Suchergebnisse

В статье представлена оценка государственной поддержки среднего предпринимательства, составленная по результатам социологического опроса руководителей средних предприятий Астраханской области. Выявлено, что наиболее востребованными формами государственной поддержки предприятий среднего бизнеса являются финансовая, имущественная и консультационная. Установлены факторы, препятствующие развитию среднего предпринимательства в Астраханской области. Сделан вывод, что совершенствование системы государственной поддержки предприятий среднего бизнеса позволит им развиваться более успешно и динамично. ; The article evaluates the government support of medium-sized business on the basis of the sociological poll among managers of medium-sized enterprises in the Astrakhan region. It has been found that the financial, property and consulting types of the state support for medium-sized businesses are the most popular. The factors impeding the development of medium-sized businesses in the Astrakhan region are discussed. The improvement of the state support system will help it to develop more effectively and dynamically.

На основе архивных материалов автор рассматривает особенности содержания женских учебных заведений в Забайкалье в начальный период их деятельности. При отсутствии прямых указаний на способы их финансирования в российском законодательстве, постепенном снижении пособий от государства и ограниченных средствах большинства сибирских уездных городов особую роль приобретают поддержка женского образования со стороны благотворительных организаций и частных лиц и коммерческие операции, проводившиеся учебными заведениями. ; The author considers features of financing of women's educational institutions in Transbaikalia in the early period of their activity on the basis of archival documents. Charitable organizations and individuals as well as commercial operations conducted by educational institutions played a special role in supporting the women's education because of poverty of direct references to the financing methods in women's education in the Russian legislation, the gradual reduction of state benefits and the limited resources of the most of Siberian district towns.

Национально-культурная специфика современного политического дискурса всецело зависит от коммуникативной ситуации, на которую он направлен в каждом отдельном случае. Современный политический дискурс, нацеленный на информирование той или иной целевой аудитории о политических событиях, внушение ей пропагандируемого данным СМИ и журналистом эмоционально-оценочного отношения к тем или иным политическим событиям в большинстве случаев опирается на необходимость использования тех или иных лексических заимствований, прежде всего, прецедентных имен собственных. ; National and cultural specific of the modern political discourse entirely depends on the communicative situation on which it is oriented in each single case. Modern political discourse aimed to inform a certain target audience on the political events, to suggest propagandized by a particular media and journalist emotive-evaluative attitude to the certain political events in most cases relies on the necessity for using certain lexical borrowings, first of all, precedential proper names.

The article scrutinizes Lithuanian foreign policy within the framework of the regional leadership concept first introduced in the early 2000s. The reasons of failure of the first leadership attempt in 2004-2008 are analyzed, as are the reasons behind the revival of the concept in 2010 and onwards. While overall economy seems to be on the mend and relationships with adjacent countries (Poland, most notably) are improving, Lithuanian leadership, argues the author, is still very much a subcontract one: it follows the "export democracy" model, has a narrow agenda and is implicitly geared towards curtailing the influence of its eastern neighbor. Escalation of violence and further development of social and economic crisis in Ukrane make a Europeanstyle reform (where Lithuania is a self-proclaimed expert) even less relevant, while confrontational rhetoric towards Russia may lead to economic losses and contribute to rising political tension in the region.

Статья посвящена особенностям восприятия британской столицы русскими путешественниками 1850-1860-х гг. Автор отмечает, что стереотипы восприятия Великобритании «мастерской мира», промышленного, торгового и финансового лидера, наиболее свободной в правовом и политическом отношении страны оказывали существенное влияние на оценки ее столицы. Вместе с тем, являясь доминирующими, данные стереотипы не исчерпывали всего многообразия впечатлений русских от викторианского Лондона. ; The article is devoted to the specifics of perceiving the British capital by the Russian travellers of the 1850-1860s. The author emphasizes that the stereotypes of perceiving Great Britain the "workshop of the world", industrial, commercial and financial leader, the most free in legal and political aspects country had great impact on the evaluations of its capital. At the same time, being dominating, these stereotypes did not exhaust the whole variety of the impressions of the Russians of Victorian London.

In this paper we proposed to analyze the dynamics of innovation in the European Union countries in order to observe its implications in clusters. Due to the multiple links between cluster members, the innovation transfer is achieved much easier, contributing to the rapid spread of innovative ideas, technologies, labor and know-how. The opportunity for innovation is easier noticeable due to the diversity of the cluster members that operate in a competitive environment, the permanent contact that is created with other companies and institutions allowing just overcome competitive pressure by innovation. Therefore, we analyzed the links between innovation and clusters in the countries of Eastern Europe and those in Western Europe. For this we made a comparison between the most innovative countries and the less innovative ones, identifying the benefits of clusters as a means of enhancing the innovation capacity of each state.

The United Nations (UN) is an international organization created from the express consent of states and established upon a multilateral international treaty between those states in order to perform the functions of promoting international peace and security, aid in the development of international relations, promote human rights, and aid in "harmonizing actions" between nations. The most ardent of these functions falls to the UN Security Council due to its responsibility for maintaining peace and security. UN peacekeeping missions were originally an alternative to collective security but they have evolved into Peace Support Operations (PSO) and are deployed with a strategy and mission in mind that will coordinate the multitude of organizations joining in to support the society undergoing a complex emergency. Evaluations of PSOs is imperative in order to effectively provide policy makers with the knowledge necessary to improve strategy and resource allocation for future PSOs.

We establish a setting for asynchronous stochastic tasks that account for episodes, rewards and responses, and, most especially, the computational complexity of the algorithm behind an agent solving a task. This is used to determine the difficulty of a task as the (logarithm of the) number of computational steps required to acquire an acceptable policy for the task, which includes the exploration of policies and their verification. We also analyse instance difficulty, task compositions and decompositions. ; This work has been partially supported by the EU (FEDER) and the Spanish MINECO under grants TIN 2010-21062-C02-02, PCIN-2013-037 and TIN 2013-45732-C4-1-P, and by Generalitat Valenciana PROMETEOII 2015/013. ; Hernández Orallo, J. (2015). Stochastic tasks: difficulty and Levin search. En Artificial General Intelligence. Springer International Publishing. 90-100. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/66686 ; S ; 90 ; 100

Vari comments on India's most creative minds are being stifled as religious fundamentalists continue to clash with artists, novelists and academics. Around the world, arts students are often ones to push boundaries, cross lines and spark controversy. But at India's University of Hyderabad, they need watch where they tread. At its Sarojini Naidu School of Arts and Communication, a message was recently circulated asking final year students to submit theft projects on CD, far 'reviewing and sanctioning before exhibiting.' Many school boards and universities have been forced to follow the path of self-censorship, and have stopped taking risks because death threats are so common. Nobody wants to question the power of the mob, which is why some universities and state authorities continue to ban or avoid anything that might disrupt the status quo. Adapted from the source document.

In 1934, Nepal experienced one of its worst earthquakes in its modern history leaving behind large-scale damages in urban and rural areas and killing more than 4500 people in the Kathmandu valley. Since this event, the Nepalese people are aware of the tremendous risks of natural catastrophes. Today, Nepal is ranked as one of the most disaster-prone countries worldwide. Nevertheless, 81 years later it seems that the Himalayan nation was once again caught by absolute surprise. On Saturday, 25 April 2015, being obviously insufficiently prepared, the country suffered from an earthquake of enormous magnitude, leaving behind in destroyed infrastructures in several parts of the country, homes and historic buildings and many thousands of dead people. To make things worse, a series of heavy aftershocks have continued to shake Nepal, causing even more damage and havoc to the remote and increasingly isolated mountainous country. This is raises some serious questions.

UNHCR has estimated that 18,500 of the 25,855 women and girls from FGM-practising countries seeking asylum in the EU in the first three quarters of 2014 may have been survivors of female genital mutilation (FGM), translating into an estimated 71% prevalence rate of FGM in EU asylum systems. The main countries of origin for these women and girls include Eritrea, Nigeria, Somalia, Guinea and Ethiopia, most of which have persistently high prevalence rates for FGM. These numbers debunk the still all too common view that the practice is so insignificant in the asylum system as not to merit dedicated attention and specific responses. For the first three quarters of 2014, the main countries of asylum for women and girls from FGM-practising countries were Germany, Sweden, France, Switzerland, UK, the Netherlands, Italy, Belgium, Norway and -- a new entrant into the list -- Denmark. Adapted from the source document.

International audience ; While the term 'multistakeholderism' has become one of the most commonly used words in Internet governance (IG) studies, only three main categories of stakeholders are almost always highlighted in IG arenas: Governments, Businesses, and Civil Society. However, initial findings from our two-year transatlantic research project show that the technical community and Intergovernmental Organizations (IOs) also are crafting roles for themselves as IG actors. This paper focuses on the Technical communities - composed of organizations such as ICANN, ISOC, and other bodies primarily dedicated to the technical management of the Internet - as another IG actor, and its interaction with IOs. Using a framework from political science, communication theory, and organizational sociology, it analyzes (with interview, observational, and archival data) the emergence of this stakeholder, its strategic interactions with IOs, and highlights new trends of the Global Internet Governance institutionalization.

Research on state fragility has seldom examined questions of persistence and transition of states. We develop a sixfold typology of states to examine how key structural features of states evolve and contribute to successful exits from fragility in some cases and persistence in others. Particularly worrisome is the lack of positive transition among the weakest states. Our findings are derived from a minimalist construct of a refined time series data set involving state indicators of authority, legitimacy, and capacity. Case studies of some of the more turbulent examples support our state trajectories. Additionally, changes in legitimacy most often led state transitions into or out of fragility. Implications of intervention policy for transitioning states out of fragility are addressed, and these are given particular focus since fragile states experience at least twice the intensity/incidence of internal armed conflict compared to other states. (International Interactions (London)/ FUB)

The role and impact of institutions on policy-making have been receiving a lot of attention in the academic literature on the European Union (EU). The current special issue aims to contribute to this broader institutionalist debate in the EU literature by paying attention to institutional dynamics within and across EU institutions and different levels of governance. In this quest, it feeds into the broader political and academic debate on (changing) institutional balance and policy coherence. The contributions to this special issue reflect that a wide range of institutional mechanisms for intra-and inter-institutional cooperation have been developed. Most importantly, the contributions allow us to get a better insight into the factors that explain the success or failure of the cooperation. This introduction to the special issue provides the backdrop for the contributions and an overview of the individual articles.