Suchergebnisse

Freedom of Movement for Workers in the European Union is one of the most attractive topics during the accession of new states to the membership of the European Union. Free movement of workers allows citizens of the Member States to look for new and better working conditions within the borders of the European Union. Free movement of workers was the subject of the second chapter of the accession negotiations between Croatia and the European Union. To enable not only its own citizens, but also the citizens of other EU Member States to move freely, Croatia had to adjust relevant legislation and tailor the governing systems in the state. The changes that were necessary within the Croatian legislation in order to fully align it with the acquis were connected to non-discrimination policies towards migrant workers. It was necessary to put in effort towards changing and adapting legislation and developing administrative abilities for coordination of social security systems. In addition, it was necessary to join the EURES network and introduce European Health Insurance Card. The government bodies in charge of supervising the free movement of workers in the sense of the social security are the Croatian Pension Insurance Institute, the Croatian Health Insurance Fund and the Croatian Employment Service.

Nettopositionen der Mitgliedstaaten gegenüber dem Haushalt der Europäischen Union (EU) können auf verschiedene Weise berechnet werden. Die Europäische Kommission weist mit dem Berichtsjahr 2020 die von ihr ermittelten Werte nicht mehr aus. Das kann zu Missverständnissen führen.

This report presents essential public health information to support countries in choosing sound investments in health. It should encourage the successful implementation of effective health system reforms and policies, and help countries improve their health systems performance to provide efficient, patient-centred, high-quality health care. The annex provides some of the data used in the analysis

The literature identifies three key factors that shape attitudes towards immigration: socio-economic uncertainty, ideology and the institutional framework. The aim of this article is to take a closer look at the differences in trade union members' attitudes to immigration and the factors that determine them. We test three hypotheses by addressing three questions. First, what are the differences between the attitudes of trade union members and non-members with regard to immigration? Second, how are attitudes affected by material socio-economic variables? Third, how do different institutional frameworks and contexts affect trade union members' attitudes? We conclude that attitudes can be explained by the interaction between economic and ideological variables. This has important implications for trade union strategies geared towards the integration of migrant workers. La littérature specialisée identifie trois facteurs clé qui déterminent les attitudes vis-à-vis de l'immigration: les incertitudes socio-économiques, l'idéologie et le cadre institutionnel. Le but de cet article est d'examiner de plus près les différences dans les attitudes des syndiqués à l'égard de l'immigration et les facteurs qui déterminent ces différences. Nous testons trois hypothèses en examinant trois questions. Primo, quelles sont les différences entre les attitudes des syndiqués et des non-syndiqués à l'égard de l'immigration? Secundo, comment ces attitudes sont-elles affectées par des variables socio-économiques significatives? Tertio, comment des cadres et des contextes institutionnels différents affectent-t-ils les attitudes des syndiqués? Nous concluons que les attitudes peuvent s'expliquer par l'interaction entre des variables économiques et idéologiques. Cela a d'importantes conséquences pour les stratégies syndicales visant l'intégration des travailleurs migrants. In der Fachliteratur werden drei Schlüsselfaktoren genannt, die die Einstellungen zur Immigration beeinflussen: sozioökonomische Unsicherheit, Ideologie und institutionelle Rahmenbedingungen. Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Unterschiede in den Einstellungen von Gewerkschaftsmitgliedern zur Zuwanderung und die entscheidenden Faktoren dafür. Wir überprüfen drei Hypothesen anhand von drei Fragestellungen: Welche Unterschiede bestehen zwischen den Einstellungen von Gewerkschaftsmitgliedern und nicht gewerkschaftlich organisierten Arbeitnehmern zur Immigration? Welchen Einfluss haben materielle sozioökonomische Variablen auf diese Einstellungen? Und wie wirken sich verschiedene institutionelle Rahmenbedingungen auf die Einstellungen von Gewerkschaftsmitgliedern aus? Wir gelangen zu dem Schluss, dass sich die Einstellungen aus der Interaktion wirtschaftlicher und ideologischer Variablen ergeben. Diese Erkenntnis hat bedeutende Folgen für die Gewerkschaftsstrategien zur Integration von Wanderarbeitnehmern.

La crisis ha erosionado de manera acelerada la legitimidad democrática que tradicionalmente había disfrutado el proceso de integración europea. El intento actual de reforzar la vinculación política entre los ciudadanos y la toma de decisiones en la Unión Europea resulta no solo complicado, sino también arriesgado. Dadas las dificultades para una solución federalizante de refuerzo de las instituciones comunes, se puede optar por hacer descansar más la rendición de cuentas en los parlamentos nacionales, pero ese puede producir importantes desigualdades políticas en prejuicio de los Estados considerados deudores, entre los que se encuentran España.

INTRODUCTION: Mobile health (mHealth) is now considered an important approach to extend traditional health services and to meet the growing medical needs. The prescribability of mHealth applications is a complex problem because it depends on a large number of factors and concerns a wide range of disciplines and actors in the industrial, health, normative, and regulatory domains. OBJECTIVE: Our study correlated data from the scientific literature with data on regulatory developments in the United States, the European Union, and France with the aim of identifying the conditions for the prescription of mHealth applications. METHODS: The search method adopted was the systematic literature review process by Brereton et al. All empirical evidence from the relevant fields of study was gathered and then evaluated to answer our predefined research questions. The WoS and PubMed databases were queried for the period between 1 January 1975 and 30 November 2020. A total of 165 articles (15 with a direct focus and 150 with an indirect focus on mHealth prescribing) were analyzed/cross-referenced. The ScienceDirect database was consulted to complement the collected data when needed. Data published by international and national regulatory bodies were analyzed in light of the scientific data obtained from the WoS, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases. RESULTS: The International Medical Device Regulators Forum has ensured the international structuring of the regulatory field in collaboration with participating countries. The creation and updating of databases have allowed the tracking of medical device versions/upgrades and incidents. The regulatory organizations of the United States, the European Union, and France are currently consulting healthcare personnel, manufacturers, and patients to establish evaluation criteria for usability and quality of instructions for use that take into consideration patients' level of literacy. These organizations are also providing support to manufacturers who wish to file marketing applications. ...

This paper studies whether political budget cycles occur in public procurement in the European Union. Using project- level data from Tenders Electronic Daily (2008-2018), I analyze different steps along the procurement process, namely the publication of the contract notice, the awarding of the contract, and the completion of the project. While there is no evidence of an increased activity in project completions, I find an increase in public procurement contract notices and awards prior to national parliamentary elections. This effect is more pronounced for visible and labor-intensive projects and can be interpreted as a "credible election promise", as the budget for the project is only committed at the time of the award and not spent yet.

With growing urbanization cities become hotspots for nutrients. Food items are imported, and food residues, including excreta and not-eaten food, are often exported to landfill sites and water bodies. However, urban sanitation systems can be designed to achieve a high degree of nutrient recovery and food security while counteracting current nutrient resources depletion, environmental degradation, and wasteful energy use. This article illustrates how an extended solid waste hierarchy also including human excreta and wastewater can guide actions to save and recover phosphorus (P) by the three sectors: food industry, households, and waste utilities. P use in diets and agricultural production is not part of the analysis, despite the potential to save P. Novel systems thinking and material flow analysis show that waste prevention can replace over 40% of mined P presently used for making fertilizers. Reuse and recycling of P in excreta and food waste can replace another 15–30%, depending on P efficiency from mine to plate. Keeping excreta separated from other wastewater facilitates such measure. Incineration and land filling are deemed the least appropriate measures since mainly P is recovered in the ashes. The European Union (EU) waste management policy is analyzed for real barriers and opportunities for this approach. The EU Parliament policy guidelines were watered down in the EU Commission's Directives, and today most biowastes are still being landfilled or incinerated instead of recovered. An anticipated overcapacity of incineration plants in Europe threatens to attract all combustible materials and therefore, irrevocably, reduce nutrient recovery. On the other hand, reduced generation and enhanced recovery can delay exhaustion of P resources by several centuries and simultaneously reduce environmental degradation.

The eleventh annual session of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Administrative Council was held in Geneva from April 25 to May 19, 1956 under the chairmanship of Mohamed Nazir Mirza (Pakistan). The Council decided on a tentative program of ITU conferences which included 1) the Plenipotentiary Conference and the Administrative Radio Conference, to be held together in 1959; and 2) the Administrative Telephone and Telegraph Conference, to be held in Geneva toward the end of 1958, with the final dates to be set by the Plenary Assemblies in September and December of 1956.