Suchergebnisse

This study aimed at knowing the impact of the knowledge and skills problem in Secretariat of Bantaeng regency asaform of Bureaucracy Pathology. The findings of this study were expected to provide more information about the condition of bureaucracy in the secretariat of Bantaeng regency and its bureaucratic pathologies that have disturbed the function of the bureaucracy as a tool of society in achieving an ideal goal. Academically, the findings of this study were expected to provide more values which can then be compared with other scientific studies, especially under the problem of bureaucratic pathology. The method used in this study was descriptive qualitative supported by quantitative data in the form of tables of frequency with library research (library research) and field studies (field research) as the techniques of data collection. Meanwhile, the sampling technique used in this research was the total sampling in which the samples were taken subjectively who considered representative for this study. The results showed how the problem of knowledge and skill under the indicators: 1). Level of education, 2). Training, 3). Experience gave a negative influence on the performance of civil servants. Finally, this influences the incompetence of bureaucratic to run the roles and functions or in term of Bureaucracy Inconsistency. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak dari masalah pengetahuan dan keterampilan di Sekretariat Kabupaten Bantaeng sebagai salah satu bentuk Patologi Birokrasi. Hasil dari penelitian ini diharapkan mampu memberi informasi lebih tentang kondisi birokrasi di sekretariat daerah kabupaten Bantaeng serta patologi birokrasinya yang selama ini cukup mengganggu fungsi birokrasi sebagai alat masyarakat dalam mencapai tujuan ideal. Dari segi akademik, hasil dari penelitian ini diharapkan member nilai tambah yang selanjutnya dapat dikomparasikan dengan penelitian-penelitian ilmiah lainnya, khususnya yang mengkaji masalah patologi birokrasi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif yang didukung dengan data kuantitatif dalam bentuk tabel frekuensi, dengan teknik pengumpulan data studikepustakaan (library research) dan studi lapangan (field research). Sedangkan teknik penarikan sampel yang digunakan adalah sample total yaitu mengambil sampel secara subjektif yang dianggap representatif. Dari hasil penelitian menunjukkan bagaimana masalah pengetahuan dan keterampilan dengan indikator: 1). Tingkat pendidikan, 2). Pelatihan, 3). Pengalaman, memberi pengaruh negatif terhadap kinerja pegawai negeri sipil. Pada akhirnya pengaruh ini mengakibatkan ketidak mampuan birokrasi menjalankan peran dan fungsinya atau yang disebut dengan istilah Inkonsistensi Birokrasi.

Publicada en el año 2010, la novela Lengua madre, de la escritora cordobesa María Teresa Andruetto, ofrece otro relato sobre la última dictadura argentina, que pone de relieve el problema de la complicidad civil e indirecta con la política represiva sistemática. El rasgo formal que distingue a la novela de Andruetto dentro de la amplia y heterogénea serie literaria sobre el pasado reciente es que el silencio no es ni una estrategia narrativa para decir lo político, ni el mecanismo mediante el cual lo indecible del horror se hace presente. En Lengua madre, el silencio es, paradójicamente, el agente verbador que conduce al presonaje a la indagación del pasado y al lector a preguntarse por la legitimidad de los proyectos brutalmente cancelados con el golpe de Estado de 1976. El objetivo de este ensayo es ofrecer un breve análisis del silencio como personaje que refiere no sólo al acallamiento de las víctimas directas de la represión, sino a la reproducción de comportamientos de clase y género que tangencialmente, en una sociedad atravesada por el terror, fueron copartícipes del accionar dictatorial, incluso desde antes del golpe de Estado. Published in 2012, the novel Lengua madre, by writer María Teresa Andruetto (Córdoba, Argentina), narrates another story about the last Argentine dictatorship, which emphasizes the problem of the indirect civilian complicity with the sistematic suppression of the dictatorial regime. The most distinctive constitutive aspect of this novel within the long and heterogeneous literary series about the recent past is that silence is not a narrative strategy to allow the political indirectly emerge from the text, neither a mechanism for the story to manifest the unspeakable horror of the dictatorship. Paradoxically, in Lengua madre silence is the verbalising agent driving the main character to search into the past, and leading the reader to critically reflect on the legitimacy of the projects that were brutally canceled in 1976. The main purpose of this article is to offer a brief analysis of silence as a narrative form (character) that refers to the way victims were silenced, but also to the class and gender behaviors that, in a society permeated and broken by terror, coparticipated to some extent in the dictatorial suppression, even before the coup d'etat.

After the restoration of Lithuanian independence, the emergence of private ownership, communal land tenure breakup, emerged and began to develop a servitude Law Institute, which is necessary in order to implement the owner's rights under normal cost, even against the will of another owner. The economic value of this Law Institute is also very important. Without servitude is often not possible, for example, to install plumbing or drainage ditch dug in a strange land. In this situation, there is a need to regulate these relations with rules of law and to set the servitudes. Because of the economic relevance of this relationship, not only the legal regulation becomes important, but also very important is the application of the law and interpretation in order to specify the relations between involved subjects' rights and responsibilities, with the associated risks in order to minimize adverse impacts. The research subject of this thesis is the legal regulation of the determining the servitude and its features. In this master thesis there is analyzed the legislation regulating determining the servitude. The main act which regulates the determining the servitude is the Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania, which establishes the concept of servitude, the content, types, determining methods, the end of servitude. Depending on the method of determining the servitude or content, there are analyzed other laws, such as the Land Law of the Republic of Lithuania, the Land Reforms Law of the Republic of Lithuania, the Law of Energy of the Republic of Lithuania and others. So, particular attention is paid to the Lithuanian national legislative analysis, which highlights and underlines state's approach to the restriction of property rights, also reveals the characteristics of this Institute of Law, the legal dispute resolution. Interested society and individuals in order to protect their legitimate rights and interests, very often – public interest, apply to the courts. Therefore, problematic of determining the servitude issue commonly reflected in case law, which is also widely analyzed and evaluated. The aim of this work is systematically to examine and evaluate in the Lithuanian legislation and case law subjected the framework and ways of determining the servitude and associated theoretical and practical problems.

After the restoration of Lithuanian independence, the emergence of private ownership, communal land tenure breakup, emerged and began to develop a servitude Law Institute, which is necessary in order to implement the owner's rights under normal cost, even against the will of another owner. The economic value of this Law Institute is also very important. Without servitude is often not possible, for example, to install plumbing or drainage ditch dug in a strange land. In this situation, there is a need to regulate these relations with rules of law and to set the servitudes. Because of the economic relevance of this relationship, not only the legal regulation becomes important, but also very important is the application of the law and interpretation in order to specify the relations between involved subjects' rights and responsibilities, with the associated risks in order to minimize adverse impacts. The research subject of this thesis is the legal regulation of the determining the servitude and its features. In this master thesis there is analyzed the legislation regulating determining the servitude. The main act which regulates the determining the servitude is the Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania, which establishes the concept of servitude, the content, types, determining methods, the end of servitude. Depending on the method of determining the servitude or content, there are analyzed other laws, such as the Land Law of the Republic of Lithuania, the Land Reforms Law of the Republic of Lithuania, the Law of Energy of the Republic of Lithuania and others. So, particular attention is paid to the Lithuanian national legislative analysis, which highlights and underlines state's approach to the restriction of property rights, also reveals the characteristics of this Institute of Law, the legal dispute resolution. Interested society and individuals in order to protect their legitimate rights and interests, very often – public interest, apply to the courts. Therefore, problematic of determining the servitude issue commonly reflected in case law, which is also widely analyzed and evaluated. The aim of this work is systematically to examine and evaluate in the Lithuanian legislation and case law subjected the framework and ways of determining the servitude and associated theoretical and practical problems.

Hans Joachim Schädlich ist einer der renommiertesten, literarisch bedeutendsten Autoren aus dem Kreis derer, die seit 1976 die DDR verließen. Er war ein Schriftsteller, den man nicht veröffentlichen ließ, und ein bekennender Demokrat, der alle Vorstellungen seiner Intellektuellen-Kollegen, den "realen Sozialismus" vielleicht doch noch reformieren und zum "wahren Sozialismus" machen zu können, für illusionär hielt. Der Gang der deutschen Dinge seit 1989 hat ihn ohne Einschränkung bestätigt. Zur DDR-Literatur wollte und will Schädlich eigentlich nicht gehören - und muß es doch hinnehmen, wenn er zumindest partiell in Kontexten von DDR-Literatur gesehen und analysiert wird, ohne daß jemand auf die Idee käme, seine Texte mit denen von Hermann Kant und Erik Neutsch, ja, nicht einmal mit denen von Christa Wolf und Volker Braun in eins zu setzen. ; In its "Materialien und Ergebnisse" publications the "Institut für kulturwissenschaftliche Deutschlandstudien" (Institute for German Cultural Studies) has focused mostly on broad issues such as the civil rights movement in the GDR (Heft 1), the relationship of GDR-literature to GDR literary criticism (Heft 2), the status of intellectuals after unification and controversies related to German unification (Heft 4), and the attitude of young German writers towards German unification (Heft 11). Nevertheless, studies of pivotal individual writers have had their place in the overall program of the Institute. In Heft 3, Wilfried Grauert showcased his study of Volker Brauns writings in the eighties, in Heft 9, Hans Joachim Schröder analyzed writings of Maxie Wander and Sarah Kirsch, and in this issue of the "Materialien and Ergebnisse", Wolfgang Müller explores Hans Joachim Schädlichs life and works in an extensive interview that he conducted with the writer in 1994, and in two articles he has written on Schädlich, one on Schädlichs poetic and political views, and the other one on Schädlichs 'masterwork' (as Ruth Klüger put it) "Schott". While the interview juxtaposes Schädlichs biography with major politicaldevelopments in the GDR such as the 1953 uprising, the expulsion of Wolf Biermann, the building and the fall of the Berlin Wall, and German unification, the first article explores his aesthetic positions and his views on currenct political events such as the debate about the Stasi and the fusion of the two German PEN Centers and the two Academies of Art. The second article attempts to shedlight on Schädlichs "Schott", one of the most interesting and difficult novels written in Germany after the second World War. It is the story of the hero Schott who explores the vestiges of the Nazi- and Stalinist dictatorships and the possibilities of freedom in a post-dictatorial society, themes which are essential to the overall research project of the Institute.

Статья посвящена содержанию понятия «религиозная свобода» в истории европейской культуры, трудам мыслителей, внесших наиболее существенный вклад в развитие идеи религиозной свободы, и основным этапам драматического пути утверждения этой свободы в европейском менталитете и законодательстве. ; The purpose of the article is to research the concepts "religious freedom" and "freedom of conscience" in the European culture on the basis of the analysis of works of the thinkers who brought the most essential contribution to the development of idea of religious freedom. The basic stages of the dramatic way of setting this freedom in the European society and law are given. The features of the development of the idea of religious freedom according to socio-cultural conditions of concrete national traditions are underlined. In the article the history of the modern concept of the individual and collective right to religious freedom is described. It arose in the course of Reformation and for the first time received legal fixation in self-governing laws of Providence formulated by R.Williams. Ideas of English (J. Lock, J. Milton, E.K.Shaftesbury, J. Toland, E.Collins, D.Defoe, J. Priestley, J. Swift, E.Berk), Anglo-American (R. Williams, W. Penn), French (M. Montaigne, R. Descartes, D. Diderot, J. d"Alembert, F. Voltaire, S. Monteskie, J.-J. Rousseau) and German (M. Luther, G. Lessing, I. Kant) thinkers are analysed. The most essential aspects of religious freedom proved by the European philosophers are marked: the idea of the right of religious freedom as natural and inalienable the idea of toleration in the context of working out of notions on independence of reason and belief, on subjectivity of truth and necessity of internal acceptance of belief the rejection of compulsion in the matters of belief and of persecutions for belief the idea of necessity of the secular state in which creed and civil competency do not depend on each other. In the conclusion the legal embodiment of the idea of freedom of conscience in the legal acts of European countries (in constitutions in the first place), and in the international legislation, which allowed generating the modern standard of religious freedom, is shown. The basic threats on the way of its realisation and a system of effective measures of protection of religious freedom and freedom of conscience are listed.

Les légumineuses fourragères et à graines ont joué un rôle historique important dans la naissance de l'agriculture. Depuis les années 1950, l'effet conjugué de l'intensification des élevages (appuyée par des importations massives de soja par l'Europe), et du soutien politique européen aux productions de céréales et oléagineux (appuyées par une production massive d'engrais azotés élaborés à partir d'énergies fossiles importées) ont réduit la part des légumineuses dans nos agricultures française et européenne. Aujourd'hui, des attentes socio-économiques sont croissantes pour (i) des systèmes de production végétale et animale plus durables prenant en compte les coûts des intrants et les impacts environnementaux, et (ii) pour une traçabilité et sécurité alimentaire des produits consommés. Ce contexte nouveau est favorable au développement des légumineuses qui présentent, (i) pour les producteurs l'atout d'une capacité à fixer l'azote atmosphérique par une symbiose avec des bactéries rhizobiacées et celui d'une bonne insertion technique des différents systèmes de culture, et (ii) pour les utilisateurs humains ou animaux, l'atout d'une production de protéines de bonne valeur nutritionnelle. Ce développement qui contribuera à davantage d'autonomie de l'UE pour les ressources en protéines, nécessitera une forte coordination des décideurs politiques avec les acteurs de la filière et ceux de la société civile. ; Forage and grain legumes played a key role in history of agriculture. Since the 1950s, the joint effect of animal production intensification (helped by massive import of soybean by Europe), and of the political support of Europe to cereals and oil seed crops (helped by a massive industry of nitrogen fertilizers which uses fossil energy) have reduced the contribution of legumes in European and French agricultures. New socio-economic demands now increase for (i) sustainable crop and animal production systems, taking into account inputs costs and environmental impacts, and (ii) for a traceability and food and feed security. The new context is favourable to an increase of forage and grain legumes acreage because of their ability to symbiotically fix dinitrogen with Rhizobium bacteria, of their favourable insertion in sustainable cropping systems and of their high nutritional value for animals and humans. This take-off which contribute to a higher autonomy of EU for protein resources, requires a strong coordination of different stakeholders, including research, seed and processing industries, policy-makers and society.

Les légumineuses fourragères et à graines ont joué un rôle historique important dans la naissance de l'agriculture. Depuis les années 1950, l'effet conjugué de l'intensification des élevages (appuyée par des importations massives de soja par l'Europe), et du soutien politique européen aux productions de céréales et oléagineux (appuyées par une production massive d'engrais azotés élaborés à partir d'énergies fossiles importées) ont réduit la part des légumineuses dans nos agricultures française et européenne. Aujourd'hui, des attentes socio-économiques sont croissantes pour (i) des systèmes de production végétale et animale plus durables prenant en compte les coûts des intrants et les impacts environnementaux, et (ii) pour une traçabilité et sécurité alimentaire des produits consommés. Ce contexte nouveau est favorable au développement des légumineuses qui présentent, (i) pour les producteurs l'atout d'une capacité à fixer l'azote atmosphérique par une symbiose avec des bactéries rhizobiacées et celui d'une bonne insertion technique des différents systèmes de culture, et (ii) pour les utilisateurs humains ou animaux, l'atout d'une production de protéines de bonne valeur nutritionnelle. Ce développement qui contribuera à davantage d'autonomie de l'UE pour les ressources en protéines, nécessitera une forte coordination des décideurs politiques avec les acteurs de la filière et ceux de la société civile. ; Forage and grain legumes played a key role in history of agriculture. Since the 1950s, the joint effect of animal production intensification (helped by massive import of soybean by Europe), and of the political support of Europe to cereals and oil seed crops (helped by a massive industry of nitrogen fertilizers which uses fossil energy) have reduced the contribution of legumes in European and French agricultures. New socio-economic demands now increase for (i) sustainable crop and animal production systems, taking into account inputs costs and environmental impacts, and (ii) for a traceability and food and feed security. The new context is favourable to an increase of forage and grain legumes acreage because of their ability to symbiotically fix dinitrogen with Rhizobium bacteria, of their favourable insertion in sustainable cropping systems and of their high nutritional value for animals and humans. This take-off which contribute to a higher autonomy of EU for protein resources, requires a strong coordination of different stakeholders, including research, seed and processing industries, policy-makers and society.

Heir's responsibility for debts of the succession is in Lithuania one of the most problematical sphere of the inheritance law. It takes still not enough notice of this law's institute. It lacks literature, which is approachable for any member of the society, who comes across negative effects of inheritance or who wants escape them. Many people think, that when they accept a succession, they accept just assets. But situation is different – they are obliged to pay the debts of the succession too, because Lithuania like and other in this work analyzed continental law countries, recognizes unlimited heir's responsibility, which can be limit to the extent of the value of the property of the succession. The people know little about the possibility to limit their responsibility for the devisor's debts when they make an inventory. It's not good, because a law's measure like this was brought in our Civil Code in 2001. It passed eight jears, but today we still don't have exhaustive works on this theme. This method of the succession acceptance still lacks of consideration of the law scientists and practitioners. We don't have laws, which detail content of the inventory and explain where the inventory may be consulted by persons concerned too. The legislator must do something not just in this law's sphere. He must take more notice of the acceptance of succession, when the heir takes possession in fact of the property of the succession too. The possession in fact of the property of the succession is the most problematical method of the succession acceptance. Today the heir, who accepts the succession in this method, has a period of three months for the renunciation of succession from the death of the testator, when he, for example, finds out that debts of the deceased are greater than his assets. It must be the same regulation in this law's sphere and it needs to determine, that when the heir accepts the succession in any method, which is recognized in Lithuania, such his act must be don't recall and final. That can help to escape the violation of interests of the creditors and coheirs and waste of the deceased's property.

Heir's responsibility for debts of the succession is in Lithuania one of the most problematical sphere of the inheritance law. It takes still not enough notice of this law's institute. It lacks literature, which is approachable for any member of the society, who comes across negative effects of inheritance or who wants escape them. Many people think, that when they accept a succession, they accept just assets. But situation is different – they are obliged to pay the debts of the succession too, because Lithuania like and other in this work analyzed continental law countries, recognizes unlimited heir's responsibility, which can be limit to the extent of the value of the property of the succession. The people know little about the possibility to limit their responsibility for the devisor's debts when they make an inventory. It's not good, because a law's measure like this was brought in our Civil Code in 2001. It passed eight jears, but today we still don't have exhaustive works on this theme. This method of the succession acceptance still lacks of consideration of the law scientists and practitioners. We don't have laws, which detail content of the inventory and explain where the inventory may be consulted by persons concerned too. The legislator must do something not just in this law's sphere. He must take more notice of the acceptance of succession, when the heir takes possession in fact of the property of the succession too. The possession in fact of the property of the succession is the most problematical method of the succession acceptance. Today the heir, who accepts the succession in this method, has a period of three months for the renunciation of succession from the death of the testator, when he, for example, finds out that debts of the deceased are greater than his assets. It must be the same regulation in this law's sphere and it needs to determine, that when the heir accepts the succession in any method, which is recognized in Lithuania, such his act must be don't recall and final. That can help to escape the violation of interests of the creditors and coheirs and waste of the deceased's property.

This study was designed to find general characteristics of Contemporary Turkish political Elites since 1995 up to date. Social background characteristics were employed to realise the purposes. Documentary and historical research techniques were used during the study. As a result of examining the Contemporary Turkish political elites (since 1995 up to 2005) these major findings were discovered: the large majority of the Turkish parliamentary elites were well educated, male, middle aged, married and with a small family size. Also, more than 25 percent of Turkish Elites are trader and businessmen. Moreover the size of the groups of lawyers, civil bureaucrats and managers, educators and free professions was also meaningful.Contemporary Turkish political elites have exhibited an elitist character as compared with Turkish society, but this elitist character and male domination has begun to change in recent years. Keywords: Democracy, Elite, Elite Theory, Power, Turkish Elites, Turkish Political Elites, Contemporary Turkish Political Elites ; Elitler, yalnızca toplumsal konumları bakımından karar verme sürecine en yakın durumda bulunmazlar, aynı zamanda karar verme sürecini yönlendirme ve şekillendirme araçlarını da ellerinde bulundururlar. Toplumun geneline yönelik olarak alınan kararlar hep elitlerin, özellikle de anahtar elitler olarak tanımlanan elit gruplarının damgasını taşır. Türk siyasal hayatının ayrılmaz bir parçası olan Türk siyasi elitlerinin toplumsal özgeçmişlerinin incelenmesi ve sosyal anatomilerinin ortaya konması, yalnızca Türk toplumunun iktidar yapısını daha iyi anlaşılması açısından değil, aynı şekilde ülkemizde yaşanan bir çok sosyal ve siyasi gelişmelerin değerlendirmesinin daha objektif bir şekilde yapılabilmesi için de büyük önem taşır.Bu çalışmada, toplumsal yapı içinde stratejik konumları işgal eden elitler teorik açıdan incelendikten sonra son 3 dönem (20. Dönem-1995, 21. Dönem-1999, 22. Dönem-2002)'de Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi (TBMM) çatısı altında görev yapmış/yapmakta olan Türk siyasi elitleri incelendi. Söz konusu elit grubu özellikle yaş, cinsiyet, mesleksel özgeçmiş, eğitim düzeyi ve görülen eğitimin türü gibi sosyal faktörler açısından ele alındı. Çalışmanın sonuçları, Günümüz Türk siyasi elitlerinin orta ve ortanın üstü yaşta, üniversite mezunu, sivil bürokrasi-yönetici ve hukukçu kökenli, evli erkeklerin, egemen olduğu bir elit grubu olduğu gerçeğini ortyaya koymaktadır. Türk toplumunun genel durumu ile kıyaslandığında, Günümüz Türk siyasi elitlerinin, elitist bir görünüm sergilediği kolaylıkla söylenebilir. Bununla birlikte, bu elitist görünüm, her geçen gün azalma eğilimi göstermektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Demokrasi, Elit, Elit Teorisi, İktidar, Türk Elitleri, Türk Siyasi Elitleri, Günümüz Türk Siyasi Elitleri.

Este artículo partirá de las acciones paramilitares en el sector urbano de Altos de Cazucá, comuna 4 del municipio de Soacha en Cundinamarca. Allí, grupos paramilitares a través del uso de la fuerza, la amenaza y también la persuasión sobre la comunidad han ganado el control territorial disputado a otros actores armados. En este contexto, la población civil de la periferia de Bogotá y los municipios aledaños han sido blanco de grupos armados que luego de su incursión pretenden imponer su orden en aquellos lugares. En estas disputas, la población joven ha sido uno de los sectores sociales más afectados. Este artículo pretende mostrar que el control territorial que ejercen los actores paramilitares está supeditado a la intención de establecer un orden social, con una percepción sobre los jóvenes en la que coinciden además las instituciones del Estado y algunos habitantes de la comunidad. No obstante, lo que varía son los actos para ubicarlos en el orden social propio de quien ejerce el control. Palabras clave: paramilitarismo en Bogotá, jóvenes, agentes criminales, control territorial y orden social. ABSTRACT The following article will focus on the actions of paramilitary groups in the urban zone called "Altos de Cazuca", the 4th commune of Soacha, Cundinamarca. These groups have managed to control the whole area against other armed forces through the use of force and menacing. The population living in Bogota's outskirts and in its surrounding towns have been the target of different armed groups, such as paramilitaries and guerrillas, which, after settling in the territory, seek to impose their order in those places. There, young people have been deeply wounded by this conflict. This paper intends to evidence how the authority exerted by armed groups on the territory is tied to the purpose of establishing a common social rule in which the perception of the young community –those who must be fitted into society– is shared by the paramilitaries, the government institutions and by some members of the community. However, the only real variations are the actions taken to arrange them into the social order defined by the ruling power. Keywords: paramilitaries in Bogotá, youngsters, criminal agents, territorial control and social order.

Este artículo partirá de las acciones paramilitares en el sector urbano de Altos de Cazucá, comuna 4 del municipio de Soacha en Cundinamarca. Allí, grupos paramilitares a través del uso de la fuerza, la amenaza y también la persuasión sobre la comunidad han ganado el control territorial disputado a otros actores armados. En este contexto, la población civil de la periferia de Bogotá y los municipios aledaños han sido blanco de grupos armados que luego de su incursión pretenden imponer su orden en aquellos lugares. En estas disputas, la población joven ha sido uno de los sectores sociales más afectados. Este artículo pretende mostrar que el control territorial que ejercen los actores paramilitares está supeditado a la intención de establecer un orden social, con una percepción sobre los jóvenes en la que coinciden además las instituciones del Estado y algunos habitantes de la comunidad. No obstante, lo que varía son los actos para ubicarlos en el orden social propio de quien ejerce el control. Palabras clave: paramilitarismo en Bogotá, jóvenes, agentes criminales, control territorial y orden social. ABSTRACT The following article will focus on the actions of paramilitary groups in the urban zone called "Altos de Cazuca", the 4th commune of Soacha, Cundinamarca. These groups have managed to control the whole area against other armed forces through the use of force and menacing. The population living in Bogota's outskirts and in its surrounding towns have been the target of different armed groups, such as paramilitaries and guerrillas, which, after settling in the territory, seek to impose their order in those places. There, young people have been deeply wounded by this conflict. This paper intends to evidence how the authority exerted by armed groups on the territory is tied to the purpose of establishing a common social rule in which the perception of the young community –those who must be fitted into society– is shared by the paramilitaries, the government institutions and by some members of the community. However, the only real variations are the actions taken to arrange them into the social order defined by the ruling power. Keywords: paramilitaries in Bogotá, youngsters, criminal agents, territorial control and social order.

"Germany, The United Kingdom and the United States are countries with high numbers of
immigration and an increasing number of migrants who obtain the citizenship of the host
country. Besides controlling migration inflows strong institutions of integration are needed.
Policy makers in all three countries are discussing potential instruments for a better
understanding of the rights and responsibilities that come with naturalization, how basic
information on the political system, the state and society can be conveyed and how a
feeling of belonging to the host nation can be encouraged. These aspects are central
points of a larger complex, which could be called a culture of integration. In the United
States this culture of integration and naturalization has a long tradition: citizenship
courses and citizenship tests are to ensure that naturalization applicants receive civic
education; through "civil religion" and an almost holy significance of the American nation
for the individual, a strong patriotism and a feeling of national loyalty expressed by
symbols, celebrations and festival days Americans and immigrants are united beyond
ethnic belonging or different religious denominations. This strong patriotism is passed on
by national institutions (schools, army) and in everyday life. The significance of belonging
and identifying with the United States is also expressed in very festive naturalization
ceremonies. Even if organised as large-scale events the naturalization ceremonies still
have collective and binding effects. Naturalization in the United States is very much seen
as a step in the integration process, not as its completion. Access to American citizenship
consequently is relatively easy. In the United Kingdom policy makers are also discussing
ways of making the acquisition of citizenship more valuable. The currently applied "mail
order approach" will be reformed. Naturalization ceremonies are planned to give added
significance to naturalization. The wording of the current oath of allegiance will be
modified to a more modern citizenship pledge. Germany is also rethinking its traditional
approach to naturalization. With the reform of the Citizenship Law in 2000 it was made
easier for immigrants to acquire the German citizenship. As part of the development of a
new culture of integration, including a nation-wide integration program, the symbolic side
of naturalization is promoted by introducing naturalization ceremonies. They are meant as
a gesture of welcome and can be understood as an offer to identify as part of a new
German nation."[author´s abstract]