The Luxembourg international financial centre developed considerably during the 1960s, propelled by several factors including concerted government policy, flexible regulation and a willingness to harness opportunities at international level (such as the 1963 US interest equalisation tax and the Bundesbank provisions introduced in 1968 and 1974). The decision to establish various Community institutions (the ECSC High Authority in 1952) and European funding institutions (the European Investment Bank in 1968) in the country also had a decisive impact. The currency union with Belgium (BLEU, 1921) and the absence of a Luxembourg Central Bank made these developments all the more significant. Drawing on archives and oral history sources, this paper aims to illustrate the complexity and originality that characterised the development of the conceptual, political and regulatory context in Luxembourg in the 1960s-1990s, in what can be seen as a sui generis experiment and preparation for EMU. It will explore the changing financial ecosystem in Luxembourg and the collaborative efforts by its main stakeholders (banks, regulatory authorities, individuals, networks) - with a focus on KBL, LuxSE and EIB - to encourage financial and monetary innovation (via the EUA, ECU, and Eurco) before the introduction of the European single currency and to pave the way for the establishment and consolidation of the euro
Discussions of competition and regulatory reform typically focus on price and quantity effects. But improving certain infrastructure services can also stimulate entry, and competition in user industries downstream, allowing new firms to enter, incumbent users to offer new products, and rivalry to intensify. The authors present a case study of how innovations in road freight services affect selected downstream users of those services after regulatory reform. After a period of rigid regulation, and heavy government interference, Mexico in 1989 developed a new policy framework for road transport, with free entry, and market-based price setting. The result: faster, more reliable trucking has allowed user companies to offer new, previously unavailable products, and to reach new areas with existing products. Cheaper, more customer-responsive trucking services have allowed logistical innovations in user firms, and some user firms have decided not to keep their own fleets of trucks, but to outsource trucking services on the open market, thereby converting fixed costs to variable costs. For one fertilizer company, the benefits of reform included a ten percent improvement in operating margin. Successful reform requires careful planning and execution, and political support at high levels. Regulatory reform also profoundly changes the sectoral institution formerly responsible for the regulation. Enough resources should be provided to help organizations in the reformed industry make the transition to the post-reform environment - helping with such tasks as defining the organizations new role, and facilitating the redeployment of staff. The national competition agency can help greatly in laying the groundwork for reform by making a compelling case for the reforms expected benefits. After reform, the competition agency should also help with enforcement, to ensure that the cozy, cartel-like behavior stimulated by tight entry restrictions does not persist. In Mexico, three strong interventions were required to discipline attempted anti-competitive practices in the trucking industry in the years following reform.
This study presents the vision and implementation recommendations for the electronic identity based service delivery framework (EISDF) in Vietnam. It also delineates the roles to be played by the diverse stakeholders (private, public, development community, etc.) in the field. The study recommends various relevant and innovative electronic identity (eID) services that can be implemented to transform and enhance the accountability and efficiency of service delivery across sectors. These recommendations are based on the stocktaking of international experiences and identified possibilities based on the country assessment. Special emphasis is placed on eID systems that operate on mobile phones, and on those that have the potential of being scaled up by both the public and private sectors in Vietnam. The eID systems can help reduce identity fraud and enable individuals to avail of services more securely in a variety of contexts as in mobile banking and mobile applications for health care.
International audience ; Based on first-hand account, this paper offers evidence on price setting and price adjustment mechanisms that were illegally employed under the Soviet planning and rationing regime. The evidence is anecdotal, and is based on personal experience during the years 1960-1971 in the Republic of Georgia. The description of the social organization of the black markets and other illegal economic activities that I offer depicts the creative and sophisticated ways that were used to confront the shortages created by the inefficient centrally-planned command economic price system with its distorted relative prices. The evidence offers a glimpse of quite explicit micro-level evidence on various types of behavior and corruption that were common in Georgia. Rent-seeking behavior, however, led to emergence of remarkably well-functioning and efficiency enhancing black markets. The evidence, thus, underscores once again the role of incentives in a rent-seeking society.
Publisher's version (útgefin grein) ; Background In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990-2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0-9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10-24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10-24 years were also in the top ten in the 25-49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50-74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and development investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Copyright (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. ; Research reported in this publication was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; the University of Melbourne; Queensland Department of Health, Australia; the National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia; Public Health England; the Norwegian Institute of Public Health; St Jude Children's Research Hospital; the Cardiovascular Medical Research and Education Fund; the National Institute on Ageing of the National Institutes of Health (award P30AG047845); and the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health (award R01MH110163). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the funders. The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this Article and they do not necessarily represent the views, decisions, or policies of the institutions with which they are affiliated, the National Health Service (NHS), the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), the UK Department of Health and Social Care, or Public Health England; the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the US Government, or MEASURE Evaluation; or the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). This research used data from the Chile National Health Survey 2003, 2009-10, and 2016-17. The authors are grateful to the Ministry of Health, the survey copyright owner, for allowing them to have the database. All results of the study are those of the authors and in no way committed to the Ministry. The Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study project is a longitudinal study by the University of Costa Rica's Centro Centroamericano de Poblacion and Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud, in collaboration with the University of California at Berkeley. The original pre-1945 cohort was funded by the Wellcome Trust (grant 072406), and the 1945-55 Retirement Cohort was funded by the US National Institute on Aging (grant R01AG031716). The principal investigators are Luis Rosero-Bixby and William H Dow and co-principal investigators are Xinia Fernandez and Gilbert Brenes. The accuracy of the authors' statistical analysis and the findings they report are not the responsibility of ECDC. ECDC is not responsible for conclusions or opinions drawn from the data provided. ECDC is not responsible for the correctness of the data and for data management, data merging and data collation after provision of the data. ECDC shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data. The Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) study is an international study carried out in collaboration with WHO/EURO. The international coordinator of the 1997-98, 2001-02, 2005-06, and 2009-10 surveys was Candace Currie and the databank manager for the 1997-98 survey was Bente Wold, whereas for the following surveys Oddrun Samdal was the databank manager. A list of principal investigators in each country can be found on the HBSC website. Data used in this paper come from the 2009-10 Ghana Socioeconomic Panel Study Survey, which is a nationally representative survey of more than 5000 households in Ghana. The survey is a joint effort undertaken by the Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research (ISSER) at the University of Ghana and the Economic Growth Centre (EGC) at Yale University. It was funded by EGC. ISSER and the EGC are not responsible for the estimations reported by the analysts. The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics granted the researchers access to relevant data in accordance with license number SLN2014-3-170, after subjecting data to processing aiming to preserve the confidentiality of individual data in accordance with the General Statistics Law, 2000. The researchers are solely responsible for the conclusions and inferences drawn upon available data. Data for this research was provided by MEASURE Evaluation, funded by USAID. The authors thank the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, conducted by the National Research University Higher School of Economics and ZAO Demoscope together with Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the Institute of Sociology, Russia Academy of Sciences for making data available. This paper uses data from the Bhutan 2014 STEPS survey, implemented by the Ministry of Health with the support of WHO; the Kuwait 2006 and 2014 STEPS surveys, implemented by the Ministry of Health with the support of WHO; the Libya 2009 STEPS survey, implemented by the Secretariat of Health and Environment with the support of WHO; the Malawi 2009 STEPS survey, implemented by Ministry of Health with the support of WHO; and the Moldova 2013 STEPS survey, implemented by the Ministry of Health, the National Bureau of Statistics, and the National Center of Public Health with the support of WHO. This paper uses data from Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) Waves 1 (DOI:10.6103/SHARE. w1.700), 2 (10.6103/SHARE.w2.700), 3 (10.6103/SHARE.w3.700), 4 (10.6103/SHARE.w4.700), 5 (10.6103/SHARE.w5.700), 6 (10.6103/SHARE.w6.700), and 7 (10.6103/SHARE.w7.700); see Borsch-Supan and colleagues (2013) for methodological details. The SHARE data collection has been funded by the European Commission through FP5 (QLK6-CT-2001-00360), FP6 (SHARE-I3: RII-CT-2006-062193, COMPARE: CIT5-CT-2005-028857, SHARELIFE: CIT4-CT-2006-028812), FP7 (SHARE-PREP: GA N degrees 211909, SHARE-LEAP: GA N degrees 227822, SHARE M4: GA N degrees 261982) and Horizon 2020 (SHARE-DEV3: GA N degrees 676536, SERISS: GA N degrees 654221) and by DG Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion. Additional funding from the German Ministry of Education and Research, the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science, the US National Institute on Aging (U01_AG09740-13S2, P01_AG005842, P01_AG08291, P30_AG12815, R21_AG025169, Y1-AG-4553-01, IAG_BSR06-11, OGHA_04-064, HHSN271201300071C), and from various national funding sources is gratefully acknowledged. This study has been realised using the data collected by the Swiss Household Panel, which is based at the Swiss Centre of Expertise in the Social Sciences. The project is financed by the Swiss National Science Foundation. The United States Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study is a supplement to the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), which is sponsored by the National Institute of Aging (grant number NIA U01AG009740). It was conducted jointly by Duke University and the University of Michigan. The HRS is sponsored by the National Institute on Aging (grant number NIA U01AG009740) and is conducted by the University of Michigan. This paper uses data from Add Health, a program project designed by J Richard Udry, Peter S Bearman, and Kathleen Mullan Harris, and funded by a grant P01-HD31921 from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, with cooperative funding from 17 other agencies. Special acknowledgment is due to Ronald R Rindfuss and Barbara Entwisle for assistance in the original design. Information on how to obtain the Add Health data files is available on the Add Health website. No direct support was received from grant P01-HD31921 for this analysis. The data reported here have been supplied by the United States Renal Data System. The interpretation and reporting of these data are the responsibility of the authors and in no way should be seen as an official policy or interpretation of the US Government. Collection of data for the Mozambique National Survey on the Causes of Death 2007-08 was made possible by USAID under the terms of cooperative agreement GPO-A-00-08-000_D3-00. This manuscript is based on data collected and shared by the International Vaccine Institute (IVI) from an original study IVI conducted. L G Abreu acknowledges support from Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (Brazil; finance code 001) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq, a Brazilian funding agency). I N Ackerman was supported by a Victorian Health and Medical Research Fellowship awarded by the Victorian Government. O O Adetokunboh acknowledges the South African Department of Science and Innovation and the National Research Foundation. A Agrawal acknowledges the Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance Senior Fellowship. S M Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University and International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. M Ausloos, C Herteliu, and A Pana acknowledge partial support by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. A Badawi is supported by the Public Health Agency of Canada. D A Bennett was supported by the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. R Bourne acknowledges the Brien Holden Vision Institute, University of Heidelberg, Sightsavers, Fred Hollows Foundation, and Thea Foundation. G B Britton and I Moreno Velasquez were supported by the Sistema Nacional de Investigacion, SNI-SENACYT, Panama. R Buchbinder was supported by an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Senior Principal Research Fellowship. J J Carrero was supported by the Swedish Research Council (2019-01059). F Carvalho acknowledges UID/MULTI/04378/2019 and UID/QUI/50006/2019 support with funding from FCT/MCTES through national funds. A R Chang was supported by National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases grant K23 DK106515. V M Costa acknowledges the grant SFRH/BHD/110001/2015, received by Portuguese national funds through Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia, IP, under the Norma Transitaria DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. A Douiri acknowledges support and funding from the National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care South London at King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and the Royal College of Physicians, and support from the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London. B B Duncan acknowledges grants from the Foundation for the Support of Research of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (IATS and PrInt) and the Brazilian Ministry of Health. H E Erskine is the recipient of an Australian NHMRC Early Career Fellowship grant (APP1137969). A J Ferrari was supported by a NHMRC Early Career Fellowship grant (APP1121516). H E Erskine and A J Ferrari are employed by and A M Mantilla-Herrera and D F Santomauro affiliated with the Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, which receives core funding from the Queensland Department of Health. M L Ferreira holds an NHMRC Research Fellowship. C Flohr was supported by the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust. M Freitas acknowledges financial support from the EU (European Regional Development Fund [FEDER] funds through COMPETE POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029248) and National Funds (Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia) through project PTDC/NAN-MAT/29248/2017. A L S Guimaraes acknowledges support from CNPq. C Herteliu was partially supported by a grant co-funded by FEDER through Operational Competitiveness Program (project ID P_40_382). P Hoogar acknowledges Centre for Bio Cultural Studies, Directorate of Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education and Centre for Holistic Development and Research, Kalaghatagi. F N Hugo acknowledges the Visiting Professorship, PRINT Program, CAPES Foundation, Brazil. B-F Hwang was supported by China Medical University (CMU107-Z-04), Taichung, Taiwan. S M S Islam was funded by a National Heart Foundation Senior Research Fellowship and supported by Deakin University. R Q Ivers was supported by a research fellowship from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia. M Jakovljevic acknowledges the Serbian part of this GBD-related contribution was co-funded through Grant OI175014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. P Jeemon was supported by a Clinical and Public Health intermediate fellowship (grant number IA/CPHI/14/1/501497) from the Wellcome Trust-Department of Biotechnology, India Alliance (2015-20). O John is a recipient of UIPA scholarship from University of New South Wales, Sydney. S V Katikireddi acknowledges funding from a NRS Senior Clinical Fellowship (SCAF/15/02), the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12017/13, MC_UU_12017/15), and the Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office (SPHSU13, SPHSU15). C Kieling is a CNPq researcher and a UK Academy of Medical Sciences Newton Advanced Fellow. Y J Kim was supported by Research Management Office, Xiamen University Malaysia (XMUMRF/2018-C2/ITCM/00010). K Krishan is supported by UGC Centre of Advanced Study awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. M Kumar was supported by K43 TW 010716 FIC/NIMH. B Lacey acknowledges support from the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and the BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford. J V Lazarus was supported by a Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities Miguel Servet grant (Instituto de Salud Carlos III [ISCIII]/ESF, the EU [CP18/00074]). K J Looker thanks the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Evaluation of Interventions at the University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, for research support. S Lorkowski was funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (nutriCARD, grant agreement number 01EA1808A). R A Lyons is supported by Health Data Research UK (HDR-9006), which is funded by the UK Medical Research Council, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, Economic and Social Research Council, NIHR (England), Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates, Health and Social Care Research and Development Division (Welsh Government), Public Health Agency (Northern Ireland), British Heart Foundation, and Wellcome Trust. J J McGrath is supported by the Danish National Research Foundation (Niels Bohr Professorship), and the Queensland Health Department (via West Moreton HHS). P T N Memiah acknowledges support from CODESRIA. U O Mueller gratefully acknowledges funding by the German National Cohort Study BMBF grant number 01ER1801D. S Nomura acknowledges the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan (18K10082). A Ortiz was supported by ISCIII PI19/00815, DTS18/00032, ISCIII-RETIC REDinREN RD016/0009 Fondos FEDER, FRIAT, Comunidad de Madrid B2017/BMD-3686 CIFRA2-CM. These funding sources had no role in the writing of the manuscript or the decision to submit it for publication. S B Patten was supported by the Cuthbertson & Fischer Chair in Pediatric Mental Health at the University of Calgary. G C Patton was supported by an aNHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellowship. M R Phillips was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, number 81371502 and 81761128031). A Raggi, D Sattin, and S Schiavolin were supported by grants from the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico C Besta, Linea 4-Outcome Research: dagli Indicatori alle Raccomandazioni Cliniche). P Rathi and B Unnikrishnan acknowledge Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. A L P Ribeiro was supported by Brazilian National Research Council, CNPq, and the Minas Gerais State Research Agency, FAPEMIG. D C Ribeiro was supported by The Sir Charles Hercus Health Research Fellowship (#18/111) Health Research Council of New Zealand. D Ribeiro acknowledges financial support from the EU (FEDER funds through the Operational Competitiveness Program; POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029253). P S Sachdev acknowledges funding from the NHMRC of Australia Program Grant. A M Samy was supported by a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. M M Santric-Milicevic acknowledges the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (contract number 175087). R Sarmiento-Suarez received institutional support from Applied and Environmental Sciences University (Bogota, Colombia) and ISCIII (Madrid, Spain). A E Schutte received support from the South African National Research Foundation SARChI Initiative (GUN 86895) and Medical Research Council. S T S Skou is currently funded by a grant from Region Zealand (Exercise First) and a grant from the European Research Council under the EU's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement number 801790). J B Soriano is funded by Centro de Investigacion en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, ISCIII. R Tabares-Seisdedos was supported in part by the national grant PI17/00719 from ISCIII-FEDER. N Taveira was partially supported by the European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, the EU (LIFE project, reference RIA2016MC-1615). S Tyrovolas was supported by the Foundation for Education and European Culture, the Sara Borrell postdoctoral programme (reference number CD15/00019 from ISCIII-FEDER). S B Zaman received a scholarship from the Australian Government research training programme in support of his academic career. ; "Peer Reviewed"
Die Inhalte der verlinkten Blogs und Blog Beiträge unterliegen in vielen Fällen keiner redaktionellen Kontrolle.
Warnung zur Verfügbarkeit
Eine dauerhafte Verfügbarkeit ist nicht garantiert und liegt vollumfänglich in den Händen der Herausgeber:innen. Bitte erstellen Sie sich selbständig eine Kopie falls Sie diese Quelle zitieren möchten.
It's official — the Pentagon is becoming a bank. Well, sort of. At a March 8th event on dual-use technology at SXSW in Austin, Texas, director of the Office of Strategic Capital Jason Rathje announced that his team has officially received the internal authority to grant executive loans and loan guarantees, a first within the Pentagon. The Office of Strategic Capital, or OSC, was created in response to growing concern over China's investment in next-generation technology. According to its investment strategy, released Friday, March 8th, the OSC will invest in firms researching and developing 14 "critical technologies," including hypersonics, quantum computing, microelectronics, autonomous systems, and artificial intelligence. After surviving a rocky first year — punctuated by allegations of conflicts of interest from Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D-Mass.) and hard questions over its funding — the OSC is now close to licensing its first funds as part of a joint lending program with the Small Business Administration. OSC loans require private funding to match their loans, giving a pathway for smaller defense tech companies with aggressive investment strategies to enter the mix. Venture capitalists have poured money into many of the items now on the "critical technologies" list, making them well-poised to benefit from OSC loans. By one New York Times estimate, venture capital firms went from spending around $6.7 billion on military tech in 2016 to $34 billion in 2022. However, they have generated relatively few government contracts so far, leading some tech entrepreneurs to accuse the Pentagon of paying lip service to innovation without actually funding innovative ventures. According to Palantir, a "unicorn" of the defense tech world founded by Peter Thiel, the top 100 venture-funded military start-ups have only generated somewhere between $2-5 billion in government contracts. Part of this is because of Silicon Valley's"move fast and break things" approach, which sees the Pentagon's bureaucracy as little more than a straightjacket. Marc Andreessen, the co-founder of Andreessen Horowitz and an investor in many defense tech firms through his American Dynamism initiative, embodies this psyche, defined by an infatuation with new technology and a repudiation of the precautionary principle, which urges prudence in the face of uncertainty. In an essay Andreessen authored entitled "The Techno-Optimist Manifesto," he writes, "We believe the techno-capital machine is not anti-human – in fact, it may be the most pro-human thing there is. It serves us. The techno-capital machine works for us. All the machines work for us." This is where the message of defense tech venture capitalists differs from that of the prime contractors like RTX (previously known as Raytheon) and Lockheed Martin; instead of waxing lyrical about security, tech stalwarts evangelize about wielding artificial intelligence to overcome the frailties of human nature itself. Buoyed by their "yes, and…" theater-kid ethos, their beguiling promise is to usher in a near-utopia at the hands of the "Techno-Capital Machine." That is, if the government steps aside. "Silicon valley is a builder culture, and Washington is never going to be a builder culture," argued Katherine Boyle, the co-founder of Andreessen's American Dynamism initiative. "I think people just have to come to terms with that." So what does this "material philosophy" look like in practice? Shield AI, a company Andreessen has invested in through American Dynamism, offers AI-powered autonomous swarms that claim to own "the kill chain from start to end" like a "scene from Top Gun 2." Palantir has demonstrated a language model that analyzes battlefields and generates courses of action for a human operator. As defense analyst Van Jackson puts it, the OSC has "created various regulatory exemptions and federally guaranteed loans to incentivize VCs to go big on death-tech." Even if their promises are more grandiose, the business model of capitalizing on instability remains familiar. On a panel about public/private partnerships at SXSW, former Olympian turned venture capitalist Larsen Jensen said that Russia's invasion of Ukraine is a "tremendous catalyst" for changing the national security investing environment. "There have been many other catalysts that have occurred, if you think back prior to that, 9/11 was a catalyst," Jensen said. "Many companies that otherwise would not exist in the defense industry, such as General Atomics, probably owe a big portion of their success due to a geopolitical catalyst that was, you know, unfortunate for the United States obviously, but the Predator probably wouldn't be as prolific as it is now, and the early innings of autonomy wouldn't be as important as it is now, were it not for that tragedy." It doesn't take a Luddite to realize that the Pentagon should exercise caution when partnering with VC firms on exploring technologies such as AI-powered language models and autonomous weapons. As Craig Martell, the head of the Chief Digital and Artificial Intelligence Office at the Pentagon, warns, AI chatbots "speak authoritatively, so we just believe them," despite the fact that these devices often spit out misleading or outright false answers. In a new report from Public Citizen, Robert Weissman and Savannah Wooten argue that autonomous weapons can lead to dehumanization or even loss of human control. "AI-driven swarms involve autonomous agents that would interact with and coordinate with each other, likely in ways not foreseen by humans and also likely indecipherable to humans in real-time," Weissman and Wooten write. The Pentagon has some guardrails in place that urge caution with technology like artificial intelligence and autonomous weapons. A Pentagon directive, issued just a month after the creation of the OSC in January 2023, requires autonomous weapons to be designed to allow human operators to exercise "appropriate levels of human judgment over the use of force," establishes testing and evaluation standards for autonomous weapons, and mandates a chain of review for approval, among other requirements. But a number of critics outside of the department question whether this approach goes far enough. A Human Rights Watch/Harvard Law School International Human Rights clinic review of the policy noted that the directive allows for significant loopholes, among them allowing the senior review of autonomous weapons to be waived "in cases of urgent military need." Weissman and Wooten argue that the "biggest shortcoming of the directive, however, is that it permits the development and deployment of lethal autonomous weapons at all." Venture capital firms are looking for more buy-in on the back end, an issue the OSC can't quite solve. As adjunct professor at Stanford University Steve Blank explains, "There's a demand problem, not a funding problem." For the venture capitalists, this requires convincing the U.S. government to sideline concerns they may have about emerging technologies and buy into the techno-utopian vision they are selling. In order to persuade the government to be more in line with the brash futurism of Silicon Valley, venture capital-backed defense tech firms are ramping up their lobbying operations. In 2023, Palantir spent over $5 million on their formal lobbying operations, lobbying Congress against "the regulation of AI." Shield AI, which spent over $1 million on lobbying in 2023, lobbied the Department of Defense directly on "issues around autonomy and artificial intelligence." Anduril, another defense technology company backed by Andreessen, spent over $1.5 million lobbying Congress on issues related to "unmanned and autonomous systems," including autonomous sentry towers on the U.S.-Mexico border. OpenAI, the creator of ChatGPT, has also signaled it may want in on Pentagon dollars. As the Intercept reported, earlier this year OpenAI quietly removed language that prohibits the military from using its technology. This week, former Sen. Norm Coleman registered as a lobbyist for OpenAI.The OSC is Silicon Valley's biggest step toward molding the Pentagon in its own image, a sign they are making inroads with top brass leaders. But should the venture capitalists continue to rush the development and deployment of untested, risky technologies, even as they cash in massively in the process, someone needs to commit the cardinal sin of prudence by stepping in and setting some rules.
Early childhood development (PAUD) is a fundamental investment that is included in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Previous research has shown that ECD investment in Indonesia, and its financial governance remains a challenging issue. Through a qualitative approach to a case study method design, this study aims to examine the state of PAUD financial management in Panggungharjo Village, Yogyakarta. This study uses in-depth interviews and desk research as data collection techniques. The instrument was developed from the SABER-ECD World Bank Assessment and ECD Financial Profiling Tools. The results showed that PAUD financial management in established villages had innovative financing, budget management and institutional development resulted in a blueprint for managing PAUD financing in other villages in Indonesia. Important policy objectives in all aspects, including the legal framework, cross-sectoral coordination, program coverage, coverage, equity, data availability, quality standards, and compliance with standards, the vision of financing early childhood development will be more achievable for future research. Keywords:Early Childhood, Financial Governance, Village References: Alatas, H., Brinkman, S., Chang, M. C., Hadiyati, T., Hartono, D., Hasan, A., Hyson, M., Jung, H., Kinnell, A., Pradhan, M., & Roesli, R. (2013). Early childhood education and development services in Indonesia. In Education in Indonesia (pp. 82–108). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Ambang.Yudanto. (2019). Analisis Kepemimpinan Transformasional Kepala Desa dalam Pengelolaan Badan Usaha Milik Desa: Studi Kasus Bumdes Panggung Lestari, Bantul [Analysis of Village Head Transformational Leadership in Village Owned Enterprise Management: A Case Study of Bumdes Panggung Lestari, Bantul]. The Journal of Business and Management. Antlöv, H., Wetterberg, A., & Dharmawan, L. (2016). Village Governance, Community Life, and the 2014 Village Law in Indonesia. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 52(2), 161–183. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2015.1129047 Aqsati, F. A. (2018). Pengelolaan Alokasi Dana Desa untuk Pengembangan Pembedayaan Masyarakat di Desa Panggungharjo [Management of Village Fund Allocation for Community Empowerment Development in Panggungharjo Village]. Resolusi: Jurnal Sosial Politik. Astuti, S. J. W., & Suaedi, F. (2019). Building Independent Villages through Collaborative Governance by Village-Owned Enterprises (Best Practice from Panggungharjo Village, Central Java, Indonesia). Iapa Proceedings Conference, 265. https://doi.org/10.30589/proceedings.2018.200 Basuki, A. F., Setyowati, K., & Wahyunengseh, R. D. (2019). Accountability Model of Financial Management in the Public Sector: A Study on Panggungharjo Village Budget. Bisnis & Birokrasi Journal. https://doi.org/10.20476/jbb.v26i1.10312 Bauhr, M., & Nasiritousi, N. (2013). Resisting Transparency: Corruption, Legitimacy, and the Quality of Global Environmental Policies. Global Environmental Politics, 13(August), 46–64. https://doi.org/10.1162/GLEP Bloom, N., Van Reenen, J., & Williams, H. (2019). A toolkit of policies to promote innovation. Voprosy Ekonomiki, 2019(10), 5–31. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2019-10-5-31 Boggild-Jones, I., Gardiner, S., Gustafsson-Wright, E., Castillo, A. M., Castro Espinosa, B., Sánchez Vázquez, G., Rivera Ruíz, M., Hetzel, O., Lugo, H., Khan, A., Mozambique, F., Duarte, S., Fisker, A., Mozambique, A., Briggs, C., Kasajja, M.-S., Anis, K., Campira, P., Figia, N., … Njoroge, S. (2017). Emily Gustafsson-Wright the Standardized Early Childhood Development Costing Tool (SECT) A Global Good to Increase and Improve Investments in Young Children. Brinkman, S. A., Hasan, A., Jung, H., Kinnell, A., & Pradhan, M. (2017). The impact of expanding access to early childhood education services in rural Indonesia. Journal of Labor Economics, 35(S1), S305–S335. https://doi.org/10.1086/691278 Britto, P. R., Engle, P. L., & Super, C. M. (2013). Handbook of Early Childhood Development Research and Its Impact on Global Policy. In Handbook of Early Childhood Development Research and Its Impact on Global Policy. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199922994.001.0001 Cardenas, M., & Cadena, A. M. (2020). How to prioritize Early Childhood? A note on the recent expeerience in Columbia. May 2020. Denboba, A., Hasan, A., & Wodon, Q. (2015). Early Childhood Education and Development in Indonesia. In World Bank Publications. Edi, A. C., & Wardhani, I. S. (2019). Transformational and Transactional Leadership, Understanding How Leadership Cultivates Democratic Citizenship in Panggungharjo, Bantul, Yogyakarta. PCD Journal, 6(2), 239. https://doi.org/10.22146/pcd.35229 Hasan, Amer., Hyson, Marilou., & Chu-Chang, M. (2013). Early childhood education and development in poor villages of Indonesia: Strong foundations, later success. World Bank. Istiqomah, L. (2016). Tiga Pilar Kebijakan Pemerintah dalam Pembinaan PAUD. Golden Age [Three Pillars of Government Policy in Early Childhood Education. Golden Age]: Jurnal Ilmiah Tumbuh Kembang Anak Usia Dini. Jeffrey, D. S., & Guido, S. T. (2014). Financing Sustainable Development: Implementing the SDGs through Effective Investment Strategies and Partnerships. Sustainable Development Solutions Network. Juniar, T. (n.d.). Efektivitas Program Kartu Jakarta Pintar (KIP) Dan Manfaatnya Dalam Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Sosial Di SDN Bintaro 08 Pagi Jakarta Selatan [The Effectiveness of the Jakarta Smart Card (KIP) Program and Its Benefits in Improving Social Welfare at SDN Bintaro 08 Pagi South Jakarta]. Repository.Uinjkt.Ac.Id. Klees, S. J., Ginsburg, M., Anwar, H., Robbins, M. B., Bloom, H., Busacca, C., Corwith, A., Decoster, B., Fiore, A., Gasior, S., Le, H. M., Primo, L. H., & Reedy, T. D. (2020). The World Bank's SABER: A Critical Analysis. Comparative Education Review. https://doi.org/10.1086/706757 Kurniawati, S., Suryadarma, D., Bima, L., & Yusrina, A. (2018). Education in Indonesia: A white elephant? Journal of Southeast Asian Economies, 35(2), 185–199. https://doi.org/10.1355/ae35-2e Magnuson, K., & Duncan, G. J. (2016). Can early childhood interventions decrease inequality of economic opportunity? Rsf, 2(2), 123–141. https://doi.org/10.7758/rsf.2016.2.2.05 Mizwar Hasyim, N. (2019). Peningkatan Kemandirian Desa Panggungharjo Melalui Komunikasi Pembangunan [Increasing the Independence of Panggungharjo Village through Development Communication]. Jurnal Pemberdayaan Masyarakat: Media Pemikiran Dan Dakwah Pembangunan, 3(2), 352–376. https://doi.org/10.14421/jpm.2019.032-06 Nakajima, N., Hasan, A., Jung, H., Kinnell, A., Maika, A., & Pradhan, M. (2021). Built to Last: Sustainability of Early Childhood Education Services in Rural Indonesia. Journal of Development Studies, 57(10), 1593–1612. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2021.1873283 National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine. (2018). Transforming the Financing of Early Care and Education. In Transforming the Financing of Early Care and Education. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/24984 Penner, E. K., Rochmes, J., Liu, J., Solanki, S. M., & Loeb, S. (2019). Differing views of equity: How prospective educators perceive their role in closing achievement gaps. Rsf, 5(3), 103–127. https://doi.org/10.7758/RSF.2019.5.3.06 Pratama, R. N., & Pambudi, A. (2017). Kinerja Badan Usaha Milik Desa Panggung Lestari dalam Meningkatkan Pendapatan Asli Desa di Desa Panggungharjon Kecamatan Sewon Kabupaten Bantul [Performance of Panggung Lestari Village-Owned Enterprises in Increasing Village Original Income in Panggungharjon Village, Sewon District, Bantul Regency]. Adinegara. Sayre, R. K., Devercelli, A. E., Neuman, M. J., & Wodon, Q. (2015). Investing in Early Childhood Development: Review of the World Bank's Recent Experience. In Investing in Early Childhood Development: Review of the World Bank's Recent Experience. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0403-8 Scheerens, J. (2015). School Effectiveness Research. In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences: Second Edition (Second Edition, Vol. 21). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.92080-4 Suryadarma, D., & Jones, G. W. (2013). Education in Indonesia. Education in Indonesia, 39(3), 1–278. The World Bank. (2013). What Matters Most for Early Childhood Development: A Framework Paper. Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER) Working Paper Series, 4–59. Vegas, E., & Santibanez, L. (2009). The Promise of Early Childhood Development in Latin America. In The Promise of Early Childhood Development in Latin America. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-7759-8 Zúñiga, N. (2018). U4 Anti-Corruption Helpdesk Does: Does more transparency improve accountability? Transparancy International, 1–13.
Actuality of the research topiс. Strategic priorities of world labor market development in the first quarter of the 21st century are shaped under the impact of a range of multidirectional actions factors – from globalization and respect for the open economy principle by majority of the world countries to neoprotectionism which is becoming more widespread in foreign economic policy of developed countries of the world. Each country which observes the market-based principles is closely linked to the world labor market via labor force resource and labor migration processes. These ties are constantly strengthening as countries obey international law, consider international labor market regulatory mechanisms in their national governance practice, and introduce the best world examples of institutional support for employment, unemployment reduction, labor migration regulation and counteracting all forms of discrimination at labor market. Respect for strategic priorities of world labor market development is of actual importance for all world countries, including Ukraine which for the last five years has significantly expanded labor migration flows and become the active participant of world labor market. Analysis of recent research and publications. Considerable contribution to the study of current situation and defining the newest world labor market development trends in the 21st century was made by profound Ukrainian scholars like A.Philippenko, O.Hrishnova, O.Malinovs'ka, E.Libanova, A.Dembitska and others. Among the foreign scientists who researched the core and main patterns of world labor market development within globalization we should mention G. Borjas, Y. Jansen, R. Celikates, J. de Bloois, A. Zolberg, E.Meyers, P. Wickramasekara, A. Zogata-Kusz etc. Extraction of unexplored parts of a common problem. Scope of the study into the core and constituencies of world labor market are pretty fully highlighted in the world economic literature. Yet, to define strategic priorities of world labor market development it is especially important to study the impact of institutional and organizational and economic tools of international organizations activity on world labor market regulation and development. This issue is an important component of international economic relations. Statement of the research purpose and tasks. The purpose of the study is to examine commonality and define strategic priorities of world labor market development in the 21st century. To achieve it the following tasks are set and resolved in the article: - to research the factors affecting world labor market reforming and defining the priorities of its development; - to research institutional and legal, organizational and economic mechanisms of international organizations impact on regulation and unification, defining strategic priorities of world labor market development; - to reveal the newest trends of world labor market development which are shaped under structural and innovative changes, countries' transition to 'Industry 4.0', as well as under impact of labor migration processes. Method or methodology of the research. While defining strategic priorities of world labor market development a set of theoretical and empirical scientific research methods are used. Revealing institutional factors affecting world labor market development, historical and logical methods, methods of synthesis and analysis, abstract and specific methods, and cause-effect method are used. To research the impact of institutional and legal, organizational and economic mechanisms on world labor market historical and logical methods, methods of induction and deduction, methods of classification and generalization are employed. Whereas methods of synergy and expert estimates, casual method are used to justify the innovational processes and labor migration impact on shaping strategic priorities of world labor market development. Presentation of the main material (research results). World labor market is a complex economic system modified under dynamics of supply and demand for labor resources at the world market; under the impact of labor force price charges specificity, terms and pay level formation, as well as social security peculiar nature; qualitative and quantitative mobility and placement of labor force in different world countries; differences in national approaches to labor force reproduction, their professional training and qualification improvement. Within globalization national labor markets lose their closeness and remoteness, becoming constituent part of world labor market. Strategic priorities of world labor market development are shaped under the impact of a range of multidirectional actions factors: globalization and national economy openness, neoprotectionism, structural and innovational changes in world economy, countries' transition to 'Industry 4.0'. It occurs due to labor migration activization and enhancing the role of international organizations as coordinators of international economic relations development. Strategic priorities of world labor market development are strongly affected by the international organizations which set standard rules of the game for all countries of the world both at local and world labor markets. Among the priorities the following ones are particularly important: protecting the rights of the employed, unification of system of remuneration and taxation, establishing social guarantees and social security, procedures of admission and dismissal, preventing all forms of discrimination and legal employment. Transition to a 4-day working week is of reality for developed countries of the world. Working terms under freelance system are standardized, as well as for those who work from home in services and within the norms of creative economy. The 21st century faces the growth of labor force mobility, unification of labor migrants' rights security, labor standards and salary conditions, guaranteeing labor migrants' social protection. Institutional and legal, as well as organizational and economic security of national labor markets of the world countries is gradually harmonized and unified with world standards implemented by international organizations. International organizations shape the newest trends of world labor market reforms. Organizational forms of world labor market in the 21st century include elaboration and adoption of institutional and legal norms of world labor market development provision; indicative planning (forecasting); defining strategic priorities and long-term purposes of world labor market development; administrative regulatory methods (including fines, penalties, licenses and sanctions). The role of international institutional and financial assistance is growing via consultations, forums, technical aid and recommendations, as well as target-projected financing, grants, free humanitarian and other financial assistance. World labor market is a subject to regular international monitoring, system of international control on the development aimed at prevention all forms of discrimination, human rights and freedoms violation (including labor force and employees), child exploitation and human trade at the world labor market. Strategic priorities of world labor market reforms involve measures directed at employment legalization, preventing human trade and illegal labor force exploitation, avoiding child labor exploitation, preventing all forms of discrimination and 'shadow economy' features in recruitment and income generation, protection of employees and labor migrants' rights and freedoms at world labor market. Reforming Ukrainian labor market as a part of world labor market demands for such strategic priorities as implementation of international standards on the employees' rights security in Ukraine, pay rise in accordance with EU countries standards, prevention of discrimination and 'shadow economy' features at labor market, legalization of employers' and employees' income, protection of their rights and freedoms, social securing of their guarantees, as well as the ones for employed migrants working at Ukrainian labor market and Ukrainian labor migrants abroad. The field of the results application. International economic relations and world market. Conclusions according to the article. Trends of world labor market development are correlated with general trends and directions of economic cycle stages (recession, depression, growth and peak), whereas depending on demographical situation in the country and the world, character and dimension of countries' economy structural transformation and integrational world countries grouping. Basic trends of world labor market development in the 2010s include system of remuneration reforming, moving to general growth in pay rise while freezing substantial discrepancies in wages and salaries between developed and developing countries of the world. The essential trend of world labor market is activization of labor migration processes both at the markets of developed and developing countries. Labor migration in the 21st century is mostly of legal official character, though their segments alter towards growth in demand for labor force at the EU and Asian markets. The demand for highly skilled professionals whose activity is close to innovations is rising dynamically at the world labor market.
By and large, we take our universities for granted. Indeed, the oldest have outlived political regimes of all kinds. This stimulating historical and comparative study exemplifies the importance of in-depth experience and engagement with the cultural and structural environments in which some of the world's greatest universities have over centuries incrementally developed and been embedded. This is crucial if we hope to understand the sources of their authority and myriad contributions to scientific knowledge and human flourishing. A neo-institutionalist scholar and multicultural citizen who fruitfully contributes to dialogues exploring core institutions in education and society on both sides of the Atlantic, Heinz-Dieter Meyer is uniquely placed to grapple with the complex processes of institutional learning and design that have made the German and American universities among the globally most productive. He also shows how they have influenced each other via the complex, yet crucial flows of inspired scholars and students carrying key idea(l)s with them for interpretation and application back home. The contributions of key actors, but also the outcomes of choices at critical junctures, such as the failure to establish a national state-funded university in the United States, take center stage in this engaging account of how the leaders of American universities adapted the German model, joining diverse concepts to design what has become the greatest uni-versity system in the world, yet one that remains nearly impossible to emulate due to the unique constellation of actors and institutional environment in which it developed. In eighteen chapters in four parts, The Design of the University: German, American, and "World Class" takes us from Göttingen and Berlin to Boston and to the world level as the scientific enterprise—and competition between scientists and the most crucial organizational form in which they conduct their experiments and make their arguments, the research university—becomes ever more global. Contributing to and inviting debate, Meyer's main argument is that the American university has suc-ceeded based upon an institutional design—or, perhaps, a non-design—that on multiple levels facil-itates self-government and the identification of a niche within an extraordinarily large and differen-tiated higher education system. This is not a full-fledged historiographic treatment of a subject fa-vored by academics (permanently searching for reputational gains) and policymakers (as they in-creasingly launch research funding programs and evaluation systems to foster competition). Rather than a full-fledged sociology of science, this book creatively sketches the trajectories of German and American university development, emphasizing affinities as well as crucial differences, to ulti-mately argue that in fact "Humboldt's most important ideas flourished in the American atmosphere of unrestricted institutional experimentation and vigorous self-government" (xiii). Interrogating what he calls the "design thinking" of eminent thinkers Adam Smith and Wilhelm von Humboldt, among others, Meyer traces the challenging, complex, and contingent learning processes in the adaptation of the German research university model to the American context, eventually becoming the most differentiated and "world-class" higher education system in the world. Asking about the reasons for the American university's success, especially in comparison to the recent insti-tutional crisis of the German research university, albeit still extraordinarily productive, Meyer argues that this American meritocratic success story has institutional design (of self-government) at its heart. Enjoying the patronage of not one, but three major institutions—state, church, and market—the American university attained true autonomy and global preeminence through unparalleled wealth of patronage and an intricate system of checks and balances. In this line of argument, chart-ing the ascendancy from humble origins of what can hardly be called a system due its extraordinary diversity, Meyer concurs with David Labaree (2017), who's A Perfect Mess [1] is a highly-suitable com-panion piece grounded in the history of American higher education. Contemporary architects of higher education policy globally, driven by the fantasy of "world class" labels, Meyer warns, have completely underestimated the "institutional, social, and political prerequisites that excellence in research and teaching require" (p. 4). Meyer begins his treatise, appropriately, in Göttingen, the site of Georgia Augusta University, where many leaders of American higher education, first and foremost Boston Brahmin George Ticknor, learned by doing, ensconced in a cosmopolitan center of learning and intellectual enlightenment. The blueprint included professionalized scholarship, the unification of research and teaching in seminars and lectures, freedom to choose among academic offerings, a vast library of scientific knowledge, and academic standing based on perpetual production of cutting-edge research judged by peers (p. 19). Instead of Adam Smith's preferred instruments of competition, choice, and tuition-dependence, Wilhelm von Humboldt's "design revolution" proposed "three unities" whose powerful integration could surpass the utilitarian logic prevalent then and now: "teaching and research; scien-tific discovery and moral formation (Bildung); scholarly autonomy and scholarly community" (p. 40). The book's second part, on institutional learning, charts the institutional migration of the blueprint; the contested design options of Gymnasium, college, and graduate school (the latter ultimately the key to global preeminence); the lasting influence of Protestantism (here Meyer follows the arguments of Max Weber, Robert K. Merton, and Joseph Ben-David) and extraordinary educational philanthropy; the battle between those who would centralize, by establishing a national university, and those committed to local control; and finally the contrasting answers to the eternal question of vocational-ism—e.g., how should business be treated, as a sibling to medicine and law or as their distant cousin? The more education-enamored, democratically-inclined patrician elites of the American East Coast were, Meyer argues, radically different institution-builders than German scholars, French state nobility, or even Chinese mandarins: "No other class combined their respect for, and grand vision of, the civilizing role of learning with their economic resources and the realism needed to put their plans into practice" (p. 113). Building on philosophical and historical elaboration, the book's third part on achieving self-government discusses the six American moves leading to institutional innovation. At organizational level, the German chair and institute give way to departments and discipline, the university presi-dent is no longer figurehead but chief executive, and independent boards of trustees, not govern-ment officials, have ultimate authority. The implications for individuals and organizations of these "design shifts" cannot be overstated. Anyone seeking to understand American higher education, with its phenomenal vertical and horizontal differentiation and on-going academic drift ("a snake-like procession" as David Riesman, to whom the book is dedicated, calls it), and its self-organized autonomy—supported by many philanthropists without the limiting control of a few state bureau-crats—will find this analysis illuminating. Embedded in civil society, "vigorous self-government is the historic design contribution of the American university" (p. 209)—and an achievement that must be guarded in an era in which university autonomy is at risk. In concluding, Meyer's American opti-mistic and laudatory tone shifts back to Germanic critique and foreboding, identifying challenges and the contemporary struggles that threaten the unintentional masterpiece of institutional learning and diversity. Such justified hopes and fears must now give way to empirical studies of the extraor-dinary outputs in terms of scientific production and societal capabilities and well-being brought about by the continuous process of university Bildung—in Germany, the United States, and around the world. [1] David Labaree (2017), A Perfect Mess: The Unlikely Ascendancy of American Higher Education. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
REFORM. not. f. Restoration in order, in the old form, or in a better form. These things need reform, complete reform. This could only be done through general reform. Reform of the institutions. The reform of morals. Calendar reform. Many reforms have been made in this administration. RÉFORMME is also said when speaking of Horses of the cavalry, artillery, etc., which are not or are no longer in a state to serve. There was a reform of twenty horses in this regiment, which had to be replaced. A reform horse. We also say: Material under reform. Dictionary of the French Academy 8th edition (1932) The French language will always surprise: these are two practically contradictory meanings of the same reform, a term which has preoccupied us for many years. The first entry means, overall, restoring order and making it better. What is not the same thing, or, rather, not the same path to obtain the same thing: restoring in order is, in a situation of educational relevance, the equivalent of what I have called up to present to restore the academic in its rights, despoiled by so many informational practices (at the university level) and paradigmatic (at the level of the whole Moroccan educational system). The second entry means rejecting what has now been deemed unusable, outdated or foreclosed. We finish the horses well! Obviously, the contradiction is only apparent, and the second meaning is practically included in the second; you don't reform, you only make better by rejecting all or part of the object to be reformed. And it seems to us, as for the Abbé de Saint-Pierre de d'Alembert, that the education and training system is one of the "most useful establishments [which] need reform" such as these "clocks that 'you have to clean and reassemble from time to time'. However, if the lexical reason, on which I often like to base my interventions [1], somewhat delimits the semantic framework, it remains insufficient to clearly specify the critical object of my remarks. Let's reinvent the wheel a bit. From the inside of the education and training system [2], reform is a masterful call for an '" epistemological pause ", which decides to modify certain relationships to knowledge according to the following guidelines: - Academic and epistemic news insofar as the contents are both renewable at will and objects or supports of criticism and innovation, - The methodological relevance of this report which would validate its production, transmission and reception systems; including the functionality (or lapse) of concepts and educational methods implemented as well as the appropriateness of skills acquired based on future societal, human and economic needs; and so, - The efficiency of the training, in order not to waste their money and their time to the donors, the student, the employers and the community. This means that we do not start a reform, when it involves heavy funds and major risks for the future of a country, just for the pleasure of adopting a new terminology and the resulting structuring ( or translate it?). This is not just a cover. It is a conceptual instrumentalization which, to restore in law and make better, had to ensure a critical cognitive awareness, therefore a reliable diagnosis, which, even taking into account the maqâmat (informal sessions) of the public opinion, must formalize the latter and transcend it, in order to decide what is to be preserved or reformed of the system object of Reform, such as this one could be translated in the daily life of the professors, and in the performances of the establishments. The Reformation implies a new normalization. I would like in the following lines to demonstrate that despite the wealth of tables and documents produced for and around the Reformation, we forgot to include some guarantees in the quality assurance policy at University. ; RÉFORME. n. f. Rétablissement dans l'ordre, dans l'ancienne forme, ou dans une meilleure forme. Ces choses-là ont besoin de réforme, d'une réforme complète. Cela ne pourrait se faire que par une réforme générale. La réforme des institutions. La réforme des mœurs. La réforme du calendrier. On a fait de nombreuses réformes dans cette administration. RÉFORME se dit encore en parlant des Chevaux de la cavalerie, de l'artillerie, etc., qui ne sont pas ou qui ne sont plus en état de servir. Il y a eu dans ce régiment une réforme de vingt chevaux, qu'il a fallu remplacer. Un cheval de réforme. On dit de même : Du matériel en réforme. Dictionnaire de l'Académie française 8ème édition (1932) La langue française étonnera toujours : voilà deux sens pratiquement contradictoires du même réforme, vocable qui nous préoccupe depuis nombre d'années. La première entrée signifie, globalement, rétablissement dans l'ordre et rendre meilleur. Ce qui n'est pas la même chose, ou, plutôt pas le même cheminement pour obtenir la même chose : rétablir dans l'ordre est, dans une situation de pertinence pédagogique, l'équivalent de ce que j'ai appelé jusqu'à présent restaurer l'académique dans ses droits, spoliés par tant de pratiques informationnelles (au niveau de l'université) et paradigmatiques (au niveau de l'ensemble du système éducatif marocain). La deuxième entrée signifie rejeter ce qui a été jugé désormais inexploitable, dépassé ou forclos. On achève bien les chevaux ! Bien évidemment, la contradiction n'est qu'apparente, et le deuxième sens est pratiquement inclus au deuxième ; on ne réforme, on ne rend meilleur qu'en rejetant, tout ou partie de l'objet à réformer. Et il nous semble bien, comme pour l'Abbé de Saint-Pierre de d'Alembert que le système d'éducation et de formation, fait partie des «établissements les plus utiles [qui ont] besoin de réforme » telles ces « horloges qu'il faut de temps en temps nettoyer et remonter». Pourtant, si la raison lexicale, sur laquelle il me plaît souvent de fonder mes interventions[1], délimite quelque peu le cadre sémantique, elle demeure insuffisante à préciser clairement l'objet critique de mon propos. Réinventons un peu la roue. De l'intérieur du système éducatif[2] et de formation, réformer est un appel magistral d'une ''pause épistémologique'', qui décide de modifier certains rapports au savoir selon les orientations suivantes : - L'actualité académique et épistémique dans la mesure où les contenus sont à la fois renouvelables à l'envie et objets ou supports de critique et d'innovation, - La pertinence méthodologique de ce rapport qui en validerait les dispositifs de production, de transmission et de réception ; dont la fonctionnalité (ou la caducité) de concepts et des moyens pédagogiques mis en œuvre ainsi que l'opportunité des compétences acquises en fonction des besoins sociétaux, humains et économiques à venir ; et, donc, - L'efficience de la formation, dans le souci de ne point gaspiller leur argent et leur temps aux bailleurs de fonds, à l'étudiant, aux employeurs et à la communauté. C'est dire que l'on entame pas une réforme, quand celle-ci engage des fonds lourds et des risques majeurs pour le devenir d'un pays, juste pour le plaisir d'adopter une nouvelle terminologie et la structuration qui en découle (ou qu'elle traduit ?). Celle-ci n'est pas qu'un habillage. Elle est une instrumentalisation conceptuelle qui, pour rétablir dans le droit et rendre meilleur, a dû s'assurer d'une conscience cognitive critique, donc d'un diagnostic fiable, qui, même en tenant compte des maqâmat (séances informelles) de l'opinion publique, doit formaliser cette dernière et la transcender, afin de décider de ce qui est à conserver ou à réformer du système objet de Réforme, tel que celle-ci pourrait se traduire dans le quotidien des professeurs, et dans les performances des établissements. La Réforme implique une nouvelle normalisation. Je voudrais dans les lignes qui suivent démontrer qu'en dépit de la richesse des tableaux, et des documents produits pour la Réforme et autour d'elle, l'on a oublié d'inscrire quelques garanties, dans la police de l'assurance qualité à l'Université.
[ES] Cuando se termina de elaborar y, por lo tanto, se redacta el prólogo de la memoria institucional, han transcurrido ya unos meses del año siguiente, lo que quizá funciona como distancia hiperfocal y, por lo tanto, permite tener un mínimo de perspectiva "histórica". Es una aparente paradoja que esta perspectiva vaya ganando con el tiempo pero, como ya dejó dicho Borges, "antes las distancias eran mayores porque el espacio se mide por el tiempo". Quiero decir que aunque dentro de unos años, o de unos lustros, se pueda valorar con mayor objetividad lo que ha signifi cado el año 2006 en la historia del CSIC, a estas alturas en que redacto este prólogo, no puedo dejar de constatar que se trata de otro eslabón de la secuencia temporal más exitosa en la vida del Consejo: cada uno de estos años que estamos viviendo, supera al anterior en casi todos los indicadores disponibles, de forma que al final de la legislatura se habrán duplicado los activos del organismo. "El gobierno se compromete a duplicar el presupuesto de investigación. ¿Cuántas veces no habrán oído los investigadores este tipo de promesas para quedar después decepcionados? Todo el mérito, pues, para los políticos españoles que lo han cumplido". El párrafo anterior es el comienzo de un reciente artículo de Nature que, como es sabido, nunca ha sido una revista especialmente condescendiente. Estamos pudiendo asistir así, confi eso que con una mezcla de entusiasmo e incredulidad, al cumplimiento de una promesa electoral que puede dejar al CSIC nada más y nada menos que a la altura del siglo XXI. El equipo directivo del Consejo, que en 2006 se vio modificado por la sustitución del profesor ; Víctor Orera en la vicepresidencia por el profesor Rafael Rodrigo, puede decir aquello de Hernando de Acuña de que este es un fenómeno "por suerte a nuestros tiempos reservada". Y ya que hablamos de renovación de equipos, no puedo dejar de recordar que en 2006 se renovó también la cúpula ministerial, con la incorporación de la profesora Mercedes Cabrera como ministra, del profesor Miguel Ángel Quintanilla como secretario de Estado y del profesor Francisco Marcellán como secretario general. Sobre los incrementos que se dieron en el año de referencia, tanto en insumos como en resultados, existe información en los correspondientes apartados de esta memoria, de forma que me voy a centrar, más bien, en otros asuntos no tan fácilmente cuantifi cables pero, en mi opinión, igualmente significativos. Ello no obsta para que recordemos, aunque sea de forma muy somera, que a pesar de la reducción de ingresos procedentes de los fondos estructurales europeos, el presupuesto global subió en casi noventa millones de euros, debido al incremento de la subvención del Estado y de los recursos propios, o que el número de becas y contratos de doctores siguió creciendo a un ritmo impensable hace muy pocos años haciendo que se haya mas que duplicado en estos años. También quiero dejar constancia, de nuevo sin entrar en detalles, de una innovación en la gobernanza del Consejo: la puesta en marcha de un complemento salarial de "productividad por cumplimiento de objetivos" (PCO), que supone un avance hacia una mayor racionalidad en la estructura retributiva del personal, hacia la presencia de una parte variable en la remuneración de nuestros investigadores, que si bien es aun pequeña porcentualmente debería aumentar en el futuro. Titulé un artículo publicado en 2006 en un diario madrileño, recurriendo a una cita bien conocida del filósofo George Berkeley, esse est percipi porque creo que, efectivamente, la percepción es crucial, especialmente en estos tiempos tan visuales. Digo esto, porque me he propuesto renovar no sólo las estructuras del CSIC, sino también su imagen externa y, para ello, entre otras medidas, hemos empezado a instalar motivos escultóricos en el campus de la sede central de la calle Serrano de Madrid. ; Comenzamos en 2006, con la escultura matemática de Keizo Ushio y hemos seguido en 2007 con otras varias que reseñaremos en su día. El patrimonio artístico de la institución ha sido tradicionalmente muy pobre y pienso que debemos llegar a nuestros descendientes, no sólo bienes intangibles, sino también bienes físicos inventariables. En este orden de cosas, destacaría del año que cubre esta memoria, la botadura del buque Sarmiento de Gamboa que, sin duda, viene a enriquecer de manera muy notable el patrimonio institucional. En el año que cubre esta memoria, se conmemoraron el centenario de la concesión del premio Nobel a Ramón y Cajal y el vigésimo aniversario de la promulgación de la "Ley de la ciencia", hechos ambos muy celebrados por lo significativos que resultan para esta institución, ocupada en la puesta en marcha de su plan de actuación 2006-2009 que, por primera vez en nuestra ya centenaria historia, había sido sometido a estrictas evaluaciones externas. Si hubiera que reseñar un hecho que ha abierto unas extraordinarias expectativas en línea con un balance en general muy brillante, diría que la aprobación de la ley que permite trasformar al CSIC en la Agencia CSIC, que nos permitirá mayor agilidad en las tramitaciones de los cambios normativos a la vez que una mayor autonomía y transparencia, y cuya trasformación definitiva esta pendiente del Real Decreto correspondiente. Por lo demás, el Consejo siguió desarrollando sus habituales actividades, que también obtuvieron una cobertura por parte de los medios informativos superior a la de años anteriores. ; [EN] By the time the preparation and drafting of the prologue to the institution's annual report is complete we are already several months into the following year, which perhaps allows us to view the year at something of distance, with a degree of "historical" perspective. Paradoxically, however, although this perspective improves with time, it is nevertheless the case, in Borges' words, that "distances used to be greater, because space is measured in time." What I mean is that, although a few years or decades from now we may be able to assess what 2006 meant for the history of the CSIC more objectively, at the time of writing this prologue, I cannot but see it as another link in the chain of the most successful period in the CSIC's life, a period in which every year surpasses the one before it in terms of almost all the available indicators, such that at the end of this legislature the organisation's assets will have doubled. "New government pledges to double research budget. How often have scientists heard this type of promise and been disappointed? All the more credit, then, to Spain's politicians, who have delivered on it." These were the opening words of a recent article in Nature which, as is well known, has never been a particularly indulgent journal. We are therefore witnessing –and I confess that it is with a mixture of enthusiasm and incredulity– the fulfi lment of an electoral promise which has the potential to place the CSIC in a situation where it is able to face the challenges of the 21st century. The executive team, the composition of which changed last year when Professor Víctor Orera ; was replaced by Rafael Rodrigo as vice-president, can say, in the words of Hernando de Acuña, that this is something that "good fortune has saved for our times." And, on the subject of changes to teams, I feel I should also mention that 2006 also saw changes at ministerial level, with the incorporation of Professor Mercedes Cabrera as minister, Miguel Ángel Quintanilla as state secretary, and professor Francisco Marcellán as general secretary. In 2006 the CSIC underwent growth in terms of expenditures and outputs, but as there is information in the relevant sections of this report I shall concentrate instead on other matters which, although not so readily quantifi able, are –in my opinion– no less signifi cant. Nevertheless, we should recall, albeit in passing, that despite the fall in income from the EU structural funds, the CSIC's budget grew overall by almost ninety million euros due to an increase in the subsidy from national government and the organisation's own resources. Also, the number of grants or doctoral contracts continued to grow at a rate that was unimaginable a few years ago, more than doubling in recent years. I would also like to note –again without going into further details here– an innovation in the CSIC's governance, namely the implementation of a salary complement for productivity based on meeting targets. This represents progress towards a more rational staff compensation structure, with the inclusion of a variable component in the compensation paid to our researchers, which although small at the moment in percentage terms, should increase in the future. Drawing upon the famous philosopher George Berkeley, in 2006 I gave an article I published in a Madrid newspaper the title esse est percipi, because perception is crucial, particularly in these highly visual times. I mention this because I have set out not just to renew the CSIC's structures but also its public image, and to this end, among other measures, we have started to set up sculptures on the central campus located in Calle Serrano, Madrid. ; We began in 2006 with a mathematical sculpture by Keizo Ushio and we have continued in 2007 with several others about which we will give more details in due course. The institution's artistic heritage has traditionally been quite weak and I think that we should leave our descendents not just intangible assets but tangible physical ones too. In this vein, the launch of the Sarmiento de Gamboa which, without doubt, has greatly enriched the institution's assets, was another high point of the year covered by this report. 2006 was the centenary of the awarding of the Nobel Prize to Ramón y Cajal, and the twentieth anniversary of the promulgation of the "Law on Science". The CSIC celebrated both events for their importance for the institution. At the time the CSIC was also occupied with embarking upon its 2006-2009 action plan which, for the fi rst time in the CSIC's hundred years of history, involved its undergoing strict external evaluations. If it were necessary to single out a fact that has opened up particularly strong expectations, in line with what has been a generally excellent year, I would point to the approval of the law enabling the CSIC to be turned into a government agency. This will allow us greater fl exibility in handling regulatory changes and greater independence and transparency, defi nitive transformation is pending the corresponding Royal Decree. In addition to the above, the CSIC continued to conduct its usual activities, which, moreover, received wider media coverage than in previous years. ; Peer reviewed
This paper looks at the existing tools and approaches most commonly used in developed and developing countries to review the stock of regulations. The tools reviewed can generate benefits in the short term, but they are most effective as part of a longer-term sustained initiative. This paper has a particular focus on the challenges that arise from their use in emerging and developing countries. The objectives of this paper include: 1) explaining the rationale for the use of these tools and approaches; 2) discussing each one of them in a succinct way; 3) considering the extent to which these tools can support more systemic regulatory reforms in the medium and long terms; and 4) considering the particular challenges and opportunities regarding their use in developing and emerging economies. Section one is a brief description of the rationale and context for applying tools and approaches to review the stock of regulation. It includes a reference to benefits and preconditions to make use of these tools. It also presents a categorization of the most commonly used tools and a comparative table on the way these tools can be applied. Section two presents a description of each of the different tools and approaches available, and discusses the way they are used and their main components. It includes references to international experiences in which these tools have been integrated into the regulatory reform process. Section three presents preliminary commentary about some of the potential advantages, disadvantages, and impacts of using these tools and approaches in developing countries. Some particular cases are presented to illustrate these trends. The section also includes a short description of the sequence observed in the use of some of these tools. Moreover, this section illustrates how these tools can (or cannot) generate gains in the short term and also provide a basis for further and broader regulatory reform programs.
This paper's objective is to strengthen the capacity of various institutions in the Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation for sustainable water resources management, and to develop training tools for innovative techniques for further dissemination to state agencies and other stakeholders.
Our long-term study of the Algerian political economy draws on the regulatory approach inspired by Bruno Amable and Stefano Palombarini's neo-realist analysis framework (2009) and Mushtaq Khan's neo institutionalist concepts (2000, 2009): it considers that Algeria's economic development is taking place in a given context of the distribution of power and various formal and informal institutions, which structure political agreements or balances on the basis of social groups supporting the ruling coalition and, in return, capture distributed annuities. The confluence or divergence of political and economic interests is a condition for the success or failure of economic and industrial policies conducive to growth and development. The institutions would play a fundamental role in the development process. ; Notre étude sur longue période de l'économie politique algérienne, prend appui sur l'approche régulationniste inspirée du cadre d'analyse néoréaliste de Bruno Amable et Stefano Palombarini (2009) et des concepts néo institutionnalistes de Mushtaq Khan (2000, 2009) : elle considère que le développement économique de l'Algérie s'opère dans un contexte donné de distribution du pouvoir et d'institutions variées formelles et informelles, qui structurent des accords ou équilibres politiques sur la base de groupes sociaux soutenant la coalition au pouvoir et captant en retour des rentes distribuées. La confluence ou divergence d'intérêts politiques et économiques conditionne la réussite ou l'échec de politiques économiques et industrielles favorables à la croissance et au développement. Les institutions joueraient dans le processus de développement un rôle fondamental.
This document presents findings from a study conducted to identify and document ongoing public-private partnerships (PPPs) for improving access to quality laboratory services, especially for the poor, in the East Africa region. The East, Central, and Southern Africa Health Community (ECSA-HC) coordinated the study along with the partner states in the East African Community participating in the World Bank funded East Africa Public Health Laboratory Networking Project (EAPHLNP). The authors implemented key informant interviews in Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda, and analyzed the information gathered from the interviews which is presented in this report. The study finds that while there are numerous examples of public-private collaboration across all four countries, the number of formals PPPs remains scarce. The most common form of PPP is placement, whereby privately owned laboratory equipment in leased by public facilities. Most other instances of collaboration between public and private partners, did not meet the formal definition of a PPP. Key stakeholders from both public and private institutions showed a keen interest in learning about and setting up more, diverse kinds of PPPs. The numerous informal and semi-formal arrangements that currently exist all represent opportunities for establishing formal PPPs in accordance with global best practices.