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2.1.2 Potential outcomes and individual-specific causal effects2.1.3 Inference about population average causal effects; 2.1.3.1 Prima facie effect; 2.1.3.2 Ignorability assumption; 2.2 Applications to Lordś paradox and Simpsonś paradox; 2.2.1 Lordś paradox; 2.2.2 Simpsonś paradox; 2.3 Identification and estimation; 2.3.1 Selection bias; 2.3.2 Sampling bias; 2.3.3 Estimation efficiency; Appendix 2.1: Potential bias in a prima facie effect; Appendix 2.2: Application of the causal inference theory to Lord's paradox; References.

"For the Culture: Hip-Hop and the Fight for Social Justice documents and analyzes the ways in which Hip-Hop music, artists, scholars, and activists have discussed, promoted, and supported social justice challenges worldwide. Drawing from diverse approaches and methods, the contributors in this volume demonstrate that rap music can positively influence political behavior and fight to change social injustices, and then zoom in on artists whose work has accomplished these ends. The volume explores topics including education and pedagogy; the Black Lives Matter movement; the politics of crime, punishment, and mass incarceration; electoral politics; gender and sexuality; and the global struggle for social justice. Ultimately, the book argues that hip hop is much more than a musical genre or cultural form: hip hop is a resistance mechanism."

"Analyzing New Forms of Social Disorders in Modern Virtual Environments provides expert articles from the areas of psychology, sociology, technology, and security. We attempt to explain the phenomena of virtual lives and real behavior, and unsafety and provide major challenges and safety measures. Covering topics such as cyber bullying, virtual violence, and virtual terror, this book is ideal for school instructors, administrators, psychology practitioners, scientists, and police"--

This paper presents socio-demographic, socio-economic, and socio-cultural aspects of a research into living conditions of public university students in the Republic of Srpska, with a view to designing their social and sociological profile. The research was conducted during the 2020/2021 academic year at both public universities of the Republic of Srpska, with the respondents coming from different faculties and scientific/scholarly fields. The results gained reveal that the majority of students do not leave parental homes during their academic studies and that it is their parents who financially support them and provide for their tuition fees. On average, the parents belong to middle-classes, with their monthly income not exceeding, in most cases, the amount of average salary in the Republic of Srpska for the period designated or, rarely, the amount of two or two and a half average salaries. The students follow the traditional living model and they are mostly religious, where the dominant denomination is that of the Serbian Orthodox Christian Church. There is a pronounced significance of the traditional family setting and patriarchal patterns of behaviour, given that the respondents maintain that they choose to discuss important life issues and private situations within their primary families and with their close relatives. The importance of family and family values is further accentuated in the respondents by the proclaimed life goals, since most of them claim that establishing and maintaning close (partner) relationships is on the top of priority list in their lives. With regard to the aforementioned, one can draw a conclusion that public university students in the Republic of Srpska are dependent upon both their families and their wider social community, with (post)modern processes of liberalisation, detraditionalisation, and individualisation having no significant impact on their collective and individual lives.

While the Holocaust memoir is not a theological text, as part of Jewish memory and Jewish life it contains certain theological aspects, for Jewish life is an especially religious life. Several scholars have demonstrated that the Nazis' assault on Jewish being included an assault on the divine being manifested by the Jewish presence. That assault is revealed in the Holocaust memoir through a concern with God. After showing that the concern is indeed there, this article examines three primary manifestations of the concern: the theological aspects of the memoir unfold through the memory of the child, the memory of prayer, and the memory of memory itself.

Collects writings by leading thinkers and cultural commentators on the pros and cons of the social media revolution, covering topics ranging from reading skills and attention spans to cyberbullying and the digital playground

Microfinance is a well known terminology used for microcredit and financial services for financially deprived community. Through informal, semi-formal and formal ways different institutions has been providing these services. Expenditure of the industry is considered to be high because of its inherent structure, dealing with small loans and having high risk of recovery. Therefore, expected inefficiency is greater than its profit. There are several factors and reason. Through this study, we analyzed few factors which have a positive or negative relation with the inefficiency of Microfinance in Pakistan. Stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) is used for weighing up a relationship between inefficiency and its determinants. It is seen that the average efficiency of this sector is low, on average the highest technical efficiency score is 87 only. Age and number of clients have a negative relationship with inefficiency whereas for other variable's relationship is conditional on Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) working status. The number of women borrowers and average loan balance has been incorporated in the study to analyze the focus of MFIs, either on mission drift or achievement. We found that microfinance banks (MFBs) are drifting away, however, Non Government Organizations (NGOs) and Rural Support Programs (RSPs) are fulfilling their social mission efficiently. We did not find a strong evidence of mission drift in the industry because microfinance banks considered their social mission on second priority. Hence, if MFBs are drifting away from their social services, it is not unexpected.

""This book focuses on the didactics of social sciences and ITCs including issues related to innovation, resources, and strategies for teachers. It also includes strategies and resources related to virtual reality, augmented reality, videogames, 3D printing, m-learning, b-learning, and virtual classrooms"--Provided by publisher"--

PurposeThis paper aims to adopt the strategy-structure-performance (SSP) framework to explore how proactive social strategy could motivate firms to collaborate with suppliers on social sustainability initiatives, and how such collaborative efforts could unlock a win-win opportunity for both noneconomic (social performance) and economic (operational performance) performance. Additionally, drawing on the tenets of the social exchange theory, the different moderating effects of distributive justice and procedural justice on the social collaboration-performance relationship are also examined.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses survey data collected from 215 manufacturing companies in China. The proposed hypotheses are tested using multiple linear regression models as well as the PROCESS macro within SPSS.FindingsThe results suggest that (1) a proactive social strategy could motivate firms to collaborate with suppliers on joint social activities and (2) social collaboration with suppliers can have a significant positive effect on both social and operational performance. The moderation results suggest that distributive justice has a differential effect on the collaboration-performance link. Particularly, distributive justice strengthens the relationship between social collaboration and operational performance, while it weakens the relationship between social collaboration and social performance. Surprisingly, procedural justice did not have a significant moderating effect on the social collaboration-performance link.Originality/valueThis paper extends the SSP framework to the social sustainability context by not only stressing the importance of proactivity in managing sustainability, but also revealing collaboration as a structural aspect that could achieve superior performance benefits. This study also contributes to sustainable supply chain literature by exploring the moderating roles of justice elements.