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Plain English summary Increasingly, health researchers are conducting their research in partnership with non-researchers such as patients and caregivers, advocacy groups, clinicians, and policymakers. The idea behind this partnership is to make research more relevant and appropriate. However, so far there is not much evidence about how this partnership or engagement actually affects research. We conducted an online survey of 12 teams in Canada that have engaged patients and other stakeholders in community based health research, partly as a requirement to obtain funding. We found that in many cases, the teams have engaged a wide variety and large number of stakeholders, and have involved them in many different stages of their research. Teams reported that their overall experience of this approach to research has been positive, but some challenges have been encountered along the way. Some teams found that it was difficult to communicate appropriately with all the stakeholders, and to keep them informed when research was going slowly. Other teams had trouble finding government representatives to work with. Several teams noted that engagement is time-consuming, and requires a lot of effort. Nevertheless, all teams reported that they had learned from the experience, and found it valuable. As a result, Canadian health care researchers are better positioned to engage with patients and other stakeholders in the future. Abstract Background Patient and other stakeholder engagement in research is increasingly important, but there is limited evidence of its impact. In 2013, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research launched a five-year Community Based Primary Health Care (CBPHC) initiative that funded 12 teams for innovative approaches to primary health care involving engagement with patients, communities, decision-makers, and clinicians across jurisdictions in Canada. The present study examines the extent of engagement by these teams, and the factors that affected it, either as challenges or opportunities. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional web-based survey across the 12 CBPHC Innovation Teams, in which we were also participants. We used a data collection tool developed by the Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute that included both closed and open-ended questions. Results The quantitative data showed that the CBPHC Innovation teams have engaged with diverse stakeholders at different levels and in different stages of research. Almost all teams surveyed engaged with policymakers, most with clinicians and health system representatives, and more than half with patients, mostly at the level of consultation or collaboration. There were very few instances of stakeholder-led research reported. There was a near universal recognition of the importance of communications processes/tools in facilitating engagement, whereas time was the most commonly identified challenge. In almost all cases, challenges encountered were partially if not fully resolved. The qualitative findings showed that each team's engagement was contextualized by factors such as the jurisdictions and geographic scope of the project, the number and type of stakeholders engaged and their level of involvement. These intersected with the researchers' motivations for engagement, to give rise to diverse experiences, but ones that the CBPHC teams assessed positively as an approach to research. Conclusions Over the past five years, primary health care researchers in Canada have been actively engaging with patients and other stakeholders. The wide range, extent and nature of that engagement shows that these researchers have anticipated developments in this approach to research and are thus in a position to support and strengthen future efforts to understand the impact of this engagement on health care outcomes.

Anthropological research on biomedicine voices patient perspectives of medical encounters and describes biomedicine as a cultural, historical construct. It reveals sociocultural particularities of biomedicine obscured by the illusion of objective, rational, and natural reality, or a so-called "aura of factuality"(Geertz 1973, Rhodes 1996). Uncertainty and discomfort arise for patients facing culturally-specific models of illness and healing considered acultural by biomedical discourse.Medical anthropologists have long described biomedicine as a socioculturally-embedded site of social control, reflective and reproductive of broader social priorities such as depersonalized capitalist efficiency, power-reinforcing hierarchy, commodification of bodies, neoliberal individualism, alienation of body and mind, etc. (Foucault 1975, Baer et. al 1986, Martin 1987, Scheper-Hughes and Lock 1987, Kleinmann 1988). Others have depicted the biomedical clinic as a culturally unique space that breaks otherwise ubiquitous norms—for example, giving a near-stranger (a doctor) unprecedented physical access and knowledge of one's body—and requires re-socialization for its participants (healers and patients) to accept unique social rules (Taussig 1980, Konner 1987, Good 1994). Biomedicine as a system of knowledge and practice thus has a special role of both breaking and reinforcing social codes. Biomedicine is a socially distinct structure that presents itself as natural and consistent with the rest of society, by way of justification through scientific rationality and mirroring of other societal power structures—ultimately creating ambiguities and confusion for the seriously sick seeking biomedical care.This is not to strictly distinguish biomedicine as confined to the clinic, or to depict it as a distinctly bordered institution ready for the sick to enter—on the contrary, biomedicine's explanatory models pervade everyday consciousness in the Western world. As Baer et al. (1986) write, "the dominant ideological and social patterns in medical care are intimately related to hegemonic ideologies and patterns outside of medicine"(95). This makes it difficult to epistemologically disentangle the biomedical domain from the rest of society.Nonetheless, from a patient's perspective, there is a distinct social territory, or a "sick world" for the seriously sick who seek biomedical treatment. As Sontag (1978) puts it, "everyone who is born holds dual citizenship, in the kingdom of the well and in the kingdom of the sick" and "the patient enters a duplicate world with special rules"(35). This territory consists not only of distinct metaphors and social rules (Sontag's focus), but also patients, caregivers, institutions, and treatment processes. It structures power and knowledge regarding the body (most of which is allocated with physicians), and upon entry requires a type of socialization, or education in new social norms. For the physician or the anthropologist, biomedicine may represent an omnipresent cultural explanatory system—but for many patients, the mentally transformative and absorptive qualities of the institutions one enters during illness are equally relevant due to the uncertainty they cause and the mental work they require for entry.This essay distinguishes the "healthy world" from the "sick world" to point out the distinct learning process required of the sick in order to fully engage with the new norms in the process of biomedical care—a transition that often results in uncertainty for patients. Rather than consider biomedicine as an "intervention" that imposes on sickness and life, this essay, and the patients interviewed for it, more closely describes a model of entrance into biomedical care as a semi-encompassing "sick world" with its own culture.

Plain English summary: Increasingly, health researchers are conducting their research in partnership with non-researchers such as patients and caregivers, advocacy groups, clinicians, and policymakers. The idea behind this partnership is to make research more relevant and appropriate. However, so far there is not much evidence about how this partnership or engagement actually affects research. We conducted an online survey of 12 teams in Canada that have engaged patients and other stakeholders in community based health research, partly as a requirement to obtain funding. We found that in many cases, the teams have engaged a wide variety and large number of stakeholders, and have involved them in many different stages of their research. Teams reported that their overall experience of this approach to research has been positive, but some challenges have been encountered along the way. Some teams found that it was difficult to communicate appropriately with all the stakeholders, and to keep them informed when research was going slowly. Other teams had trouble finding government representatives to work with. Several teams noted that engagement is time-consuming, and requires a lot of effort. Nevertheless, all teams reported that they had learned from the experience, and found it valuable. As a result, Canadian health care researchers are better positioned to engage with patients and other stakeholders in the future. Background: Patient and other stakeholder engagement in research is increasingly important, but there is limited evidence of its impact. In 2013, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research launched a five-year Community Based Primary Health Care (CBPHC) initiative that funded 12 teams for innovative approaches to primary health care involving engagement with patients, communities, decision-makers, and clinicians across jurisdictions in Canada. The present study examines the extent of engagement by these teams, and the factors that affected it, either as challenges or opportunities. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional web-based survey across the 12 CBPHC Innovation Teams, in which we were also participants. We used a data collection tool developed by the Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute that included both closed and open-ended questions. Results: The quantitative data showed that the CBPHC Innovation teams have engaged with diverse stakeholders at different levels and in different stages of research. Almost all teams surveyed engaged with policymakers, most with clinicians and health system representatives, and more than half with patients, mostly at the level of consultation or collaboration. There were very few instances of stakeholder-led research reported. There was a near universal recognition of the importance of communications processes/tools in facilitating engagement, whereas time was the most commonly identified challenge. In almost all cases, challenges encountered were partially if not fully resolved. The qualitative findings showed that each team's engagement was contextualized by factors such as the jurisdictions and geographic scope of the project, the number and type of stakeholders engaged and their level of involvement. These intersected with the researchers' motivations for engagement, to give rise to diverse experiences, but ones that the CBPHC teams assessed positively as an approach to research. Conclusions: Over the past five years, primary health care researchers in Canada have been actively engaging with patients and other stakeholders. The wide range, extent and nature of that engagement shows that these researchers have anticipated developments in this approach to research and are thus in a position to support and strengthen future efforts to understand the impact of this engagement on health care outcomes. ; Applied Science, Faculty of ; Non UBC ; Nursing, School of ; Reviewed ; Faculty

Background: Diabetes is a chronic disease affecting more and more people and placing increasing demands on health care. The increasing numbers of adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are in need of self-management strategies. Learning self-management includes mastering the skills required to complete the complex emotional and physical tasks necessary to manage well-being and to prevent future complications. A technological service developed with the participation of stakeholders may be an alternative way to meet rising needs for self-management. The involvement of various stakeholders enables cooperation, facilitates patient empowerment, and takes into consideration how adults with type 2 diabetes manage their everyday activities. Aim: The overall aim of the licentiate thesis is, by participatory research methods identify self-management support of a future ICT service to facilitate adults with type 2-diabetes. Methods: Two studies were conducted using participatory design (PD) with qualitative methods. Data were collected among recently diagnosed adults and those with longer experience of type 2 diabetes. The adults were recruited from a primary healthcare centre and from a diabetes hospital clinic in Sweden. Study I identified perceived challenges related to self-management among recently diagnosed adults and those with longer experience of type 2 diabetes by using multistage focus groups. Study II reported needs and wishes for an ICT self-management service to facilitate their everyday life and to deal with type 2 diabetes by using a future workshop. Results: Three main challenges were identified; understanding; developing skills and abilities; and mobilizing personal strengths. Both recently diagnosed adults and those with longer experience of diabetes described challenges in understanding the causes of fluctuating blood glucose and in developing and mobilizing skills for choosing healthful food and eating regularly. The recently diagnosed group were more challenged by learning to accept the diagnosis and becoming motivated to change habit while the experienced group were mainly challenged by issues about complications and medications. The adults with type 2 diabetes expressed needs and wishes for an ICT service all fell under the broad category of Acceptance of the diagnosis, with the three suggestions; Trust in partnerships, Communication and Individualized information. Acceptance of the diagnosis was a prerequisite for managing diabetes successfully. Acceptance of the diagnosis also made the participants accept information, learn about their condition, and understand how to personally manage their everyday lives. Trust in partnership with caregivers and Communication facilitated that acceptance and understanding of the disease. Main findings: The adults with type 2 diabetes stated different needs for support during different phases of the disease. The expressed needs and wishes for an ICT service all fell under the broad category of Acceptance of the diagnosis, with three other suggestions; Trust in partnerships, Communication, and Individualized information. The participants' experience of the participatory methodology as a democratic process and their appreciation of mutual learning contributed to these results, which are consistent with the aims of person centred care. Conclusions: Adults with diabetes have different needs for support during different phases of the disease. From a person-centred perspective it would be desirable to meet individual needs for self-management on peoples' own terms through a technological service that could reach and connect to a large number of people. Healthcare practitioners need to address the knowledge needs of patients with type 2 diabetes and support them in developing self-management skills. Consistent with person-centred care, practitioners should also encourage patients' abilities to mobilize their own personal strengths to maintain self-management. ; Forskningsfinansiärer: Kommunerna i Skåne Nordost, Högskolan Kristianstad och Region Skåne

This poster will describe the development and use of Introduction to the Science of Cancer (ISOC), a free online course presented by The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center – James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute (OSUCCC – James) and Ohio State's Office of Distance Education and eLearning (ODEE). ISOC is designed for people who have a limited understanding of science, but want a better understanding of cancer. In five modules and more than 40 videos, 35 OSUCCC – James oncologists and researchers explain cancer in user-friendly terms. The course covers the nature of cancer, its diagnosis, treatment and prevention, and cancer research. It is designed to help people locally, nationally and globally better understand cancer and cancer prevention by individuals, communities and nations. (In one video, an oncologist from Zimbabwe explains the importance of cancer prevention in developing countries.) As of May 30, 2017, more than 17,000 learners from around the world have accessed the course materials online, and course videos and print material were used for two full-day cancer workshops at St Albert's Mission Hospital (80 staff attended) and two half-day workshops at Karanda Mission Hospital (50 staff attended) in Zimbabwe. The poster will describe the multiple ways the course has been used: Darrell E. Ward, MS, a science writer with the OSUCCC – James who developed ISOC, will talk about writing the scripts and supplemental material, working with faculty and using selected videos for on-site workshops at two hospitals in southern Africa. He will also talk about developing a book version of the course to be published by Ohio State Press in online open-access and print versions. Thomas Evans, manager for open learning in Ohio State's Office of Distance Education and eLearning, will talk about use of the course online and as part of Ohio State's Global One Health initiative. The course will be used for professional development by some East African universities, which could lead to stronger cancer prevention and treatment efforts in those areas. Marisa Manocchio, an engineering and mathematics teacher at Bio-Med Science Academy in Rootstown, Ohio, will talk about presenting the course in her high-school classroom and supplementing it with videos of cancer survivors to add the human dimension of cancer and cancer treatment. ISOC was offered as an elective and taken by 19 students from all four grade levels. ; AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Darrell Ward, Associate Director for Cancer Communications, The Ohio State UniversityCCC–James, ward.25@osu.edu (Corresponding Author); Thomas Evans, Manager for Open Learning, Office of Distance Education and Elearning; Marisa Manocchio, Teacher, Math and Engineering, Bio-Med Science Academy STEM School. ; Introduction to the Science of Cancer (ISOC) is a free, online course presented by The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center–James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute (OSUCCC–James), and by Ohio State's Office of Distance Education and eLearning. It is designed for people who have a limited understanding of science, but who want a better understanding of cancer. Its goal is to foster improved cancer-prevention efforts by individuals, communities and nations. In five modules and more than 40 videos, OSUCCC –James oncologists and researchers explain the nature of cancer, diagnosis, treatment and prevention, and cancer research in user-friendly terms. The full or partial course taken online, in the classroom or as a workshop can be particularly useful to cancer survivors and caregivers, teachers and hospital staff, health writers and editors, social workers, community health workers, and political leaders responsible for public-health spending.

In this article, we discuss the historical shifts in the purposes of public education and examine how neoliberal education policies, like Chicago's school closings, attempt to limit the purpose of public education to be in service to and at the whim of the market. We juxtapose this dominant neoliberal narrative of public education with the voices of the parents from closed schools, whose deep involvement with and beliefs about public schools counter neoliberalism's shallow concept of the public purpose of public education. Drawing upon a 2014 qualitative study of parents and caregivers who were impacted by school closures and actions, as well as publically available data, we find that parents believe school closings cause great harm to students, families and communities, aim to reduce citizens to consumers in an educational marketplace, and seek to further undermine democracy in education toward a "thin democracy" (Gandin Apple, 2002) of marketized education. However, we argue that there is an alternative to the neoliberal narrative reflected both in the ongoing historical struggle about the purposes of schooling and in the wisdom, experiences, and desires of parents most directly impacted by neoliberal education policies. ; En este artículo, discutimos los cambios históricos en los propósitos de la educación pública y examinamos cómo las políticas educativas neoliberales, como el cierre de las escuelas de Chicago, intentan limitar el propósito de la educación pública para el servicio y el capricho del mercado. Nosotros yuxtaponemos esa narrativa neoliberal dominante de educación pública con las voces de los padres de escuelas cerradas, cuya profunda implicación y creencias sobre escuelas públicas cuestionan el concepto superficial del neoliberalismo del propósito público de la educación pública. En base a un estudio cualitativo de 2014 sobre padres y cuidadores que se vieron afectados por cierres y acciones escolares, así como datos públicamente disponibles, creemos que los padres creen que el cierre de las escuelas causa grandes daños a los estudiantes, familias y comunidades, Ciudadanos a los consumidores Un mercado educativo, y tratan de minar aún más la democracia en la educación para una "democracia delgada" (Gandin Apple, 2002) de educación comercializada. Sin embargo, argumentamos que existe una alternativa a la narrativa neoliberal reflejada tanto en la lucha histórica en curso sobre los propósitos de la escolaridad como en la sabiduría, experiencias y deseos de los padres más directamente impactados por las políticas de educación neoliberales. ; Neste artigo, discutimos as mudanças históricas nos propósitos da educação pública e examinamos como as políticas educacionais neoliberais, como o encerramento das escolas de Chicago, tentam limitar o propósito da educação pública para o serviço e ao capricho do mercado. Nós justaponemos essa narrativa neoliberal dominante de educação pública com as vozes dos pais de escolas fechadas, cujo profundo envolvimento e crenças sobre escolas públicas contestam o conceito superficial do neoliberalismo do propósito público da educação pública. Com base em um estudo qualitativo de 2014 sobre pais e cuidadores que foram afetados por fechamentos e ações escolares, bem como dados publicamente disponíveis, achamos que os pais acreditam que o encerramento das escolas causa grandes danos aos estudantes, famílias e comunidades, visam reduzir os cidadãos aos consumidores Um mercado educacional, e procuram minar ainda mais a democracia na educação para uma "democracia delgada" (Gandin Apple, 2002) de educação comercializada. No entanto, argumentamos que existe uma alternativa à narrativa neoliberal refletida tanto na luta histórica em curso sobre os propósitos da escolaridade quanto na sabedoria, experiências e desejos dos pais mais diretamente impactados pelas políticas de educação neoliberais.

The use and abuse of drugs, legal or illegal, are a growing concern in the political, social, economic and health field, causing the implications on the person, as well as in the family and society. The aim is to explore the risk factors in the field of nursing students and staff that promote drugabuse. It is a descriptive, cross-sectional quantitative study which measures the prevalence and likelihood of consumption. The population was formed by 200 nursing students from 1st to 5th year and Cycle Degree students who are also in the workplace. The sample under and over 25 years of age is divided. A questionnaire was provided and results shows that those under 25 believe that damage by consumption is important, they do not believe that decreases performance and approve experimentation. Among the over 25s they do not consider important the damage of consumption, they show greater accessibility to drugs and consider that family problems are a cause for consumption. In this group there are 22% who report using marijuana. It can be inferred that the prevalence of risk is related accessibility to professional work, which requires having extensive work shifts, as well as night hours, physical deterioration socioeconomic conditions andl ow social status. It is evident that they are as vulnerable to drug use as the population they assist and their importance shows that these attitudes can influence on the detection and treatment of patients with addictions.The study encourages us to continue with prevention actions to care for caregivers, thus ensuringself-care to face an already known worldwide epidemic. ; El uso y abuso de las drogas, lícitas o ilícitas, son una preocupación creciente en el ámbito político, social, económico y de la salud; por las implicaciones que causa en la persona, como también en el ámbito familiar y social. El objetivo es explorar los factores de riesgo en el ámbito de estudiantes y personal de enfermería que favorecen el uso indebido de drogas. Es un estudio descriptivo, cuantitativo y de corte transversal, la población se conformó por 200 estudiantes de enfermería pertenecientes a la Carrera de 1º a 5º año y alumnos del Ciclo de Licenciatura que además están en el ámbito laboral. Se dividió la muestra en menores y mayores de 25 años. Se administró un cuestionario. Los resultados muestran que los menores de 25 años consideran que los daños por el consumo son importantes, no creen que disminuya el rendimiento, aprueban la experimentación. Entre los mayores de 25 años no consideran importante los daños del consumo, manifiestan mayor accesibilidad a las drogas y que los problemas familiares son una de las causas para consumir. En este grupo hay un 22% que refieren consumir marihuana. Se puede inferir que la prevalencia de riesgo es la accesibilidad, y se encuentra relacionada con la labor profesional que obliga a tener turnos extensos de trabajo, como así también los horarios nocturnos, el deterioro físico, las condiciones socioeconómicas y la baja consideración social. Se evidencia que son tan vulnerables al consumo de drogas como la población que atienden y su importancia muestra que estas actitudes pueden influir en la detección y tratamiento de los pacientes que tienen adicciones. El estudio nos compromete a seguir con acciones de prevención para cuidar a los cuidadores, garantizando de esta forma el autocuidado responsable frente a una epidemia ya reconocida mundialmente.

La reforma de la asistencia psiquiátrica, impulsada a través de los cambios legislativos implantados durante la Segunda República Española, planteó mejoras en la profesionalización de los cuidadores de los establecimientos psiquiátricos. A través del Decreto de 16 de mayo de 1932 se organizó el personal subalterno en Practicantes en Medicina y Cirugía con el diploma de enfermeros psiquiátricos y Enfermeros y Enfermeras Psiquiátricos; y se reguló la obtención del Diploma de Enfermero Psiquiátrico. En el Decreto de 17 de mayo de 1932 se publicó el programa oficial de estudios para obtener dicha titulación y, el 5 de Julio de 1932, las bases de un concurso para una obra que se ajustara al temario. El Consejo Superior Psiquiátrico eligió y recomendó "La asistencia al enfermo mental"(1933) de Luis Valenciano Gayá. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el contenido del libro, que incluía los cuidados que precisaban los enfermos mentales, así como las condiciones físicas y actitudinales requeridas para ser "enfermero psiquiátrico". Asimismo se pretende valorar la importancia del manual que, si bien no fue el primero publicado en español, si presentó una difusión nacional y se convirtió en la obra de referencia para los enfermeros psiquiátricos en los años treinta. ; The reform of psychiatric care, driven by legislative changes implemented throughout the Second Spanish Republic, proposed improvements in the professionalization of caregivers of psychiatric facilities. By Decree of May 16, 1932 junior staff was organized in Practitioners of Medicine and Surgery diploma nurses and psychiatric nurses; and the Diploma in Psychiatric Nurse was regulated. By the Decree of May 17, 1932 the official curriculum was published for this degree and the July 5, 1932, the basis of a competition for a work that would fit the agenda. Psychiatric Superior Council elected and recommended "La asistencia al enfermo mental"(1933) by Luis Valenciano Gaya. The aim of this paper is to analyze the content of the book, including the care the mentally ill needed, as well as physical and attitudinal requirements for being "psychiatric nurse". It also seeks to value the importance of the manual, while it was not the first published in Spanish, truly presented a national circulation and became the reference work for psychiatric nurses in the 30s. ; A campanha de reforma da assistência psiquiátrica, impulsada a través de mudanças legislativas impostas ao longo da Segunda República Espanhola, planteou melhoras na profissionalização dos cuidadores nos estabelecimentos psiquiátricos. A través do Decreto de 16 de Maio de 1932 o pessoal subalterno foi organizado em Practicantes em Medicina e Cirurgia com diploma de enfermeiros psiquiátricos e Enfermeiros e Enfermeiras Psiquiátricos; e regulamentou-se a obtenção do Diploma de Enfermeiro Psiquiátrico. No Decreto de 17 de Maio de 1932 foi publicado o programa oficial de estudos para obter o nomeado título e, no dia 5 de Julho de 1932, as bases de um concurso para uma obra que ajustar-seá ao temário. O Conselho Superior Psiquiátrico escolheu e recomendou "La asistencia al enfermo mental" escrita por Luis Valenciano Gayá, publicada em 1933. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o conteúdo do livro, que incluía os cuidados que precisavam os doentes mentais, assim como as condições físicas e actitudinais requeridas para ser "doente psiquiátrico". Assim mesmo trata-se de avaliar a importância deste primeiro manual que, ainda não sendo o primeiro publicado em espanhol, apresentou uma difusão nacional e tornou-se obra de referência para os enfermeiros psiquiátricos nos anos trinta.

Del curso 2010/ 2011 diez estudiantes de enfermería de la Universidad de Alicante, fueron enviados a distintos países de la UE para realizar sus prácticas profesionales. Surge así la inquietud de comprender la cultura enfermera en el contexto de la Unión Europea desde la experiencia de los estudiantes de enfermería Erasmus. Material y Método. Etnografía. Estrategia recolección de datos: observación. Rol del investigador: observador no participante. Informantes: estudiantes de enfermería Erasmus del curso 2010/2011. Fuentes: Escrita (notas de campo). Aspectos éticos. Se solicita consentimiento a profesores y alumnos para asistir a reunión de coordinación e informativa. Análisis del tipo descriptivo según Boyle, (1994). Resultados: los datos informan características del contexto del aprendizaje, del escenario de las prácticas, la experiencia práctica de los alumnos y de las prácticas cuidadoras en los diversos escenarios. Se identifican subcategorías como mentor; métodos de enseñanza, autonomía; tipo de trabajo práctico, aprendizajes; practicas cuidadoras. Conclusión: La cultura profesional en el contexto de la Unión sigue siendo diversa en cuanto al nivel de formación y prácticas cuidadoras. Como componentes de la cultura emerge la importancia de la figura del mentor por su cercanía con el estudiante y se identifican características del contexto que favorecen el aprendizaje del estudiante. ; Course 2010/2011 ten students of nursing at the University of Alicante were sent to nursing EU countries to conduct their professional practices. This raises the concern to understand the nurse culture in the context of the European Union from the experience of nursing students Erasmus. Material and Methods. Ethnography. Strategy of data collection: observation. Role of non-participant observer researcher. Informant: Erasmus student nurses 2010/2011 academic year. Sources: Written (field notes). Ethical issues. Consent is sought for teachers and students to attend coordination meeting and informative. Descriptive analysis by Boyle (1994). Results: The data reported characteristics of the context of learning, esenario practices, practical experience of students and caregivers practices in the various scenarios. Subcategories are identified as a mentor, teaching methods, range, type of practical work, learning, practice carers. Conclusion: The professional culture in the context of the Union remains diverse in terms of the level of training and practice carers. As components of culture emerge the importance of mentor figure for its proximity to the student and identifies contextual features that promote student learning. ; No período letivo 2010 / 2011 dez alunos de enfermagem foram enviados levanta da U. da Universidade de Alicante para países da União Europeia para realizar suas práticas profissionais. Isto levanta a preocupação de entender a cultura enfermeira no contexto da União Europeia a partir da experiência de enfermagem estudantes Erasmus. Material e Métodos. Etnografia. Estratégia de coleta de dados: observação. Papel das organizações não-participante pesquisador observador. Informante: estudante Erasmus enfermeiras ano lectivo 2010/2011. Fontes: Escrito (notas de campo). Questões éticas. Consentimento é procurado por professores e alunos para assistir à reunião de coordenação e informativo. Análise descritiva por Boyle (1994). Resultados: Os dados reportados características do contexto de aprendizagem e ambiente profissional, onde eles fazem a prática clínica. Subcategorias são identificados como um mentor, métodos de ensino, série, tipo de trabalho prático, de aprendizagem, os prestadores de cuidados prática. Conclusão: A cultura Professional no contexto da União continua diversificada em termos do nível de encarregados de educação treinamento e prática. Como componentes da cultura emerge a importância da figura do mentor de sua proximidade com o aluno e identifica os recursos contextuais que promovem o aprendizado do aluno.

The problem of combining work and family life is perhaps the central challenge for the contemporary American family. In this Article, I evaluate and defend government provision of paid family leave, a benefit that would allow workers to take compensated time off from work for purposes of family caregiving. A legal intervention in the arena of work-family accommodation can only build on some prior normative understanding of the family, and embedded within that, contested value choices about women's identities and entitlements in workplace, family, and society. I am not the first legal scholar to advocate paid family leave of some kind.The additional contribution here is to offer a normative defense of such a program based on its potential to increase the workforce participation of those who bear the principal obligation of caregiving – women. This, I argue, will increase equality of economic opportunity and the distribution of social power associated with status in paid labor markets. It also will enhance women's capacity to determine the conditions of their lives. In advocating paid family leave, I distinguish myself from those who would make family care subsidies available equally to caregivers who do and do not participate in the paid workforce, and from those who would shun workplace accommodations in favor of more "commodified" caregiving institutions external to the family. Paid family leave is particularly valuable, I argue, because other possible alternatives, such as daycare, cannot entirely replicate the value of personal time away from work to engage directly in family caregiving. For women currently working who want to give personal care to family members but cannot afford adequate time off to do so, paid family leave will improve their quality of life and benefit those they care for. For women on the margin between working and staying home, the availability of paid leave may make market work more feasible and attractive, and as a result, increase their attachment to the workforce. At the same time, we must be wary of overly generous leave provision. Very generous leave provisions might encourage such lengthy absences from the job as to undermine women's development of human capital and connection to the workforce. Further, the method used to finance the program must be sensitive to important issues of distributive justice and the challenge of ensuring that the program confers gains on its intended beneficiaries. The government should spread at least some of the costs of the program beyond those workers – women in their childbearing years – most likely to take leave. Paid family leave would have two components. It would have a family illness leave component, i.e., temporary paid leave for someone who is not herself incapacitated, but who has a familial obligation to another person who is seriously ill or disabled. It would also have a parental leave component, covering non-medical temporary leave for purposes of allowing parents to nurture newborn children. The Family and Medical Leave Act ("FMLA") mandates that employers give up to twelve weeks of job-protected leave per year to workers who need to care for a newborn child or their own serious illness or the illness of a family member. Coverage limitations mean that only about half of all workers, and less than one-third of steadily employed new mothers, receive these protections. More importantly, the law does not require wage replacement. This makes the American system the least generous of industrialized nations. All western European nations have programs that give women workers the right to at least three months paid maternity leave, with as much as a year or more in some countries, as well as paid parental leave – for either parent.

According to the Norwegian Health and Care Services Act, municipalities shall provide respite for individuals and families who have a particularly heavy burden of care, whether they are voluntary caregivers or parents obliged to care for underage children. The purpose is to prevent negative consequences to the caregiver's health, stress and fatigue, and give the caregivers necessary and scheduled time- off with an opportunity to participate in ordinary activities. In 'Future Care', Report to the Storting (White Paper, No.29, 2012–2013), the Government presents a program for an active, future-oriented informal care policy that will create a framework that makes it easier to combine paid work with caring for children, adolescents, adults and elderly (with serious illness, disabilities or mental health and social problems). Developing better and more flexible respite services is therefore important. This report addresses questions relating to the organization of respite services in Norway, which services the municipalities provide, user characteristics, and variations in type and scope of services the municipalities offer. Other aspects are what criteria caseworkers use when they allocate respite services, what alternatives and flexible solutions the municipalities actually offer, and what challenges they face in this context. The empirical material in this report is quantitative and qualitative. The statistics stem from the IPLOS-register – individual-based nursing and care data, compiled from all municipalities by the Norwegian Directorate of Health. The qualitative data is from interviews we had with managers who are responsible for allocating and coordinating health and care services in 20 Norwegian municipalities. The quantitative data distinguishes mainly between recipients of respite services within and outside institutions. This study is commissioned by the Norwegian Directorate of Health, with the intent to acquire knowledge that can enhance and develop the respite services. Characteristics of the services An analysis of the data from the IPLOS-register (per 12.31.2012) shows that the majority of the recipients are younger than 67 years old. Respite services are mainly given to care-dependents who live with relatives who provide the care. The largest group of recipients are children and youth living at home. The qualitative study shows that respite for parents of children with disabilities and special needs is primarily offered individually in their own or private homes and/ or as respite in auxiliary housing. The statistical data shows that larger municipalities spend more resources on institutional respite than smaller municipalities. In small municipalities, the recipients on average receive more hours of respite outside institutions than those in larger municipalities. Most recipients of respite services, whether within or outside institutions, are male. Very few elderly and their relatives receive individual respite services outside of an institution - as much as three out of four recipients of individual and private respite are younger than 18. Respite services are rarely offered to adults who provide extensive care for their parents when they do not live in the same household. The qualitative study reveals that respite for relatives of elderly living at home usually consists of placement in a nursing-home (for days or weeks) according to a set schedule and/or day-care in an adult day-care center. Elderly receiving family care usually have extensive needs for care due to dementia, stroke or chronic illness. The municipalities also have home-based services and various other types of assistance (e.g. practical assistance, cash for care, personal assistants and companion-services) that are considered along with respite care for young and elderly care-dependents. Criteria used to grant respite services The legislation on eligibility to respite services permits the exercise of discretion when assessing applicant's needs. The caseworkers decide whether the law's criteria for "particularly heavy burden of care" is met. Our interviews show that if the caregiving is physically & mentally straining for the caregiver, that affects granting of respite services. Other aspects that are emphasized are the extent and duration of the care given, social isolation, and lack of vacation and spare time. The municipalities differ in their allocation practices. Some municipalities emphasize what the caregiver finds taxing and exhausting (subjective criteria). Others focus more on aspects such as the number of sleepless nights, type of tasks, age and diagnosis (objective criteria). A few municipalities have developed their own set of criteria and guidelines to establish more contingent and standardized practice. Needs, possibilities and challenges The impression from the interviews is that the scope of respite services varies between municipalities and that there is a shortage of places for respite in the smaller and medium sized municipalities. Several managers reported that budget cuts and the retrenchment of the municipalities' finances have had consequences for services that were planned, and lead to stricter practices for allocating respite. Small municipalities reported that they did not have enough capacity and a limited number of places for institutional respite and accommodated housing for youngsters with disabilities. In addition, the pressure on institutions offering respite has increased due to new groups of users. This study reveals that the municipalities, to a limited and variable extent, have started to use new and innovative ways to fulfil their obligations to provide respite. According to our informants, the following schemes allow for more flexibility: giving the caregiver freedom to use the hourly granted respite when needed, increasing availability to short-term institutional places in emergencies, extending the opening hours at adult day-care centers and flexible working hours for institutional staff. A few municipalities have developed alternatives that supplement the traditional respite services. Examples are individual respite for people with dementia, stays and activities on farms for younger and older recipients, activity based types of respite, and after-school respite. Public services' shift away from institutional care towards more home based services require that the municipalities develop new and flexible types of respite services. The qualitative study reveals that smallest municipalities often lack satisfactory day-care centers and that they use nursing homes as the most common form of respite for elderly with dementia, who still live at home. This is one of many challenges. The growing number of new and younger groups of users has also lead to an increasing demand for alternative ways to provide respite for children and youth with special needs (e.g. autism, Asperger and psychiatric diagnoses), according to the managers we have interviewed. The main impression is that there has been too much use of "standardized solutions" in the respite services, limited to using traditional institutions and individual respite. The challenge is to find appropriate options and develop new solutions in collaboration with the specialized health services. ; Rapporten setter søkelyset på det kommunale avlastningstilbudet, både omfang og kjennetegn ved tjenestene samt kommunenes strategier, erfaringer og praksis innenfor plikten å tilby avlastning. Rapporten er basert på kvantitative data og kvalitative intervjuer med kommunale ledere. Undersøkelsen avdekker at tilbudene varierer mellom kommuner. Avlastning utenfor institusjon er det vanligste tilbudet, ofte rettet mot barn og unge. Tjenestene går i hovedsak til mottakere som bor sammen med pårørende som yter omfattende omsorg. Tildelingen er i stor grad basert på skjønnsmessige vurderinger og inntrykket er at kommunene har en noe ulik tildelingspraksis. En hovedutfordring er knyttet til nye og yngre brukergrupper med sammensatte tjenestebehov som kommunene har vansker med å finne gode tilbud til. Kommunene har i varierende grad tatt i bruk fleksible måter å løse avlastningsoppgavene på. Det er behov for alternative ordninger tilpasset pårørende og omsorgsmottakerens behov.

El presente es un arti?culo de revisio?n, en el que se pretende caracterizar socio demogra?ficamente, las principales afecciones fi?sicas y psicolo?gicas que sufre el cuidador informal; debido a diversas problema?ticas que se presentan, esta poblacio?n esta? en aumento, sin una adecuada preparacio?n, y apoyo, lo cual conlleva a nuevas patologi?as. La metodologi?a empleada fue una revisio?n documental, donde se evaluaron 64 arti?culos, los cuales tuvieron varios filtros segu?n los criterios de elegibilidad. Posterior a esto, se realizo? la validacio?n de dichos arti?culos utilizando la escala de Jadad y las listas de chequeo STROBE, PRISMA, COREQ; se evaluaron correctamente 31 arti?culosendosidiomas;6eningle?sy25enespan?ol. Sepudoconcluirque los CI, en su mayori?a mujeres; requieren una red de apoyo extensa, bien sea familiar, que permita salirse de su rol de cuidadora y retomar el rol que teni?an en la sociedad; adema?s del apoyo dirigido por entidades gubernamentales. Como resultados se hallo? que los C.I. son de mediana edad, casadas, con escolaridad ba?sica. Su parentesco con el sujeto de cuidado es en primer grado. Se evidencio? de igual manera, que los hombres a pesar de no ejercer habitualmente este rol son quienes presentan ma?s ra?pido agotamiento emocional. Palabras Clave: Cuidador informal, agotamiento. Abstract The present is a review article, which aims to characterize demographically, the main physical and psychological conditions suffered by informal caregiver; Due to various problems that arise, this population is increasing, without adequate preparation and support, which leads to new pathologies. The methodology used was a documentary review, where they evaluated 64 articles, which had several filters according to the eligibility criteria. After this, the validation of said articles was carried out using the Jadad scale and the checklists STROBE, PRISMA, COREQ; correctly evaluated 31 articles in two languages; 6 in English and 25 in Spanish. It was possible to conclude that the IC, mostly women; they require an extensive network of support, either family-based, that allows them to get out of their role as caregivers and resume their role in society; besides the support directed by governmental entities. As results, it was found that C.I. They are middle-aged, married, with basic education. His kinship with the subject of care is in the first degree. It was evidenced in the same way that men, despite not usually exercising this role, are the ones with the fastest emotional exhaustion. Keywords: Informal caregiver, exhaustion. Resumo: O presente artigo de revisa?o pretende caracterizar so?cio- demograficamente as principais condic?o?es fi?sicas e psicolo?gicas que sofrem o cuidador informal. Devido a diversas problema?ticas que se apresentam, esta populac?a?o esta? em aumento sem uma adequada preparac?a?o e apoio, o que leva a novas patologias. A metodologia utilizada foi a revisa?o documental onde foram avaliados 64 artigos, os quais tiveram va?rios filtros segundo os crite?rios de elegibilidade. Posterior a isso, foi realizada uma validac?a?o dos artigos utilizando a escala de Jadad e as listas de verificac?a?o STROBE, PRISMA, COREQ. Foram avaliados corretamente 31 artigos em dois idiomas; 6 em ingle?s e 25 em espanhol. A conclusa?o foi a de que os Cuidadores Informais (CI), em sua maioria mulheres, requerem uma rede de apoio muito extensa, bem seja familiar, que permita a sai?da do papel de cuidador e o retorno ao papel anteriormente dado pela sociedade, aparte do apoio dado por entidades governamentais. Como resultado, enta?o, temos que os CI sa?o indivi?duos de meia idade, casados, com escolaridade ba?sica. Seu parentesco com o sujeito e? de primeiro grau. Se evidenciou, de igual forma, que os homens – a pesar de no exercer habitualmente este papel – sa?o quem apresentam mais ra?pidos sinais de esgotamento emocional. Palavras-chave: cuidador informal, esgotamento ; El presente es un arti?culo de revisio?n, en el que se pretende caracterizar socio demogra?ficamente, las principales afecciones fi?sicas y psicolo?gicas que sufre el cuidador informal; debido a diversas problema?ticas que se presentan, esta poblacio?n esta? en aumento, sin una adecuada preparacio?n, y apoyo, lo cual conlleva a nuevas patologi?as. La metodologi?a empleada fue una revisio?n documental, donde se evaluaron 64 arti?culos, los cuales tuvieron varios filtros segu?n los criterios de elegibilidad. Posterior a esto, se realizo? la validacio?n de dichos arti?culos utilizando la escala de Jadad y las listas de chequeo STROBE, PRISMA, COREQ; se evaluaron correctamente 31 arti?culosendosidiomas;6eningle?sy25enespan?ol. Sepudoconcluirque los CI, en su mayori?a mujeres; requieren una red de apoyo extensa, bien sea familiar, que permita salirse de su rol de cuidadora y retomar el rol que teni?an en la sociedad; adema?s del apoyo dirigido por entidades gubernamentales. Como resultados se hallo? que los C.I. son de mediana edad, casadas, con escolaridad ba?sica. Su parentesco con el sujeto de cuidado es en primer grado. Se evidencio? de igual manera, que los hombres a pesar de no ejercer habitualmente este rol son quienes presentan ma?s ra?pido agotamiento emocional. Palabras Clave: Cuidador informal, agotamiento. Abstract The present is a review article, which aims to characterize demographically, the main physical and psychological conditions suffered by informal caregiver; Due to various problems that arise, this population is increasing, without adequate preparation and support, which leads to new pathologies. The methodology used was a documentary review, where they evaluated 64 articles, which had several filters according to the eligibility criteria. After this, the validation of said articles was carried out using the Jadad scale and the checklists STROBE, PRISMA, COREQ; correctly evaluated 31 articles in two languages; 6 in English and 25 in Spanish. It was possible to conclude that the IC, mostly women; they require an extensive network of support, either family-based, that allows them to get out of their role as caregivers and resume their role in society; besides the support directed by governmental entities. As results, it was found that C.I. They are middle-aged, married, with basic education. His kinship with the subject of care is in the first degree. It was evidenced in the same way that men, despite not usually exercising this role, are the ones with the fastest emotional exhaustion. Keywords: Informal caregiver, exhaustion. Resumo: O presente artigo de revisa?o pretende caracterizar so?cio- demograficamente as principais condic?o?es fi?sicas e psicolo?gicas que sofrem o cuidador informal. Devido a diversas problema?ticas que se apresentam, esta populac?a?o esta? em aumento sem uma adequada preparac?a?o e apoio, o que leva a novas patologias. A metodologia utilizada foi a revisa?o documental onde foram avaliados 64 artigos, os quais tiveram va?rios filtros segundo os crite?rios de elegibilidade. Posterior a isso, foi realizada uma validac?a?o dos artigos utilizando a escala de Jadad e as listas de verificac?a?o STROBE, PRISMA, COREQ. Foram avaliados corretamente 31 artigos em dois idiomas; 6 em ingle?s e 25 em espanhol. A conclusa?o foi a de que os Cuidadores Informais (CI), em sua maioria mulheres, requerem uma rede de apoio muito extensa, bem seja familiar, que permita a sai?da do papel de cuidador e o retorno ao papel anteriormente dado pela sociedade, aparte do apoio dado por entidades governamentais. Como resultado, enta?o, temos que os CI sa?o indivi?duos de meia idade, casados, com escolaridade ba?sica. Seu parentesco com o sujeito e? de primeiro grau. Se evidenciou, de igual forma, que os homens – a pesar de no exercer habitualmente este papel – sa?o quem apresentam mais ra?pidos sinais de esgotamento emocional. Palavras-chave: cuidador informal, esgotamento

Recent debates about inequality have focused almost exclusively on the distribution of wealth and disparities in income, but little notice has been paid to the distribution of free time. Free time is commonly assumed to be a matter of personal preference, a good that one chooses to have more or less of. Even if there is unequal access to free time, the cause and solution are presumed to lie with the resources of income and wealth. In Free Time, Julie Rose argues that these views are fundamentally mistaken. First, Rose contends that free time is a resource, like money, that one needs in order to pursue chosen ends. Further, realizing a just distribution of income and wealth is not sufficient to ensure a fair distribution of free time. Because of this, anyone concerned with distributive justice must attend to the distribution of free time. On the basis of widely held liberal principles, Rose explains why citizens are entitled to free time--time not committed to meeting life's necessities and instead available for chosen pursuits. The novel argument that the just society must guarantee all citizens their fair share of free time provides principled grounds to address critical policy choices, including work hours regulations, Sunday closing laws, public support for caregiving, and the pursuit of economic growth. Delving into an original topic that touches everyone, Free Time demonstrates why all citizens have, in the words of early labor reformers, a right to "hours for what we will."

List of Figures Part 1: Management of the Pandemics of COVID-19⁰́₄General Issues 1. Impact of COVID-19 on the Effectiveness of Safety Practices on Construction Projects: A Comparative Analysis Framework of Health and Risk Assessment 2. Mapping COVID-19 for Risk Reduction and Capacity Building in Indian Scenario 3. Harnessing People Factor at Workplace During Covid-19 Pandemic: A Public Sector Study in Kolkata 4. Enlightenment: The Covid-19 Pandemic 5. Retrospection of NDMP and Forecasting its Prophecy with Special Reference to COVID-196. Optimal Lockdown Management Using Short-term COVID-19 Prediction Model 7. Decision Support System Framework for Epidemic Disaster Mitigation/Management 8. Assessing the Impact of Corona Pandemic on Adopting Healthy Habits Among People of Uttar Pradesh 9. Temporal Patterns of Population Level Help Seeking Behaviours During Covid-19 Pandemic in India: An Exploratory Study 10. The Coronavirus Pandemic Infects All, Even the Fundamental Right Guaranteed by the Constitution of India! 11. Judicial Stand on Compensation During Covid-19 in the Light of Reepak Kansal v. Union of India & Ors. 12. Underlining the Role of Legal Systems, Legal Education and Legal Awareness in Managing Substance Abuse During Covid-19 Pandemic with Special Reference to Alcohol Consumption in India 13. Biodefence Preparedness for Emergency Response and Disaster Management: Lesson Learned from COVID-19 Pandemic Part 2: Management of the Pandemics of COVID-19⁰́₄Social Issues 14. Study for Gender Perspective⁰́₄During "New" Normal 15. Building Community Capabilities in Pandemic Response: Role of Mental Models held by Lay-People of Phenomena Related to Covid-19 16. Education in India⁰́₄During COVID-19 Challenges Faced and Solutions for a Post-Pandemic Era 17. Education in Maharashtra During Covid-19: A Risk-Informed Response Perspective 18. Empowering Students with Visual Impairments to Prepare for Earthquake (A Study of Rajkiya Visually Impaired Inter School of Lucknow City) 19. Community, Communication, and Capacity Building: Integrated Risks of COVID-19 Response in India 20. India⁰́₉s Shadow Pandemic⁰́₄A Study of Domestic Violence During the Covid 19 Part 3: Management of the Pandemics of COVID-19⁰́₄Economic Issues 21. "Indian Railway⁰́₄A Galloping Elephant" (Life in the Times of Covid-19) 22. Post COVID-19 Impact on Construction Industry: Challenges and Solutions 23. Covid-19 and Banking Sector of Bangladesh: Navigating Turbulent Times and the Way Forward 24. Significance of Healthcare Investment in Tackling Pandemics: Lessons from Kerala on the Backdrop of COVID-19 25. Impacts of Covid 19 on Textile Industry Workers in Bangladesh: Socio-Economic Perspective 26. Disaster and Business: The Approaches of Corporate Towards Disaster Response with Special Context of CSR in India 27. Corporate Response to Disaster Resilience: Examining Problems and Potential for Indian CSR Regime 28. Cash-Aid Support of Bangladesh Government During Covid 19 Pandemic; Effectiveness and Challenges Part 4: Management of the Pandemics of COVID-19⁰́₄Issues of Health 29. Four Zone Deployable MediCAB for COVID-19 Management 30. Origin, Transmission and Spread of COVID-19: Lessons for Future 31. Modeling and Prediction of COVID-19 Spread in India for Growth Rate Estimation 32. Mass Casualty Management due to Road Traffic Accidents in this Era of Covid-19 Pandemic: A Tertiary Care Institutional Experience 33. Critical Medical Resource Allocation during COVID-19 Pandemic 34. SMART MEDIAIRGUARDTM (A Proactive Solution to Monitor and Control Infection Risks in Healthcare Facilities) 35. UVC MEDIAIRGUARDTM (A Non-contact Swift Solution to Disinfect COVID-19 Care Centers) 36. MEDIIAGVTM (Minimal Contact Medical Waste Management from Source Collection to Disposition Point) 37. The Lessons of COVID-19 for Public Health Climate Preparedness Part 5: Management of the Pandemics of COVID-19⁰́₄Issues of Mental Health 38. Psycho-Social Support Based Intervention for Patients and Caregivers Stranded During the Lock-Down During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study Report from India 39. Psychosocial Support for Community of Migrant Workers During Lockdown Imposed due to COVID-19 Pandemic 40. Perceived Stress and Wellbeing of School Teachers During COVID-19 Pandemic41. ⁰́₈SAANTHWANA⁰́₉⁰́₄A Psychosocial Support Helpline for Health Care Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic at NIMHANS

In order to address the paucity of evidence on the association between childhood eating habits and urbanization, this cross-sectional study describes urban–rural differences in frequency of fruit, vegetable, and soft drink consumption in 123,100 children aged 6–9 years from 19 countries participating in the fourth round (2015-2017) of the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI). Children's parents/caregivers completed food-frequency questionnaires. A multivariate multilevel logistic regression analysis was performed and revealed wide variability among countries and within macroregions for all indicators. The percentage of children attending rural schools ranged from 3% in Turkey to 70% in Turkmenistan. The prevalence of less healthy eating habits was high, with between 30–80% and 30–90% children not eating fruit or vegetables daily, respectively, and up to 45% consuming soft drinks on >3 days a week. For less than one third of the countries, children attending rural schools had higher odds (OR-range: 1.1–2.1) for not eating fruit or vegetables daily or consuming soft drinks >3 days a week compared to children attending urban schools. For the remainder of the countries no significant associations were observed. Both population-based interventions and policy strategies are necessary to improve access to healthy foods and increase healthy eating behaviors among children. ; The authors gratefully acknowledge support from a grant from the Russian Government in the context of the WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of NCDs. Data collection in the countries was made possible through funding from Albania: WHO through the Joint Programme on Children, Food Security and Nutrition "Reducing Malnutrition in Children," funded by the Millennium Development Goals Achievement Fund, and the Institute of Public Health; Austria: Federal Ministry of Social Affairs, Health, Care and Consumer Protection, Republic of Austria; Bulgaria: Ministry of Health, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, WHO Regional Office for Europe; Croatia: Ministry of Health, Croatian Institute of Public Health and WHO Regional Office for Europe; Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic, grant nr. AZV MZČR 17-31670 A and MZČR–RVO EÚ 00023761; Denmark: Danish Ministry of Health; Estonia: Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Education and Research (IUT 42-2), WHO Country Office, and National Institute for Health Development; Georgia: WHO; Ireland: Health Service Executive; Italy: Ministry of Health and Italian National Institute of Health; Kazakhstan: Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan and WHO Country Office; Kyrgyzstan: World Health Organization; Latvia: Ministry of Health, Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; Lithuania: Science Foundation of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences and Lithuanian Science Council and WHO; Malta: Ministry of Health; Montenegro: WHO and Institute of Public Health of Montenegro; North Macedonia: COSI in North Macedonia is funded by the Government of North Macedonia through National Annual Program of Public Health and implemented by the Institute of Public Health and Centers of Public Health in the country. WHO country office provides support for training and data management; Norway: Ministry of Health and Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Poland: National Health Programme, Ministry of Health; Portugal: Ministry of Health Institutions, the National Institute of Health, Directorate General of Health, Regional Health Directorates and the kind technical support from the Center for Studies and Research on Social Dynamics and Health (CEIDSS); Romania: Ministry of Health; Serbia: This study was supported by the World Health Organization (Ref. File 2015-540940); Slovakia: Biennial Collaborative Agreement between WHO Regional Office for Europe and Ministry of Health SR; Spain: Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition (AESAN); Tajikistan: WHO Country Office in Tajikistan and Ministry of Health and Social Protection; Turkmenistan: WHO Country Office in Turkmenistan and Ministry of Health; Turkey: Turkish Ministry of Health and World Bank. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion