective, that is, linked to the protection of the perfect legal act, acquired right and res judicata. Still, in a subjective conception it can be understood regarding the protection of trust, that is, with regard to the stabilization of the decision-making process when interpreting and applying rules in the exercise of administrative activity. ln this scenario, indeterminate legal concepts and administrative discretion are highlighted, as techniques for solving the question posed in the specific case, which must observe the duty of consistency when making decisions. Thus, administrative precedents are evidenced as an instrument for amplifying legal certainty. This study, through research and bibliographic review, using the deductive method, aimed to analyze the principie of legitimate expectations, unveiling its effects on administrative activity. Thus, the feasibility of stabilizing the decision-making standard was found, with regard to the interpretative activity on norms of undetermined content, including the formation of administrative precedents to amplify legal certainty in administrative activity. ; A segurança jurídica constitui valor essencial ao Estado Democrático de Direito, apresentando-se como princípio relevante para limitação dos poderes na execução das funções estatais. Pode ser compreendida em perspectiva dupla, sob uma ótica objetiva, isto é, diz respeito ao estabelecimento de limites aos efeitos retroativos das decisões estatais, seja na esfera administrativa, seja na esfera judicial, sob uma ótica subjetiva, quer dizer, vinculada à proteção do ato jurídico perfeito, do ...
En este artículo se analizará la experiencia de mujeres obreras en Córdoba durante la década de 1970, un período en el que la industria local atravesó un proceso de transición histórica sin parangón. Se examinarán las diferentes realidades que conviven dentro del sujeto "mujeres obreras", problematizando esa identidad a partir de la realidad económica y cultural de aquella coyuntura. Asimismo, se analizarán las formas de participación de las mujeres en los conflictos laborales de la primera mitad de la década, registrando qué niveles de representatividad consiguieron en sus respectivas estructuras sindicales. Además, se interpretará cómo experimentaron la represión ejecutada por el terrorismo de Estado desde 1974, siendo afectadas de una manera especial por su condición de género. Para este trabajo se utilizaron distintas fuentes, algunas escritas como la prensa local, periódicos sindicales, informes del gobierno, expedientes judiciales y documentación interna de servicios de inteligencia de la Policía Federal. También se recurrió a testimonios orales para registrar las vivencias, las representaciones y trayectorias de algunxs protagonistas de aquellos procesos. ; In this article we will analyze the experience of women workers in Córdoba during the 1970s, a period in which the local industry went through an unparalleled historical transition process. We will examine the different realities that coexist within the subject "women workers", problematizing that identity from the economic and cultural reality of that period. Likewise, we will analyze the forms of women's participation in the work disputes of the first half of that decade, recording what levels of representation they achieved in trade union structures. In addition, we will interpret how they experienced the repression execute by State terrorism since 1974, being affected in a special way by their gender condition. Different sources were used for this work, some of them written, such as the local press, union newspapers, government reports, judicial ...
The article addresses Ukrainian legislation that governs hearing economic cases with a foreign element. Relevant statutes in the realm have been analyzed. The algorithm for determining the applicable legislation is investigated. The main drawbacks of the laws in force are spotlighted and the ways for further improvement are envisaged. The author identifies the main risks business entities can encounter when a case involving foreign element is litigated. The grounds for consideration by commercial courts of Ukraine of cases with a foreign element are investigated. The author notices that the case law on these issues is inconsistent. Among the vexed questions related to the category of economic cases at hand, the following deserve special attention: determination of jurisdiction of the case; determination of the applicable law; features of proof; recognition and enforcement of court decisions abroad. The author concludes that the choice of a foreign court or law should be conscious and clearly motivated, as this is very important for judicial protection. The attention is focused on the complicated interaction between international and national law when economic dispute involving foreign element is considered by the court. The modern tendencies of judicial practice in this sphere are discovered. The typical procedural errors of the parties to a dispute are summarized and the problems of law enforcement are covered. The author analyses effective legal methods for considering a dispute on the basis of Ukraine legislation. The article contains recommendations for courts on learning the content and interpretation of foreign law for the purpose of its application in cases involving foreign element. The application of the institute of contractual jurisdiction in commercial cases with a foreign element is investigated. The author provides practical recommendations to business entities in order to effectively protect their rights in court. The author concluded that litigants should take an active part in the process of ...
