We study several tests for the coefficient of the single right-hand-side endogenous variable in a linear equation estimated by instrumental variables. We show that writing all the test statistics—Student's t, Anderson-Rubin, the LM statistic of Kleibergen and Moreira (K), and likelihood ratio (LR)—as functions of six random quantities leads to a number of interesting results about the properties of the tests under weakinstrument asymptotics. We then propose several new procedures for bootstrapping the three non-exact test statistics and also a new conditional bootstrap version of the LR test. These use more efficient estimates of the parameters of the reduced-form equation than existing procedures. When the best of these new procedures is used, both the K and conditional bootstrap LR tests have excellent performance under the null. However, power considerations suggest that the latter is probably the method of choice.
On the basis of survey data, this article puts into perspective the thesis of a new anti-Semitism based on the diabolisation of Israel and Zionism and carried by a radical and third-mondist extreme left. In France, the reported anti-Semitic opinions are rather declining, the opposition to anti-Jewish acts is increasing, and it is always on the extreme right of the political sphere that the proportion and progression of Jewish opinions is most pronounced. ; With help of information collected from surveys, this article puts into perspective the theory of a new anti-Semitism, based on the demonisation of Israel and Zionism, conveyed by the far extreme left and the supporters of the Third World. In France, expressed anti- Semite opinions are losing ground while the disapproval of acts against the Jews is growing. It is still in the far extreme right that the number and the progression of anti-Semite opinions are the most important. ; On the basis of survey data, this article puts into perspective the thesis of a new anti-Semitism based on the diabolisation of Israel and Zionism and carried by a radical and third-mondist extreme left. In France, the reported anti-Semitic opinions are rather declining, the opposition to anti-Jewish acts is increasing, and it is always on the extreme right of the political sphere that the proportion and progression of Jewish opinions is most pronounced. ; À partir de données de sondage, cet article relativise la thèse d'un nouvel antisémitisme fondé sur la diabolisation d'Israël et du sionisme et porté par une extrême gauche radicale et tiers-mondiste. En France, les opinions antisémites déclarées sont plutôt en recul, la réprobation envers les actes antijuifs va croissant, et c'est toujours à l'extrême droite du champ politique que la proportion et la progression des opinions judéophobes sont le plus marquées.
The question of how word morphology is coded and retrieved during visual word recognition has given rise to a large number of empirical studies. The results, however, do not enable one to decide between alternative models of morphological representation and processing. It is argued in this paper that the contrast between pseudoprefixed words and non-prefixed control words can provide an empirical basis for deciding between hypotheses of morphology representation as sublexical or lexical. This contrast has been used in the three lexical decision experiments reported here, which show that decision times for pseudoprefixed words are significantly slower than for non-prefixed control words. This pseudoprefixation effect strongly supports the hypothesis that morphology is coded and processed sublexically during word recognition. The experimental conditions employed allow both strategic and strictly orthographic explanations for the pseudoprefixation effect to be dismissed.
International audience ; C'est en 1909, sous le regard bienveillant de Winston Churchill, alors Président du Board of Trade, que les Conseils lndustriels (Trades Boards), ancêtres des Conseils des Salaires (Wages Councils), voient le jour. La législation vise avant tout à réduire l'exploitation salariale, qui dans certains secteurs de l'industrie britannique, est devenue insupportable. En effet, malgré une soumission ancienne et presque totale à un système économique ultra‑libéral, l'opinion publique est bouleversée par de nombreuses révélations tout à fait scandaleuses sur les conditions de vie endurées par les ouvriers les moins bien rémunérés de l'industrie britannique et se montre de plus en plus hostile au " sweating system "1. Celui-ci réunit toutes les conditions propres à créer une insuffisance flagrante du niveau de vie des travailleurs, et se manifeste principalement par des conditions de travail insalubres et dangereuses, un nombre d'heures de travail excessif et des salaires anormalement bas. A première vue, le discours politique consacré à la fixation de salaires minima n'a pas évolué. En 1909, les uns craignent que ces minima n'aient des effets délétères sur le chômage et la compétitivité de l'industrie dans son ensemble. Les autres revendiquent le droit de chaque travailleur, en vertu de sa participation à la communauté, à un salaire équitable et juste. Ils prétendent en outre que l'avilissement des salaires n'aura d'autre effet que de pervertir la compétition commerciale. Si aujourd'hui, les diverses aides sociales parviennent à atténuer sensiblement les méfaits des bas salaires, ce n'est pas pour autant que le terme " sweated labour " est tombé en désuétude. Il en va de même pour les Conseils des Salaires qui continuent à établir les salaires horaires minima pour les travailleurs employés dans vingt-quatre secteurs d'activité de l'industrie britannique. Depuis sa création, ce système de fixation par ordonnances ministérielles de salaires minima n'a subi aucune modification en profondeur. On ...
[PT] Em este texto oferece-se uma introdução ao número especial sobre arqueologia contemporânea desde uma perspectiva ibérica. Põe-se a ênfase em dois temas comuns: a violência política e a transformação do mundo rural. O número entende-se como um convite ao diálogo e colaboração entre arqueólogos trabalhando no sul da Europa e na América do Sul, regiões que sofreram processos históricos em muitos sentidos semelhantes. ; [EN] The present text is an introduction to the special issue in contemporary archaeology from an Iberian perspective, which puts emphasis on two common themes: political violence and the transformation of the rural world. This issue is understood as an invitation to dialogue and collaboration between archaeologists working in southern Europe and in South America, which suffered historical processes similar in many ways ; [ES] En este texto se ofrece una introducción al número especial sobre arqueología contemporánea desde una perspectiva ibérica. Se pone énfasis en dos temas comunes: la violencia política y la transformación del mundo rural. Este número se entiende como una invitación al diálogo y la colaboración entre arqueólogos que trabajan en el sur de Europa y en Sudamérica, regiones que han sufrido procesos históricos en muchos sentidos semejantes
International audience Practices of outdoor illumination have dramatically changed in the last decades as functional lighting has progressively given way to a more qualitative vision of light. Its traditional role for security purposes has been progressively matched by the use of illumination for city beautification. This is now a major consideration for new lighting strategies. As a result, a growing number of European cities explicitly include the development of nocturnal tourism among the objectives of their lighting policies. However, little attention has been paid by academic research to this growing trend. Focusing on the internationally renowned lighting project " Ruta de los Rios de Luz " this research paper explores the use of lighting design for tourism purposes. Through interviews with individuals who played an important role in the project, the discussion below scrutinizes the lighting design decisions and the economic, environmental and political objectives that inspire the growing utilization of spectacular forms of illumination for tourism purposes.
Short circuits currently seem to be in a proven institutionalisation phase, in particular due to the increasing positioning of public policies and multi-scaled and inter-sectoral networking of actors. The number of observatories is increasing: we are studying the one set up by the PACA Regional Council. Using an approach based on the analysis framework of Elinor Ostrom, we identify the impact of this observatory on the capacity of actors and participants to develop rules that resolve the social dilemmas linked to the key resource of the system: visibility, both produced and consumed within the observatory. ; Les circuits courts semblent à l'heure actuelle dans une phase d'institutionnalisation avérée, en particulier du fait du positionnement croissant des politiques publiques et des mises en réseau multi-scalaires et inter-sectorielles des acteurs. Les observatoires se multiplient : nous étudions celui mis en place par le Conseil Régional PACA. À travers une approche inspirée du cadre d'analyse d'Elinor Ostrom, nous identifions l'impact de cet observatoire sur la capacité des acteurs et participants à faire émerger des règles qui résolvent les dilemmes sociaux liés à la ressource clef du système : la visibilité, à la fois produite et consommée au sein de l'observatoire.
446 459 50 3 ; S ; Acosta M., Azagra-Caro J. M. and Coronado D. Access to universities' public knowledge: who is more regionalist?, Regional Studies. This paper tracks university-to-firm patent citations rather than the more usual patent-to-patent or paper-to-patent citations. It explains regional and non-regional citations as a function of firms' absorptive capacity and universities' production capacity in the region rather than explaining citations as a function of distance between citing and cited regions. Using a dataset of European Union regions for the years 1997-2007, it is found that fostering university research and development (R&D) capacity increases the attractiveness of the local university's knowledge base to firms in the region, but also reduces wider searches for university knowledge. Increasing the absorptive capacity of local business encourages firms to access university knowledge from outside the region. This research was extended with funding from Project 2091 of the Polytechnic University of Valencia, Project number 201010I004 of the CSIC and by the Junta de Andalucia [project number P08-SEJ-03981]. Acosta, M.; Azagra Caro, JM.; Coronado, D. (2016). Access to Universities' Public Knowledge: Who is More Regionalist?. Regional Studies. 50(3):446-459. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2014.923094
Context-sensitive rewriting (CSR) is a variant of rewriting where only selected arguments of function symbols can be rewritten. Consequently, the subterm positions of a term are classified as either active, i.e., positions of subterms that can be rewritten; or frozen, i.e., positions that cannot. Frozen positions can be used to denote subexpressions whose evaluation is delayed or just forbidden. A typical example is the if-then-else operator whose second and third arguments are not evaluated until the evaluation of the first argument yields either true or false. Imposing replacement restrictions can improve the termination behavior of rewriting-based computational systems. Termination of CSR has been investigated by several authors and a number of automatic tools are able to prove it. In this paper, we analyze how frozen subterms affect termination of CSR. This analysis helps us to improve our context-sensitive dependency pair (CS-DP) framework for automatically proving termination of CSR. We have implemented these improvements in our tool MU-TERM. The experiments show the power of the improvements in practice. Gutiérrez Gil, R.; Lucas Alba, S. (2015). Function Calls at Frozen Positions in Termination of Context-Sensitive Rewriting. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/50750
Centres of Excellence are a new and important orientation in school policies. They aim to promote the success of pupils who are motivated but do not benefit from a favourable social or family environment to develop their potential. The internship scheme should enable these young people to work under good conditions and to have appropriate mentoring throughout the day. It can be seen as a very intensive and proactive form of priority education. The Sourdun boarding school was the first to open its doors in early 2009. It was followed by another 44 places, with the result that 4 173 places were available in the boarding school of excellence at the start of 2012. The budgetary commitment of this policy, which is concentrated on a relatively small number of pupils, justifies the efforts made to evaluate it. ; Les internats d'excellence constituent une orientation nouvelle et importante au sein des politiques scolaires. Ils visent à promouvoir la réussite d'élèves motivés, mais qui ne bénéficient pas d'un environnement social ou familial favorable pour développer leur potentiel. Le régime de l'internat doit permettre à ces jeunes de travailler dans de bonnes conditions et de bénéficier d'un encadrement adapté tout au long de la journée. On peut y voir une forme très intensive et volontariste de l'éducation prioritaire. L'internat de Sourdun est le premier à avoir ouvert ses portes, à la rentrée 2009. Il a été suivi par 44 autres, si bien que 4 173 places étaient disponibles en internat d'excellence à la rentrée 2012. L'engagement budgétaire dont cette politique bénéficie, concentré sur un nombre relativement faible d'élèves, justifié les efforts mis en oeuvre pour l'évaluer.
in this work, we examine the role of the syntax projection of the Number in relation to the distribution of adjectives in NSAs whose head is either a quality name or an activity name. We propose a separate analysis and syntax representation for each of the three adjectival but up to date posts. ; Dans ce travail, nous examinons le rôle de la projection syntaxique du Nombre vis-à-vis de la distribution des adjectifs dans les SN dont la tête est soit un nom de qualité, soit un nom d'activité. Nous proposons une analyse ainsi qu'une représentation syntaxique distincte pour chacun des trois emplois adjectivaux mais à jour.
The Duvergerian agenda aims to predict the results and explain the mecanic and psychological effects of voting methods. It comprises two approaches: on the one hand, the "micro" approach, which makes it possible to grasp the psychological effects and strategic considerations underlying them; on the other hand, the "macro" approach, which aims to use institutional variables (and in particular the small magnitude) to predict the number and size of the parties and the ecart between the distribution of votes and the distribution of sieges. This contribution deals only with the 'macro' aspect of the Duvergerian agenda. It gives a synthetic view of the 'State of art' and reflects the issues raised and more specific to those that can now be considered as resoluted. ; L'agenda duvergerien a pour objectif de predire les resultats et d'expliciter les effets mecaniques et psychologiques des modes de scrutin. Il comprend deux approches : d'une part, l'approche « micro », qui permet de saisir les effets psychologiques et les considerations d'ordre strategique qui en decoulent ; d'autre part, l'approche « macro » qui vise a utiliser les variables institutionnelles (et en particulier la faible magnitude) pour predire le nombre et la taille des partis et l'ecart entre la distribution des voix et la distribution des sieges. Cette contribution traite du seul aspect « macro » de l'agenda duvergerien. Elle donne une vue synthetique de « l'etat de l'art », rend compte des questions soulevees et plus precisement de celles que l'on peut aujourd'hui considerer comme resolues.
In this article we study the nominal possessive term of Hungarian, paying particular attention to the pronoms used as possessors. They have significant property not to bear plural marks, whereas their phrastic equivalents necessarily present one. At the same time, the flexion possessive of the possessive nominal words of which the possessor is pronominal is different from that which characterises the nominal word combinations possessive to nominal possessive by the fact that it expresses the number. Our analysis shows that the morphological properties of prongs make this type of flexion necessary, and that the choice of the paradigm of agreement makes it possible to explain the dialectal variations observed in the dislocation phenomena of the possessor. ; Dans cet article, nous étudions le syntagme nominal possessif du hongrois, en prêtant une attention particulière aux pronoms qui y sont employés comme possesseurs. Ceux-ci disposent en effet de la propriété notable de ne pas être munis de marque de pluriel, alors que leurs équivalents en contexte phrastique en présentent nécessairement une. Parallèlement, la flexion possessive des syntagmes nominaux possessivés dont le possesseur est pronominal se distingue de celle qui caractérise les syntagmes nominaux possessivés à possesseur nominal par le fait qu'elle exprime le nombre. Notre analyse montre que les propriétés morphologiques des pronoms rendent nécessaire ce type de flexion, et que le choix du paradigme d'accord permet d'expliquer les variations dialectales observées dans les phénomènes de dislocation du possesseur.
E in two administrative regions, Haute-Normandy and Lower Normandy, which is fragmented into a number of different parts of my premises, the Normandy must now come back to Paris, in the new context of the European Union. The method helps here to ask fundamental questions. ; International audience Normandy is split in two administrative regions, Upper and Lower Normandy; the status of the region, which is made up of a number of local jurisdictions, should be redefined today in relation to Paris within the new framework of the European union. Modelling serves to illustrate major issues. ; E in two administrative regions, Haute-Normandy and Lower Normandy, which is fragmented into a number of different parts of my premises, the Normandy must now come back to Paris, in the new context of the European Union. The method helps here to ask fundamental questions. ; Éclatée en deux régions administratives, Haute- et Basse-Normandie, fragmentée en plusieurs systèmes locaux, la Normandie doit aujourd' hui redéfinir sa place par rapport à Paris, dans le nouveau contexte de l'Union européenne. La modélisation aide ici à poser les questions fondamentales.
