Suchergebnisse

Frente a un "nuevo" debate sobre la Ley Penal Juvenil en nuestro país, es dado observar aquello que se repite:un acontecimiento "extraordinario" que presume la participación de un joven –no cualquier joven-, relevancia en la agenda mediática, repercusión en la opinión pública, interpelación al poder legislativo, la baja de la edad de imputabilidad como variable más significativa en las propuestas de reforma. Partiendo de un recorrido por los proyectos de Ley Penal Juvenil que en el periodo 2012-2017 se han propuesto reemplazar el Régimen Penal de la Minoridad vigente en nuestro país, el presente artículo presenta una serie de elementos que permiten una lectura posible sobre la persistencia de la baja de la edad de imputabilidad en la gran mayoría de dichos proyectos: la dinámica de individuación que subyace de los modelos de política social en el diseño de programas dirigidos hacia niños, niñas y adolescentes y la conjunción del Estado de su faceta de restitución y protección de derechos con su rol de intervención penal. Para ello tomaremos como referencia el análisis de Silvia Guemureman sobre los modelos de política social en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. ; Faced with a "new" debate on the Juvenile Penal Law in our country, we can observe what is repeated: an "extraordinary" event that involves the participation of a young person, not any young person, relevance in the media agenda, repercussion on public opinion, an appeal to the legislature, the lowering of the age of imputability as the most significant variable in the reform proposals. Starting from a tour of the projects of Juvenile Criminal Law that in the period 2012-2017 have been proposed to replace the Penal Regime of the Minority in force in our country, the present article presents a series of elements that allow a possible reading on the persistence of the decline in the age of imputability in the great majority of such projects: the dynamics of individuation underlying social policy models in the design of programs aimed at children and adolescents, and the conjunction of the State of its facet of restitution and protection of rights with their role of penal intervention. For this we will take as a reference the analysis of Silvia Guemureman on the models of social policy in the City of Buenos Aires. ; Dossier: Estudios actuales sobre la justicia penal ; Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales

In the scientific article the key theoretical and legal aspects of the right to work of persons with disabilities are examined, proceeding from the peculiarities of the doctrine of labor law, acts of labor legislation. The main problems concerning the right to work of persons with disabilities are considered. The main international social standards laid down in the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities are emphasized. In order to ensure the proper legal protection of the right to work of persons with disabilities, it is expedient to take the following measures: 1) to stimulate the development of a barrier-free and accessible labor market; 2) to increase the financial, economic and social motivation of employers on the organization of workplaces; 3) to increase the availability of flexible forms of employment, including work at home; 4) to develop and legislatively establish the requirements for the workplace; 5) to increase efficiency and availability of mechanisms for implementation, guaranteeing the legal protection of the right to work and other labor rights; 6) to ensure the efficiency and adequacy of working conditions; 7) to increase the transparency and accessibility of mechanisms for the conclusion, execution and termination of an employment contract; 8) to provide state and community support for employment; 9) to increase the accessibility of persons with disabilities to the civil service and service in local self-government bodies; 11) to strengthen state supervision and public control over the observance of the right to work and other labor rights; 10) to strengthen mechanisms of jurisdictional and non-jurisdiction protection of labor rights.It should be noted that the legislative protection of the right to work of persons with disabilities needs to be carried out through the revision of the draft Labor Code of Ukraine and supplementing the relevant provisions. In particular, the draft of the LC should provide a systemic legal regulation of the peculiarities of the work of persons with disabilities on the basis of the consolidated efforts of society and the state, taking into account international social standards, scientific achievements of leading labor law schools. ; У науковій статті досліджуються ключові теоретико-правові аспекти права на працю осіб з інвалідністю, виходячи з особливостей доктрини трудового права, актів трудового законодавства. Розглянуто основні проблеми щодо права на працю осіб з інвалідністю. Наголошено на основних міжнародних соціальних стандартах, які закладені у Конвенції ООН про права осіб з інвалідністю. Розроблено відповідні висновки та пропозиції.

The paper presents a comparative legal analysis of the relevant provisions of the Land code of the Russian Federation and of the proposed changes in some of its provisions from 1 January 2015 in connection with the entry into force of the Federal law of July 21, 2014 No. 234-FZ "On amending certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation". The purpose of the study lies in the legal assessment of changes in land legislation from the point of view of the theory of land rights and practices in key areas: legal protection of lands, state forests, state land supervision, land control, realization of rights and responsibilities for the use of land. The paper provides some conclusions about the importance of the changes in the land laws, for the landowners, and government bodies engaged in control functions; the establishment of a clear legal framework of state land supervision and control that will significantly improve their efficiency and, at the same time, the need for further development of the provisions on municipal and public land control; some of the shortcomings of certain provisions of law relating to the protection of lands, including the use of the terms "exhaustion", "damage" and "the destruction of the land". In general, the paper lists both pros and cons of the changes in land legislation. ; В статье проведен сравнительно-правовой анализ действующих положений Земельного кодекса Российской Федерации и предполагаемых изменений ряда его положений с 1 января 2015 года в связи с вступлением в силу Федерального закона от 21 июля 2014 года № 234-ФЗ «О внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Российской Федерации». Цель исследования заключается в правовой оценке изменений земельного законодательства с точки зрения теории земельного права и правоприменительной практики по основным направлениям: правовая охрана земель, государственный мониторинг земель, государственный земельный надзор, земельный контроль, реализация прав и обязанностей по использованию земельных участков. В статье сделаны выводы о важном значении произошедших изменений в земельном законодательстве как для правообладателей земельных участков, так и для органов власти, осуществляющих контрольно-надзорные функции; создании четких правовых основ государственного земельного надзора и контроля, что позволит значительно повысить их эффективность; и одновременно о необходимости дальнейшего развития положений о муниципальном и общественном земельном контроле; некоторых недостатках отдельных положений закона, касающихся охраны земель, в том числе в части употребления терминов «истощение», «порча» и «уничтожение земель». В целом указаны как плюсы, так и минусы изменений земельного законодательства.

The 2008 financial crisis raised puzzles important for understanding how the capital market prices common stocks and in turn, for the intersection between law and finance. During the crisis, there was a dramatic five-fold spike, across all industries, in "idio­syncratic risk"—the volatility of individual-firm share prices after adjustment for movements in the market as a whole. This phenomenon is not limited to the most recent financial crisis. This Article uses an empirical review to show that a dramatic spike in idiosyncratic risk has occurred with every major downturn from the 1920s through the recent financial crisis. It canvasses three possible explanations for this phenomenon. Thereafter, this Article explores the implications of these crisis-induced volatility spikes for certain legal issues that depend analytically on valuation methodology and hence are affected by volatility: using event studies to determine materiality and loss causation in fraud-on-the-market securities litigation, determining materiality in cases involving claims of both insider trading and misstatements or omissions in registered public offerings, and deter­mining the extent of deference given to a corporate board that rejects an acquisition offer at a premium above the pre-offer market price. This analysis shows that the conventional use of event studies during periods of economic-crisis-induced volatility spikes results in understating the number of occasions when a corporate misstatement can be shown to have had a meaningful impact on a firm's stock price. Relatedly, the analysis suggests that during crisis times, insiders have substantially more opportunities to profit from trading on the nonpublic information that they possess and issuers conducting offerings have more opportunities to sell securities at an inflated price. Analysis shows that trying to cure this problem by lowering the standard of what is considered statistically significant is as likely to be socially harmful as socially beneficial. These conclusions counsel that the best response to the reduced effectiveness of private litigation as a deterrent to securities law violations during crisis times is to provide additional resources to SEC enforcement. Lastly, with respect to Delaware courts' recognition of "substantive coercion" as a justification for target-corporation deploy­ment of takeover defenses—arguably a dubious justification in normal times—crisis-induced idiosyncratic-risk spikes provide an unusually plausible claim that target shareholders may indeed make a mistake in tendering into a hostile offer. Analysis of the timing of the spikes in recent cases, however, shows that the claim is tenuous even in these circumstances.

One of the most overlooked topics at the level of reflection regarding law and the legal system, has been the courthouse architecture. Architecture organizes and structures space, making it intelligible, understandable, and capable of being interpreted as possible, being that the exterior and interior, as well as materials and objects present therein can facilitate or inhibit our activities through how they mean and represent certain messages. Hence it becomes necessary to make an analysis of the spaces of justice - and here I have in mind the Courthouse as a privileged public space of justice - taking into consideration the circumstances of time, place of jurisdiction, the historical, political, regulatory, and socio-cultural contexts, as well as legal tradition. Thus, and by analyzing the trends (international and national) of development of construction and/or adaptation (types of buildings and internal organization, focusing on different infrastructures and accessibility) and respective use, including, here, the representations and spatial practices of the real actors (professionals and users), I propose to consider the importance of regarding courthouses as spaces of justice, through the lenses given by the functions of recognition, functionality and access to law and justice. ; Uno de los temas sobre los que menos se ha reflexionado en el ámbito del derecho y el sistema legal ha sido la arquitectura de los juzgados. La arquitectura organiza y estructura el espacio, haciéndolo inteligible, comprensible y capaz de interpretarlo como algo posible, ya que el exterior y el interior, así como los materiales y objetos presentes, pueden facilitar o inhibir nuestras actividades mediante la forma en que emiten y representan ciertos mensajes. Por lo tanto, es necesario realizar un análisis de los espacios de la Justicia - y aquí se entiende el juzgado como un espacio público privilegiado de la Justicia - teniendo en cuenta las circunstancias de tiempo, lugar de jurisdicción, los contextos históricos, políticos, regulatorios y socio-culturales, así como la tradición jurídica. De este modo, se propone considerar la importancia de considerar los juzgados como espacios de Justicia, a través de las lentes dadas por las funciones de reconocimiento, funcionalidad y acceso al derecho y la justicia, para lo que se analizarán las tendencias (internacionales y nacionales) del desarrollo de la construcción y/o adaptación (tipos de edificios y organización interna, centrándose en diferentes infraestructuras y accesibilidad) y el uso respectivo, incluyendo, aquí, las representaciones y prácticas espaciales de la actores reales (profesionales y usuarios).

Актуальность представленного исследования определяется тем, что в условиях экономической нестабильности активизируется поиск управленческих решений, которые позволяют повысить эффективность использования бюджетных средств. Экономическое благополучие в обществе зависит не только от коммерческой, но и от бюджетной деятельности. Важно понимать, какие основные тенденции характерны для бюджетной сферы в связи с изменением законодательства. Цель работы: рассмотреть суть и особенности основных изменений в учетной политике учреждения в связи с введением Федерального закона 44-ФЗ. Целью работы является также характеристика основных изменений в учетной политике, вызванных применением безналичных расчетов. Методы исследования. Используется метод сопоставления, который позволяет понять главные тенденции в учетной политике до и после законодательных изменений. Применение аналитического метода исследования ведет к пониманию того, какие проблемы были решены, а какие появились после введения Закона 44-ФЗ. Проводится анализ записей хозяйственных операций, первичных документов. Делается вывод о текущих изменениях в бухгалтерском учете. Результаты. В учетной политике государственных (муниципальных) учреждений произошли существенные изменения. Изменились первичные документы, подтверждающие факт заключения контрактов. Некоторые варианты закупок имеют ограниченное применение. В бухгалтерском учете отдельные счета потеряли свою актуальность и практически не применяются. Наблюдаются нарушения сроков поставок. Высока доля контрактов, заключенных с единственным поставщиком. Есть положительные моменты. ; The relevance of the present study is determined by the fact that in terms of economic instability the search for management solutions that lead to a more efficient use of budgetary funds is activated. The economic well-being of the society depends not only on trade but also on the budget activities. It is important to understand which main trends are characteristic of the public sector due to changes in legislation. Objective: to examine the nature and characteristics of the major changes in the accounting policy of the institution in connection with the introduction of Federal law 44-FZ. The aim of the present study is also to characterize the main changes in accounting policy due to the use of non-cash payments. Methods. The authors use a matching method that allows to understand the main trends in accounting policy before and after the legislative changes. Analytical method of the research allows us to understand which problems have been resolved, and which appeared after the introduction of Law 44-FZ. The authors conducted the analysis of the records of business transactions, the content of primary documents. The current changes in the accounting are also considered. Results. There have been significant changes in the accounting policy of the state (municipal) institutions. Primary documents which confirm the existence of the contracts were changed.

В центре внимания автора основополагающие категории вещного права, а именно: его принципы, признаки и свойства. В статье аргументируется необходимость выделения принципов вещно-правового регулирования и закрепления их отдельной статьёй в кодифицированном гражданском законе. Принципами вещного права, по мнению автора, могут быть три основополагающих идеи, которые заключаются, во-первых, в необходимости установления вещных прав только законом, во-вторых, в их открытости (регистрации вещных прав на недвижимое имущество) и, в-третьих, в возможностях возникновения и реализации только на основании требований закона, общественной морали и общественных интересов. Автор уточняет перечень признаков вещного права, предлагая его доктринальное определение как субъективного гражданского права. Наряду с принципами и признаками аргументировано выделение трёх свойств атрибутов вещного права, важных с точки зрения правоприменительной деятельности.The purpose of this research is to define the fundamental categories of corporeal right. In order to fulfill this purpose, the following objectives have been set: firstly, the principles of legal regulation of the corporeal relations should be singled out; secondly, the signs of corporeal right as a generic category combining its numerous versions should be formulated; thirdly, the properties or most important attributes of corporeal right should be determined. The research tasks have been solved with the help of the general scientific methods, such as dialectics, analysis and synthesis, abstraction and specification. Furthermore, some special methods were used: comparative legal method, technical legal method, legal modeling, and historical legal method. The obtained results are specific provisions formulated by the author as three major elements of the general provisions of corporeal right. The first conclusion is that the principles of corporeal right constitute fundamental ideas for civil regulation of the public relations in the sphere of accessory of material benefits. These principles are important for corporeal right as a separate subbranch of civil right. They should be useful for creation of regulations, i.e., in law making, and law enforcement activities. The second conclusion is that the signs of corporeal right as of a special civil category reflect the specifics of subjective corporeal right. They characterize the features of object, content, and mechanism of its civil protection. The third conclusion is that the main properties of corporeal rights are considered exclusiveness, right of benefit, and right of following. The practical value of the research consists in that its conclusions can form a theoretical basis for enhancement of the civil legislation in the sphere of corporeal rights.

Актуальность и цели. В соответствии с Основами конституционного строя (гл. 1 Конституции РФ) наше государство провозглашено демократическим федеративным и правовым с республиканской формой правления. Носителем суверенитета и единственным источником власти в Российской Федерации является ее многонациональный народ. В то же время в условиях федеративного устройства необходимо приближение институтов государственной власти к населению. Одной из форм такого приближения выступает принцип деконцентрации. Цель работы определить основные характеристики принципа деконцентрации государственной власти в конституционном праве, провести анализ содержания данного принципа. Материалы и методы. Реализация исследовательских задач была достигнута на основе анализа действующих нормативных актов, определяющих систему организации государственной власти в Российской Федерации. В качестве методов исследования были использованы метод анализа нормативно-правового регулирования, историко-правовой и сравнительно-правовой методы. Результаты. Выделены особенности содержания принципа деконцентрации государственной власти в конституционном праве. Приведен исторический опыт создания советов народного хозяйства. Выводы. Подчеркивается, что принцип деконцентрации власти реализуется в Российской Федерации в весьма ограниченном виде. В то же время он может найти свое развитие в дальнейшей управленческой деятельности, но в нашей стране приобретает сложный характер, поскольку должен соответствовать принципам федерализма.Background. In accordance with the constitutional order (Chapter 1 of the Constitution), our state has been proclaimed a democratic, federal and jural state with a republican form of government. The bearer of sovereignty and the only source of power in the Russian Federation is its multinational people. At the same time the federal system implies government institutions to fraw nearer to the public. One form of such an approach is the principle of deconcentration. The research objective is to determine the main characteristics of the principle of deconcentration of state power in the constitutional law and to analyze the content of this principle. Materials and methods. The research tasks were implemented through analyzing the existing legislation, defining the system of organization of state power in the Russian Federation. As the research methods the author used the method of normative-legal analysis, legal-historical and comparative-legal methods. Results. The article points out the features of the content of the principle of deconcentration of state power in constitutional law and describes a historical experience of creating economic councils. Conclusions. It is emphasized that the principle of deconcentration of power in the Russian Federation is implemented in a very limited way. At the same time, it can find its development in future management activities, but in Russia it appears to be of a complex nature, as it must comply with the principles of federalism.

Рассматриваются процессы развития индийской полиции, теории и взгляды полицейских структур и иных государственных органов на необходимость реформирования индийской полиции в направлении независимости её от давления правящих партий и правительственного лобби, некоторые итоги попыток проведения таких реформ. Приводятся решения многочисленных комитетов, созданных в штатах Республики Индия, и центральным индийским правительством. Эти решения были направлены на проведение полицейской реформы, которая должна была преодолеть влияние политических институтов на деятельность полиции. Попытки Верховного Суда Индии повлиять на правительство с целью реформирования полиции не возымели своего продолжения. Не удалось и создание «модульного закона о полиции». Причины этого кроются, по мнению автора, в разнообразии понимания функций полиции, как самими полицейскими, так и политическими элитами страны. На 2015 год пятнадцать штатов (из 28 штатов и 7 территорий) разработали проекты нового полицейского закона в соответствии с указаниями Верховного Суда. Но многие штаты не предприняли вообще никаких действий в направлении реализации указаний Верховного Суда, или настаивали на преждевременности полицейской реформы. Даже там, где были созданы уполномоченные учреждения полиции, их полномочия ограничивались. Продолжают иметь место проблемы в разделении функций между разными структурами внутри самой полиции Республики Индия. ; The processes of the Indian police, theories and attitudes of police agencies and other public bodies on the need to reform the Indian police in the direction of its independence from the pressures of the ruling parties and government lobby, some of the results of such reform attempts. The solutions of numerous committees set up in Indian states and the central Indian government. These decisions were aimed at police reform, which was to overcome the influence of political institutions on the activities of the police. Attempts by the Supreme Court of India to influence the government to reform the police have not had their continuation. The creation of «modular law of the police» has failed as well. The reasons for this lie, according to the author, in a variety of understanding the functions of the police, both by the police and political elites of the country. In 2015, 15 states (out of 28 states and 7 territories) drafted a new police law in accordance with the directions of the Supreme Court. But many states have not taken any action at all toward implementation of directives of the Supreme Court, and insisted it was premature to police reform. Even where the authorized institutions were created, powers of the police were limited. There is continuing to be a problem in the division of functions between the different structures within the police of India.

The animal agriculture and animal husbandry are the focus of public and political debate. The triggers are a number of food scandals like proven dioxin in eggs or unmarked horsemeat in products on the one hand and on the other hand dubious moral treatment of animals in livestock farming. In the first part of this study different animal ethical theories are explained and discussed. The aim is to find arguments to justify or refuse the use of animals for human purposes particularly in food production. From an ethical point of view the most problematic condition in animal husbandry is, that farm animals have to suffer in modern livestock farming systems. Based on this ethical discussion a quantitative study will be presented in the second part. The study deals with attitudes to livestock farming of students from different disciplines. The survey was taken in 2013. It tries to evaluate the personal acceptance and-perceived validity of preference and motivation tests to improve animal husbandry conditions in livestock farming. After the students had indicated their willingness to pay for eggs, milk and minced meat, they were asked how much more they would pay for these products from farms where the conditions were improved by preference and motivation tests. The disciplines organic agricultural sciences, biology, landscape ecology and philosophy are less satisfied with the current conditions of animal husbandry in conventional livestock farming than the disciplines agricultural sciences, business administration, economics and law. However, the acceptance and the validity of preference and motivation tests are equally positive in all examined fields of study. The willingness to pay for 1 liter milk was 0,99 €, for 6 eggs 1,93 € and 2,70 € for 250g minced meat. Various values were assumed behind the different acceptance of livestock farming. These values were tested with Schwartz's Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ-21). The relationship between values and attitudes to livestock farming is discussed in the third article. Using the PVQ-21 the analyzed disciplines could be combined in three groups with similar values. The first group is formed by students of environmental sciences, landscape ecology, biology and philosophy. Students of these subjects entitle animals a higher consciousness and are more open to changes in livestock farming. In the second group there are agronomists, students of business administration, economics and law. These disciplines are significantly more tolerant with the current livestock conditions. The third group is the discipline psychology. It positions itself in the value circle between the first two groups

В данной статье рассматривается вопрос терминологии при определении понятия «терроризм». Целью данной работы является анализ существующих определений терроризма на предмет их пригодности для исследования информационно-коммуникационной компоненты данного явления и выработка определения терроризма, учитывающего его взаимосвязь с системами общественной коммуникации. Терминология должна применяться очень осторожно, так как это очень важно для понимания, какое деяние может называться террористическим актом, в чем различие между терроризмом и экстремизмом. В ходе исследования проведен анализ определений, данных терроризму в различных иностранных источниках. Определены различия в подходах к классификации деяний, что может практически использоваться в деятельности правоохранительных органов, прокуратуры и судов. По итогам работы в качестве рабочего определения терроризма для исследования коммуникационной системы терроризма предложено использовать следующее: терроризм это комбинация стратегий и жестокой тактики, при которой жертвы (т. е. обычные граждане) являются частью более широкой цели (например, правительство). Эти стратегии и тактики используются лицами или группами лиц в преследовании определенного типа целей обычно политического, социального, криминального, экономического или религиозного характера, и они считают терроризм самым эффективным способом получения власти, необходимой для достижения этих целей. ; The article dwells on the problem of terminology while defining the notion "terrorism". The aim of the article is to analyze the existing definitions of terrorism in terms of their validity for the information-communication component of the given phenomenon and to work out a definition of terrorism that would take into account its interrelationship with the systems of public communications. Terms should be used carefully, as it is very important for the understanding what action can be called a terroristic act and what is the difference between terrorism and extremism. The undertaken research includes the analysis of definitions given to terrorism in different foreign sources. It highlights the differences in the approach to the classification of actions, which could be used practically by law enforcement organizations, attorneys and in courts of law. In the result, the author offers the following working definition of terrorism for the study of its information-communication system: Terrorism is a combination of strategies and tough tactics in the result of which victims (i.e. common people) are part of a more general target (e.g. government). These strategies and tactics are used by persons or groups of persons pursuing certain goals usually of a political, social, criminal, economic or religious character. These people regard terrorism as the most effective way ofgetting power necessary for the realization of those goals.

El presente artículo ha sido publicado originalmente en inglés por el Animal Legal & Historical Web Center como parte de la Beca de Investigación 2013 del Animal Legal Defense Fund. En cuanto a la protección jurídica de los animales, las legislaciones de Francia y España están basadas en la tradición de derecho romano y encuentran dificultades separándose del concepto de animal-objeto. Al principio, la protección penal se inició en ambos países sobre la fundación de la protección de moralidad pública. Más tarde, las provisiones penales que se relacionan con la crueldad intencional hacia los animales se formaron alrededor de la noción de maltrato. La sociedad consiguió reconocer el derecho para los animales de no ser maltratados. Sobre la marcha, Francia y España aumentaron el alcance de animales protegidos, yendo de animales exclusivamente domésticos a algunos tipos de animales silvestres. El alcance de los hechos humanos incriminados también ha sido ampliado, introduciendo con cada reforma nuevos conceptos. Paralelamente, la jurisprudencia siguió trayendo nuevos desafíos en cuanto a la interpretación de provisiones a menudo generales y vagas. Al mismo tiempo, prácticas crueles obvias, relacionadas con la tradición, se han beneficiado de derogaciones a las provisiones penales, debilitando el valor legal y la coherencia de las leyes contra el maltrato animal. ; The present article has been originally published by the Animal Legal & Historical Web Center, as part of the Animal Legal Defense Fund Summer Research Grant 2013. In terms of animal protection, French and Spain legislations are based on the Roman law tradition and encounter difficulties to detach themselves from the concept of animal-object. The penal protection was initiated in both countries on the ground of the protection of public morality. Later on, the criminal provisions relating to intentional cruelty towards animals have been shaped around the notion of maltreatment. Society ended up acknowledging the right for animals to not be maltreated. Therefore, France and Spain increased the scope of animals protected, going from exclusively domestic animals to certain types of wild animals. The scope of human deeds has been also extended, introducing with each reform new concepts. Case law kept on bringing new challenges regarding the interpretation of often-vague provisions. At the same time, obvious cruel practices, related to tradition, have benefited from derogations to the criminal provisions, weakening the legal value and coherence of anti-maltreatment laws.

Contemporary Kashmir valley is seen in a terminal colonial situation within India. Since the armed movement broke out in 1989, the Indian government has deployed massive number of armed troops and implemented lethal counter-insurgency laws. Human rights groups claim that over 70,000 people have been killed and more than 8000 men have been forcibly disappeared in custody by the Indian army. This study focuses on the women activists of the Association of the Parents of the Disappeared Persons who organized in 1994 to search for the disappeared men. The everyday gendered politics of mourning emerges as, what I conceptualize as "affective law" which reveals a fine-grained understanding of women's agency that does not appear as only stereotypically confrontational but as nuancedly cultural. I trace the genesis of affective law within the paradigm of hauntology; a spectral space, of departure and return of the disappeared. The hauntological interiorization emerges as mourning, memory, and resistance. The women use performative politics which converges in the spectacle of mourning and allows them to transcend the limitations of the heavily militarized society. The performative politics of mourning makes it possible to resist oppression and through forms memory capture what might be rendered insignificant by hegemonic discourses of the state. The analysis of the work of mourning as a mode of affective politics traces women's social invisibility and how they become visible in the public. The activist-women emerge as agents of change that alter social constructions relating to body, justice, human rights and gender. The single disappearing body becomes a crucial counterpart in the state's political economy. The state's surveillance thinly masked in the disappearance becomes a symbol of panopticism - a theater, symbol, and a ritual. Even though spectacle has been conceptualized as separate, in this dissertation enforced disappearances come closer to the spectacular nature of punishment and become a "staging" visible to thousands of eyes. Thus, the society of surveillance emerges as deeply enmeshed with the spectacle and not as mutually exclusive. The spectacle of gendered activism allows tracing the state of exception that India has created in Kashmir valley. The punitive measures imposed by India, become means of forced assimilation of Kashmir. In this dissertation we see how the state becomes operational through dual modes including punitive measures like enforced disappearances and what is termed as military humanitarianism. The state terror emerges as a part of foundational violence for an ethnonational struggle to consolidate the Indian nation on what were pre-1947 heterogeneous territories.

В статье проведен сравнительно-правовой анализ действующих положений Земельного кодекса Российской Федерации и предполагаемых изменений ряда его положений с 1 января 2015 года в связи с вступлением в силу Федерального закона от 21 июля 2014 года № 234-ФЗ «О внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Российской Федерации». Цель исследования заключается в правовой оценке изменений земельного законодательства с точки зрения теории земельного права и правоприменительной практики по основным направлениям: правовая охрана земель, государственный мониторинг земель, государственный земельный надзор, земельный контроль, реализация прав и обязанностей по использованию земельных участков. В статье сделаны выводы о важном значении произошедших изменений в земельном законодательстве как для правообладателей земельных участков, так и для органов власти, осуществляющих контрольно-надзорные функции; создании четких правовых основ государственного земельного надзора и контроля, что позволит значительно повысить их эффективность; и одновременно о необходимости дальнейшего развития положений о муниципальном и общественном земельном контроле; некоторых недостатках отдельных положений закона, касающихся охраны земель, в том числе в части употребления терминов «истощение», «порча» и «уничтожение земель». В целом указаны как плюсы, так и минусы изменений земельного законодательства. ; The paper presents a comparative legal analysis of the relevant provisions of the Land code of the Russian Federation and of the proposed changes in some of its provisions from 1 January 2015 in connection with the entry into force of the Federal law of July 21, 2014 No. 234-FZ "On amending certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation". The purpose of the study lies in the legal assessment of changes in land legislation from the point of view of the theory of land rights and practices in key areas: legal protection of lands, state forests, state land supervision, land control, realization of rights and responsibilities for the use of land. The paper provides some conclusions about the importance of the changes in the land laws, for the landowners, and government bodies engaged in control functions; the establishment of a clear legal framework of state land supervision and control that will significantly improve their efficiency and, at the same time, the need for further development of the provisions on municipal and public land control; some of the shortcomings of certain provisions of law relating to the protection of lands, including the use of the terms "exhaustion", "damage" and "the destruction of the land". In general, the paper lists both pros and cons of the changes in land legislation.