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Field experiments with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars 'Bussard' and 'Zentos' using four nitrogen top application rates (N60, N90, N120 and N150) were conducted at the Latvia University of Agriculture, Study and Research farm "Pçterlauki" in 2010 and 2011. The objective of this study was to determine effect of nitrogen (N) fertiliser on quality indices of fresh and stored grain (60-120 days) for two different winter wheat cultivars. Highly significant effect of cultivars and nitrogen fertiliser were detected for quality traits: protein content, wet gluten and sedimentation value. For the grain stored for 60-120 days, protein content was variable, sedimentation values decreased, the falling number increased, the content of wet gluten declined, and the quality of gluten improved. For 'Zentos', close positive correlation was found between gluten content and protein content, and between sedimentation value and protein, high positive correlation was found, and between sedimentation value and gluten content for both cultivars.

AbstractThe paper presents an analysis of the role of two forms of social capital – linking and bonding – on two key farm outcomes: on-farm crop diversity and household wellbeing. Where market transactions are limited, social capital is an important household asset for accessing seed and channelling information. The study is set in a drought-prone region of Ethiopia, with high rates of food insecurity and dependency on agriculture for livelihoods. The region is very rich in crop genetic diversity, particularly for sorghum. The data were collected for a production year that experienced a major drought shock. Results of the analysis indicate that social capital is an important determinant of farm level diversity and wellbeing, with opposing effects related to the two different forms of social capital. This suggests possible trade-offs between the two forms of social capital in terms of food security, production and diversity, which need to be considered in planning interventions.

PurposePrice satisfaction is an influential factor in competitive performance and business success. Strong price satisfaction enhances and sustains high quality business relationships, leading to improved profits for chain participants. The purpose of this paper is to explore the dimensions of price satisfaction in the context of the Malaysian dairy industry. The aim is to determine which dimensions of price satisfaction affect relationship performance between Malaysian dairy producers and the dairy processers who purchase their milk.Design/methodology/approachIn total, eight hypotheses are tested using partial least square methods on survey results from 133 dairy producers in Malaysia.FindingsThe study results suggest that relative price, price‐quality ratio and price fairness influence producers' loyalty and improved business relationship performance.Practical implicationsTo achieve long‐term, sustainable business relationships involving consistent high quality supplies, milk buyers need to understand and capture the price satisfaction dimensions.Originality/valueThe paper provides insights into the important linkages between price satisfaction and business performance in an agriculture industry.

Climate change represents a serious threat to the economic growth potential in low income countries. Instead of investing in growth, they may be drawn into strife and conflict. Climate change and the global politics to deal with it, could however also present a number of interesting opportunities for developing countries. Such opportunities may arise in sustainable forestry, new forms of solar, wind or bioenergy and related industries, agriculture or in the programs for abatement and mitigation that are likely to be created. It is an important priority for low-income countries to develop local knowledge and understanding concerning climate change in order to better prepare for both the costs and challenges posed by climate change, as well as to defend their national interests and participate in international negotiations. Creating academic capacity is however a long and painstaking process. We discuss a number of existing initiatives but conclude that more is needed, particularly at the higher level of PhD studies.

Rapid urbanization is an important characteristic of African development and yet the structural transformation debate focuses on agriculture's relative merits without also considering the benefits from urban agglomeration. As a result, African governments are often provided conflicting recommendations on the importance of rural agriculture or urban industry. We develop dynamic economy-wide models for Ethiopia and Uganda that capture both traditional aspects of the debate (growth linkages and foreign trade) and benefits from urbanization (internal migration and agglomeration effects). Simulations suggest that urban agglomeration is an important source of long-term growth and structural transformation, but that investing in cities does not greatly reduce national poverty over the short-term. In this regard, agricultural growth is more effective, albeit with slower national growth. Given these trade-offs, we conclude that the urbanization's benefits argue against an agro-fundamentalist approach to African development, but the short-term imperative of reducing poverty necessitates further agricultural investment.

The Western honey bee, Apis mellifera, is the most important animal pollinator in agriculture worldwide and apiculture provides full or additional family income with a considerable market for bee products used as food, pharmaceutics and medical products. More importantly honeybees are key pollinators native to Europe and have great impact for many agricultural crops and conservation of natural plant diversity. Since we joined the European Union the Hungarian Beekeepers Federation manages the budget of grounded by the 797/04 and 1234/07 EC directives. According to the 47/2010 (XII 31) VM regulation our National Program of beekeeping controls the supporting system for multiple reimbursement applications. In the six year average data of this program between the types of requests occurs a clear dominance for budgets connected to medical treatment which is a symptomatic treatment but no solution to unravel factors which are responsible for increased colony losses.

The fruits and vegetables subsector shows great dynamism despite lack of government support compared to other subsectors within agriculture. To further realize the potential of the fruits and vegetables sector, one promising instrument is investment in research and development (R&D). The government is the primary source of funding for agricultural R&D efforts due to the "public good" character of such kind of research. However, the Philippines lags behind its neighbors in Asia in terms of agricultural research investment. Moreover, current R&D investments are skewed toward traditional commodities. This paper assesses the prospective impact at the industry level of fruits and vegetables R&D using the ACIAR-PCAARRD horticulture project as case study. An economic surplus model running on a spreadsheet is used to evaluate measures of project worth for R&D investment. Application of the model shows the high social returns from raising investments in horticulture R&D.

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) and supply agreements in the agricultural sector have a significant role to play to promote agricultural climate change mitigation and decrease pressure on the earth's land and climate. Private sector engagement can also promote food security and positively affect the livelihoods of smallholder agricultural producers in developing countries. Based on a comprehensive literature survey and 15 interviews with key organizations, companies and financiers or lenders, this report investigates: current private sector climate change mitigation activities in agriculture and food production, highlighting current innovations affecting production and supply chains of key commodities; explores how CSR and supply chain commitments can improve their contribution to reductions in agricultural GHG emissions; and surveys the role of governments, finance and investment in promoting sustainability in the agricultural sector. Key findings identify a strong need for harmonization among product standards, certification and by commodity roundtables, and the need to mainstream sustainability criteria in agricultural finance and lending activities.

In a country where the problem is not only to secure food for the 237 million people who are undernourished, but to secure food justice, an experiment carried out as part of the Kerala's anti-poverty programme Kudumbashree seem to be having major consequences for food security. Under the Sangha Krishi (group farming) initiative, as many as 44,225 collectives of women farmers have sprung up across the State, creating a social space where marginalised women can collectively pursue their needs and aspirations. The author discusses here the results of the initiative in terms of shifting role of women in Kerala's agriculture and in the political process, enabling women to salvage their dignity and livelihoods amidst immense adversity. The author highlights achievements and challenges for sustainability of Kudumbashree and concludes that the value of Sangha Krishi lies in that it has become the manifestation of a deep-rooted consciousness about food justice amongst Kerala's women.

This paper evaluates the impact of an emergency research for development project implemented in the Democratic Republic of Congo from 2000 to 2009 by a various actors including the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture in response to the outbreak of the Cassava Mosaic Disease that threatened the national food security. It applies methods developed in the econometric and statistical treatment effects literature on evaluation of social programs. The study evaluates impact by analyzing changes over time of outcomes of sample households in the project areas compared to neighboring non-project areas. We find that the project had statistically significant positive effects on technology adoption, area planted cassava, productivity, profitability,household food security and aggregate supply response. The effects are strongest among lower tails of distribution of outcomes mostly made up of female-headed households who grew the crop mainly for food. These findings are useful for informing agricultural and food policy debates in Africa. ; Peer Review

In 2050, the population in all the Nile Basin countries is expected to be ten times higher than it was in 1950. This will put ever increasing pressure on water as a resource for development. The Nile Basin catchment area is shared by 11 countries covering about one-tenth of the African continent. Globally, around 70 per cent of fresh water consumption is used in agriculture. This puts the spotlight on future scenarios regarding food production: will there be enough water for food security in the Nile Basin countries? In this Current African Issues publication, water scarcity and food security are analysed from a range of perspectives. What are the future predictions regarding population increase and climate change, and how will these affect development in Nile Basin countries? What are the current water theories addressing the above issues, and what are the main challenges the Nile Basin countries will face in a context that is also strongly shaped by its history?

This research was done to know virulence of entomophatogenic fungus from some growth medium to larvae Tirathaba rufivena Wlk. This research was held in Laboratory of soil and agroecology Faculty of Agriculture, Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University from November 2011 to June 2012. Cordyceps militaris is derived the palm plantation PTPN VIII Cisalak baru garden, District Curug Lebak-Banten. This reserach used non faktorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 3 various medium (corn, rice, brand) and repeated 9 times. Monitoring parameter toward hyphal diameter growth, number of colony, and mortality larvae Tirathaba rufivena. Result show that the best Cordyceps militaris medium culture was rice medium regarding to hyphal diameter growth about 0,53 cm at 7 HSI, 2,01 cm at 14 HSI and 3,31 cm at 21 HSI, number of colonies 446,33, virulence (LT50) 2,5 week and, 55,52% mortality at 2 MSI, 92,57% at 3 MSI dan 100% at 4 MSI.Keyword : Cordyceps militaris, Tirathaba ruvivena,Virulence, Mortality.

Central Florida comprises a very unusual mix of agriculture, high-technology industry, and tourism. No other region in the USA, except California, has such a combination of sectors. This paper looks primarily at two metropolitan areas: Orlando and Melbourne-Titusville-Palm Bay, which comprise a contiguous area in Central and East Central Florida (Figure 1). The paper begins with a brief historical look at the area - brief in part because the economic history of the region is so recent. The next section focuses briefly on citrus fruit production, a mainstay of the local economy until only recently. This is followed by a discussion of the space and defense industry, a high-technology sector that is the base of manufacturing in the region. The tourism industry, focused on Walt Disney World, is described as the atypical economic base of the Central Florida region. Finally, transportation links related to the tourism complex are discussed.

EU which was established in 1957 with Rome Treaties and in 1992 with Maastricht Treaty made process from economic union towards political union, also has tried considering the harmony many issues such as agriculture, commerce. One of these issues is monetary union. Within the Monetary Union that came into make its plans in 1969 and it was thought that could prevent the cycle and consider the common monetary policy. In this framework, in 1979, The European Monetary System was established and then in 1986 within the Single European Act, this process continued and in 1992 with Maastricht Treaty it became clearer. Then in 1997, The European Monetary Institute was established and finally in 1999, EURO was accepted as monetary unit for EU members. Now, 17 members put the EURO account but England hasn't yet. There are many causes about this issues such as political, economics, social, national interests. for England. In addition, this issue or policy effected the other relationships of England.