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Public debates tend to see social inequality as resulting from individual decisions people make, for instance with respect to their education or lifestyle. Solutions are often sought in supporting individuals to make better choices. This neglects the importance of social groups and communities in determining individual outcomes. A moral perspective on social inequality questions the fairness of insisting on individual responsibilities, when members of some groups systematically receive fewer opportunities than others. The essays in this book have been prepared by experts from different disciplines, ranging from philosophy to engineering, and from economics to epidemiology. On the basis of recent scientific insights, World of Difference examines how group memberships impact on individual outcomes in four key domains: health, education and work, migration, and the environment. This offers a new moral perspective on social inequality, which policy makers tend to neglect.

Tap the skills of your most vital resource-employees. This book shows you how to improve individual and organizational performance by aligning corporate strategy with the management of people. You will learn why some people are more successful than others and how that can work for your organization. Whatever your role---CEO, manager, or human resource professional---Achieving the Perfect Fit guides you in how your organization can use employee skills and talents to gain the competitive edge. This book shows you how to: Improve your competitive position Get the right people for the right job Relate pay to skills Manage cultural differences Develop the leaders of tomorrow An impressive team of international human resource management consultants provides you with new contributions and up-to-the-minute case studies. Attain business success through leveraging individual performance with Achieving the Perfect Fit. Tap the skills of your most vital resource-employees. This book shows you how to improve individual and organizational performance by aligning corporate strategy with the management of people. You will learn why some people are more successful than others and how that can work for your organization. Whatever your role---CEO, manager, or human resource professional---Achieving the Perfect Fit guides you in how your organization can use employee skills and talents to gain the competitive edge. This book shows you how to: *Improve your competitive position *Get the right people for the right job *Relate pay to skills *Manage cultural differences *Develop the leaders of tomorrow An impressive team of international human resource management consultants provides you with new contributions and up-to-the-minute case studies. Attain business success through leveraging individual performance with 'Achieving the Perfect Fit.' Improve your competitive position Get the right people for the right job Relate pay to skills Manage cultural differences Develop the leaders of tomorrow.

Purpose: The main aim of this paper is to present a concept of marginal vertical income convergence. This method allows to determine the individual contribution of the objects (countries, regions) to the observed general process of real convergence. Design/Methodology/Approach: Proposed methodology allows to avoid the limitations of the classical analysis of income convergence. To check the cross-country stability of the parameters and to assess an individual contribution to convergence process, separate regressions for all EU member states was provided. The differences between coefficients of the model based on full sample and coefficients specific for a particular country indicate this individual effect. Findings: The empirical results show that in 1993-2018 we can observe an absolute β income convergence within the European Union, accelerated after 2008-2009's crisis period. However, the main conclusion is that the contribution to the overall process of levelling out GDP per capita within the EU was different from one member state to another. Received results confirmed that outliers removing allows to increase the quality of used models and the reliability of formulated interpretations. Practical Implications: Different values of marginal vertical income convergence are caused by differences in the dynamics of economic growth of individual countries, their different resistance to economic shocks, as well as different levels of inequality and distribution of income and wealth. Recognition of such differences is the first step in developing policies aimed at reducing discrepancies among national behaviours that could be observed as a background of a general convergence process. Originality/value: This research presents new concept of cross-sectional real convergence analysis built on the long period sample covering pre- and post-crisis time for all EU member countries. Additional contribution of the undergone study is robustness analysis that make allowances of outlier's impact. ; peer-reviewed

The treatment of disabled individuals, including deaf individuals, has varied by nation and taken generations to improve. The United States of America, which emerged in the 20th century as one of the major world powers, was inconsistent in its treatment of the disabled until the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA). The other world power, the former Soviet Union, failed miserably to consider its disabled citizens, oftentimes expelled them from society, and if not removed, forced them to endure unconscionable situations and circumstances. While these two countries' failures prove interesting to compare, the purpose of this paper is to specifically analyze the treatment of the deaf in the State of Israel and the United States of America. These two countries, (despite a relatively stable diplomatic relationship), have different health care systems, economic capabilities and demands, and geographic challenges-- all of which play an important role in their respective societies' treatment of deaf citizens. My decision to compare these two countries is rooted in their unique relationship that incorporates politics, religion, and democracy. It was the United States, under the leadership of President Harry S. Truman, that was the first to offer recognition of the State of Israel immediately after its establishment -- creating the background for a long, complicated relationship that continues into the 21st century. After setting forth a brief history on the treatment of deafness, I aim to properly assess the differences and similarities in the treatment and lives of deaf individuals by the respective countries, on a societal, governmental and cultural level, to identify potential reasons, motivations and results for both. Among the topics I will address, with a lens on deaf individuals, are differences in disability legislation, social constructs and identity (including education), and differences in culture.

Purpose
While there have always been cultural differences between countries and between individuals, the virtualisation of markets is rendering the impact of these differences even more salient. There is clear evidence that cultural dimensions are relevant in the adoption and use of e-commerce. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the significant effects of individual cultural dimensions on perceived product quality, perceived risk and purchase intention in e-commerce platforms.


Design/methodology/approach
A questionnaire was developed to serve as a tool of measurement. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to examine whether all the indicators for the constructs are reliable. A multiple regression analysis was carried out to test the hypotheses.


Findings
The results reveal that, in the case of e-commerce platforms, the cultural dimensions uncertainty-avoidance and collectivism exert a significant influence on perceived product quality, perceived risk and purchase intention.


Research limitations/implications
The present study is based on real well-known e-commerce platforms which could have influenced the responses of the sample due to potential past experiences of use. An experimental design based on fictitious platforms could offer more objective findings.


Practical implications
This research contributes to the understanding of e-commerce and the behaviour of consumers during online purchasing, taking into account the cultural differences that may exist between them.


Originality/value
The literature on individual cultural dimensions – that is, non-national cases – and the variables analysed in the present study suffers from great limitations. This study complements a growing interest in analysing the individual cultural dimensions and their effects on the sphere of e-commerce, specifically on perceived product quality, purchase intention and perceived risk during browsing, measured in terms of the six types of risk prevalent in e-commerce platforms.

This thesis examines, on the one hand, whether and how tax system characteristics affect individuals' behavior in an experimental environment, and, on the other hand, whether large positive or large negative temporary book-tax differences exhibit information content regarding the persistence of earnings. The first study empirically test whether declaring tax minimization as legal or illegal affects individuals' tax minimization behavior. Labeling a tax minimization opportunity as unambiguously illegal results in significantly less tax minimization compared to labeling tax minimization as unambiguously legal. As soon as detection risk is implemented, a difference between legal and illegal tax minimization is no longer observable. Moreover, affective priming can reinforce the legality effect. The second study examines whether moral evaluations of tax evasion are egoistically biased. In a real-effort experiment, we demonstrate that individuals' tax morale is subject to a self- serving bias. Individuals with the opportunity to evade taxes consider tax evasion less unethical compared to those without this opportunity. The third study shows that, due to mental accounting, the timing of taxation (immediate versus deferred taxation) is important even if there are no wealth differences between alternatives. Subjects in the deferred tax treatment perceive their wage as significantly more fair and this perception (indirectly) increases work effort. Moreover, subjects in the deferred tax treatment make less risky investments. The fourth study addresses the question of whether two important tax system characteristics – earmarking and voting rights– have an impact on tax avoidance and real labor supply decisions. We find that earmarking significantly lowers tax avoidance. Democratic participation reduces tax avoidance even further. In contrast, we do not observe any significant impact of earmarking and participation rights on labor supply. The fifth study analyzes whether large positive or negative temporary book-tax ...

El objeto de estas páginas es analizar las presuntas diferencias entre los derechos individuales, civiles y políticos, y los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales y discutir si estas diferencias se consolidan o se disuelven en la reconstrucción teórica propuesta por Robert Alexy. Tras analizar y rechazar las cinco diferencias que con más frecuencia se alegan entre los derechos de una y otra clase así como de presentar la teoría de Alexy sobre los derechos económico sociales concluyo, con Holmes y Sunstein, que «todos los derechos jurídicamente protegidos son necesariamente derechos a acciones positivas» y sostengo que Alexy no llega a extraer todas las consecuencias que de ello se derivan. La principal es que hemos de abandonar la distinción histórico ideológica entre derechos individuales, civiles y políticos, de un lado, y derechos económicos, sociales y culturales, del otro. ; The object of this article is to analyse the alleged differences between individual, civil and political rights and economic, social and cultural rights and to discuss whether these differences are either reinforced or undermined by Robert Alexy's theoretical reconstruction. After discussing and rejecting the most frequently alleged five differences between rights of both kinds and presenting Alexy's theory on economic and social rights, I conclude, with Holmes and Sunstein, that «all legally enforced rights are necessarily positive rights» and hold that Alexy does not extract all the consequences deriving from this fact. The most important consequence is that we need to abandon the historical-ideological distinction between individual, civil and political rights on the one hand, and economic, social and cultural rights, on the other. ; Este trabajo se enmarca en el Proyecto SEJ2005-08885/JURI (Derechos, Justicia y Globalización) financiado por la Dirección General de Investigación del Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia.

"A casual look at regional unemployment rates reveals that there are vast differences which cannot be explained by different institutional settings. Our paper attempts to trace these differences in the regions' labour market performance back to the regions' specialisation in products that are more or less advanced in their product cycle. The model we develop shows how individual profit and utility maximisation endogenously leads to decreasing employment in the presence of process innovation. Things deteriorate even further if the region under observation is less innovative than others. Our model suggests that the only way to escape from this vicious circle is to specialize in products that are at the beginning of their economic life." [author's abstract]

This paper is a communication from the corresponding symposium at the Global Land Project Open Science Meeting, Berlin, March 2014. We explored the assumption that the ecosystem services-(ES) concept has the potential to support communication and collaboration between actors in land use planning. If true, the concept could facilitate collaborative planning processes. We analyse how to evolve a planning context in which governance networks at the local landscape level gain importance in decision making, while the central government delegates power. From case studies presented during the symposium we learned that the ES-concept has been explored for application in local land use planning around the world. However, whether ES are recognized as a useful planning concept depends on individual actor preferences and cultural and contextual factors, such as the actual nature-human relationship and gender differences. Also, successful application requires the support of novel assessment, design and visualization tools, which are designed to foster collaboration and social learning. The potential of the concept to contribute to collaborative relationships needs further ...

BackgroundThe Social Care Survey (SCS) is collected annually by the Scottish Government (SG) from all of Scotland's 32 local authorities. In addition to other information, it details the amount of home care delivered to all individuals in receipt of this service during a specified census week. How well this census represents care delivered throughout the year is unknown.
ObjectivesUsing complete data from one local authority area:1. Quantify the annual proportion of individuals receiving care during the census week.2. Describe differences in type and duration of care packages received during/not during the census week.
MethodsA data sharing agreement was completed with Renfrewshire council to transfer all social care data for the years 2006-2016 to a safe haven environment. A time series was created identifying how much care each individual received at weekly intervals during the study period allowing comparison of counts of individuals at any given week with total counts for financial years. Differences in packages received during/not during the census week in each financial year were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test.
Findings41,002 packages of home care for 10,130 individuals over the age of 65 (64% female), were analysed. The proportion of people receiving care in the census week varied from 54.1% to 64.8% of the total number of individuals receiving care in a given financial year.Approximately half of packages received during the census week were of similar duration and intensity (weekly hours delivered) as packages not captured by the census. The remainder tended to be of much longer duration (>1 year) and less intensity.
ConclusionsThe SCS represents approximately 60% of individuals receiving home care in the Renfrewshire council area and a representative sample of packages of care delivered.

Background: The Social Care Survey (SCS) is collected annually by the Scottish Government (SG) from all of Scotland's 32 local authorities. In addition to other information, it details the amount of home care delivered to all individuals in receipt of this service during a specified census week. How well this census represents care delivered throughout the year is unknown. Objectives: Using complete data from one local authority area: 1. Quantify the annual proportion of individuals receiving care during the census week. 2. Describe differences in type and duration of care packages received during/not during the census week. Methods: A data sharing agreement was completed with Renfrewshire council to transfer all social care data for the years 2006-2016 to a safe haven environment. A time series was created identifying how much care each individual received at weekly intervals during the study period allowing comparison of counts of individuals at any given week with total counts for financial years. Differences in packages received during/not during the census week in each financial year were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. Findings: 41,002 packages of home care for 10,130 individuals over the age of 65 (64% female), were analysed. The proportion of people receiving care in the census week varied from 54.1% to 64.8% of the total number of individuals receiving care in a given financial year. Approximately half of packages received during the census week were of similar duration and intensity (weekly hours delivered) as packages not captured by the census. The remainder tended to be of much longer duration (>1 year) and less intensity. Conclusions: The SCS represents approximately 60% of individuals receiving home care in the Renfrewshire council area and a representative sample of packages of care delivered.

We study the optimal tax system in a dynamic model where differences in wages induce differences in inheritances, and the transition from parent ability to child ability is described by a Markov chain. We characterize expected inheritances in the steady state and show that the Atkinson-Stiglitz result on the redundancy of indirect taxes does not hold in this framework. In particular, given an optimal income tax, a bequest tax as well as a consumption tax are potential instruments for additional redistribution. For the bequest tax the sign of the overall welfare effect depends on the reaction of bequests and on inequality aversion, while for the consumption tax the sign is always positive because the distorting effect is outweighed by the induced increase in wealth accumulation. A necessary condition for a positive welfare effect is the empirically validated relation that more able individuals on average have more able parents than less able individuals.

There is a growing need to promote volunteerism among youth, given the declining rates across Western countries, and the societal and individual benefits gained through community engagement. Research has focused on individual predictors of volunteerism, but little is known about the role of context, such as urban–rural differences when examining comparable cohorts. Using data from a Canadian survey and semi-structured interviews, we documented differences in volunteer motivations and barriers between urban and rural youth. Survey results showed that rural youth volunteered more hours if they had friends who volunteered, whereas urban youth invested more hours if they were motivated to explore their strengths. Qualitative findings highlighted the importance of networks as levers to formal and informal volunteering, especially for rural youth, and the unique social and structural barriers related to volunteerism depending on place of residence. Contextual factors should be considered when designing strategies to recruit and retain young volunteers.

AbstractIn this study, we investigate the assimilation of EU migrants via the receipt of public transfers using high‐quality administrative panel data for the Netherlands. Research on this topic has relevant implications for EU expansion policy, migration policy, and perception of migrants in host societies. The data that we employ contain comprehensive information on all public transfers that individuals can receive. Results show that free entry from other EU countries decreases both the share of individuals who receive public transfers and the average amount received. The differences between EU migrants and natives are particularly large during the first years after arrival in the Netherlands, and become indistinguishable from zero after seven years. This indicates a process of gradual assimilation into public transfer receipt. Further exploration using an Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition reveals important composition effects that are due mostly to differences in age and variables related to family structure.