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This open access book explores what makes women decide to pursue a career in male-dominated fields such as information technology (IT). It reveals how women experience gendered stereotypes but also how they bypass, negotiate, and challenge such stereotypes, reconstructing gender-technology relations in the process. Using the example of Norway to illuminate this challenge in Western countries, the book includes a discussion of the "gender equality paradox", where gender equality exists in parallel with gender segregation in fields such as IT. The discussion illustrates how the norm of gender equality in some cases hinders rather than promotes efforts to increase women's participation in technology-related roles.

This book has two main objectives. The first is to identify and adequately describe the phenomenon of empathy. This essentially means offering a strong, reasoned and accurate description of the phenomenon of empathy in order to capture the essence of the empathic phenomenon and clearly distinguish it from other similar emotional phenomena such as sympathy or compassion The second part focuses on the role that this phenomenon can play on the ethical-moral level. The question is whether empathy is necessary or at least important for morality, and if so, to what extent, in what way and for what reasons. This is an open access book.

1. Introduction -- 2. From East to West: Modernization efforts in the northern and western regions of Poland (1944-1989) -- 3. The importance of technical progress for economic growth in the GDR -- 4. Inefficiency and intransparency in East German foreign trade -- 5. Historical Legacies of Regional Innovation Activity -- 6. Catching-up modernization: Synthetic fibre in the GDR and Poland -- 7. The re-allocation of entrepreneurial talent over the course of radical institutional change – an institutional perspective -- 8. When backwardness became an advantage: Stays abroad as birth assist in Polish transformation -- 9. Transfer of knowledge from the outside or self-learning? Key success criteria for setting-up enterprises in East Germany and Poland after 1989 -- 10. GDR's researchers catching up on their inclusion in international scientific communities -- 11. After 1989: Socialist elites and post-socialist transformations.

When your friends call on you to take to the streets and demand the fall of the regime, this presses a practical predicament that we all address, often implicitly, in our everyday lives: Is this regime legitimate? Facing Authority investigates the ways in which this question of legitimacy can be addressed in theory and practice, in the face of disagreement and uncertainty. Instead of asking, "What makes authorities legitimate?" in the abstract, it examines how the question of legitimacy manifests itself in practice. How can we distinguish whether a regime is legitimate, or merely purports to be so? And what does it mean to do this well? Facing Authority proposes that judging legitimacy is not a matter of applying moral knowledge, provided by political philosophy, but of engaging in various forms of political contestation—contestation over the representation of power (what is the nature of the regime?), collective selfhood (who am I, and who are we?), and the meaning of events (what happened here—a coup, or a revolution?). These questions constitute the heart of the question of legitimacy, but thus far they have been neglected by theorists of legitimacy. This book offers a new way of thinking about political legitimacy and practical judgment, interweaving philosophical analyses of key concepts (including representation, identity, and temporality) with concrete examples of struggles for legitimacy, from the German Autumn to the Arab Spring. The result is a pragmatist alternative to predominant moralist and realist approaches to legitimacy in political philosophy.

Part I -- small-state theory: reviewing the state of the art, Communis Opinio, and beyond -- The power (politics) of the weak revisited: realism and the study of small-state foreign policy / Revecca Pedi and Anders Wivel -- A theory of shelter: small-state behaviour in international relations / Baldur Thorhallsson and Sverrir Steinsson -- The graded agency of small states / Iver B. Neumann -- Part II -- agency: the art of being governed by one's own interests -- Forever small? a Longue Durée perspective on Luxembourg's extantism, governance, and security / Thomas Kolnberger -- Security in the Spanish Philippines (1565-1821): shelter-seeking and secularization in an early modern colony / Eberhard Crailsheim -- Negotiating smallness in three regional contexts: Belize within Central America, the Caribbean, and neighbouring Mexico / Edith Kauffer -- What is a small-state security policy? 'Transpolitical propagation' in the case of Luxembourg, Singapore, and Lithuania / Antony Dabila and Thibault Fouillet -- Part III -- security: defining and engaging threats -- Small states in the Pacific: sovereignty, vulnerability, and regionalism / Charles Hawksley and Nichole Georgeou -- Security and secularization in the Pacific Islands: from great-power competition to climate change and back again / George Carter and Jack Corbett -- Cape Verde and the defence and security challenges in the Atlantic corridor: the case of the approach to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) / Odair Barros-Varela -- Let's forget that Slovakia is small: GLOBSEC, status-seeking, and agency in informal elite networks / Alexander Graef -- Part IV -- governance: interactions between domestic and international norms, rules, and action -- The rise of 'democracy' in Luxembourg's second world war government in exile: agency and leadership at a critical juncture of Luxembourg's small-state foreign policy / André Linden -- Between formal and informal democracy: how the domestic politics of small states influences their security policies / Wouter Veenendaal -- African small island developing states (ASIDS) and good international citizenship / Suzanne E. Graham and Marcel F. Nagar -- Conclusion: insecurity of their own making? a comparative policy coherence for sustainable development analysis of small-state governance / Harlan Koff.

Introduction -- Representation and Participation by will of the Sovereign: The Imperial Parliament in Ethiopia (1931 to 1974) -- Parliament, Land Reform and Taxation in Ethiopia: A Break from Tradition through a Socialist Revolution -- The Council of Representatives and House of peoples' Representatives in post 1991 Ethiopia -- How do MPs reach the electorate? -- An Ethiopian Experiment with E-democracy: Can E-democracy Platforms be the answer? -- Socio-Economic Factors affecting the public participation and attitude towards the House of People's Representatives, Ethiopia -- Oversight and Substantive Representation by the Ethiopian Parliament -- Conclusion.

Place-based strategies are widely discussed as powerful instruments of economic and community development. In terms of the European debate, the local level – cities, towns and neighbourhoods – has recently come under increased scrutiny as a potentially decisive actor in Cohesion Policy. As understandings of socio-spatial and economic cohesion evolve, the idea that spatial justice requires a concerted policy response has gained currency. Given the political, social and economic salience of locale, this book explores the potential contribution of place-based initiative to more balanced and equitable socio-economic development, as well as growth in a more general sense. The overall architecture of the book and the individual chapters address place-based perspectives from a number of vantage points, including the potential of achieving greater effectiveness in EU and national level development policies, through a greater local level and citizens' role and concrete actions for achieving this; enhancing decision-making autonomy by pooling local capacities for action; linking relative local autonomy to development outcomes and viewing spatial justice as a concept and policy goal. The book highlights, through the use of case studies, how practicable and actionable knowledge can be gained from local development experiences. This book targets researchers, practitioners and students who seek to learn more about place-based based development and its potentials. Its cross-cutting focus on spatial justice and place will ensure that the book is of wider international interest.

The health and fitness industry has experienced a meteoric rise over the past two decades, yet its slick exterior conceals a darker side. Using ethnographic data from gyms, interviews, and social media platforms, this book investigates the growing consumption of image and performance enhancing drugs (IPEDs), the motivations behind their use, and their role in masculine body image. Addressing a gap in the literature, Nick Gibbs also interrogates both the offline and digital drug supply chains with important insights for IPED harm reduction practitioners, law makers and policy advisors

This introductory chapter sets out the book's aims and contributions, outlines its main lines of argument, and details the theoretical foundations underpinning the African Mining Consensus, which holds that transnational mining corporations are best placed to drive structurally transformative processes of mining-based development on the continent. It then moves on to document how, in establishing this Consensus position, proponents have tended to misrepresent or disregard some of the classic critiques mounted by a group of pioneering early development economists. These critiques focused on the specific challenges and constraints faced by income-poor peripheral countries seeking development through deeper integration with the global capitalist economy. Returning to these earlier critiques provides helpful lenses with which to explore, with some adaptation, several axes of tension within the ongoing process of foreign corporate-led mining industrialization in low-income African countries that are overlooked by the absent or simplistic representation of these critiques by Consensus proponents.

Introduction / Gilbert Rozman, Sue Mi Terry, and Eun A Jo -- Part 1. South Korea in the Hot Seat, 2013-2015. A Trustpolitik Approach to Denuclearization and Unification -- Managing Four Great Powers -- Remaking of Conservative Narratives -- Part 2. South Korea's High Stakes Diplomacy, 2016-2019. Great Hopes, Shattered Dreams -- Gambling on Great Power Relations -- Return of Progressive Narratives -- Part 3. South Korea Sobers Up, 2020-2022. Shift to the New Missile Age: 2020-2022 -- Edging toward Bipolarity: South Korea's Regional Reorientation, 2020-2022 -- Battling Partisan Narratives.