Suchergebnisse

Since the 1980s, neoliberal ideas have determined economic policies around the world. The, perhaps, main principle of neo-liberalism is that interference of government in the economy should be minimal. According to Johanna Bockman: "neo-liberalism is grounded on the assumption that governments cannot create economic growth or provide social welfare; rather by trying to help, governments make the world worse for everyone, including the poor". Those able to generate growth and welfare are, instead, markets, private companies, and individuals. Many politicians and economists thus believe that the role of government should be limited to a market correction.

The analysis of long economic cycles allows us to understand long-term worldsystem dynamics, to develop forecasts, to explain crises of the past, as well as the current global economic crisis. The article offers a historical sketch of research on K-waves; it analyzes the nature of Kondratieff waves that are considered as a special form of cyclical dynamics that emerged in the industrial period of the World System history. It offers a historical and theoretical analysis of K-wave dynamics in the World System framework; in particular, it studies the influence of the long wave dynamics on the changes of the world GDP growth rates during the last two centuries. Special attention is paid to the interaction between Kondratieff waves and Juglar cycles. The article is based on substantial statistical data, it extensively employs quantitative analysis, contains numerous tables and diagrams.
On the basis of the proposed analysis it offers some forecasts of the world economic development in the next two decades.
The article concludes with a section that presents a hypothesis that the
change of K-wave upswing and downswing phases correlates significantly with the phases of fluctuations in the relationships between the World-System Core and Periphery, as well as with the World System Core changes.

El propósito de este trabajo es presentar una metodología para construir un Indicador Líder Compuesto del Producto Bruto Interno (PBI). El indicador agrega un conjunto de variables asociadas a la evolución futura del PBI, las que han sido previamente filtradas para evitar que incorporen relaciones espurias con la variable objetivo. Las ponderaciones han sido escogidas, luego de analizar varias opciones, asegurando que minimicen el error cuadrático medio de la predicción. Luego de analizar las propiedades estadísticas de cerca de 200 indicadores económicos, se identificó a 14 variables como aquellas que en conjunto pueden permitir una buena predicción del PBI con una anticipación de hasta 6 meses. Entre estas variables destacan el crédito del sistema bancario al sector privado, el índice de volumen físico de bienes intermedios, la producción y ventas de barras de construcción, la tasa de encaje efectivo, el ahorro en cuenta corriente del gobierno central, el índice de confianza de Apoyo y la tasa de interés activa en moneda extranjera a un año. A manera de ejemplo, el Sistema de Indicadores Líderes predice, utilizando información hasta marzo del 2002, que la economía en el primer semestre del 2002 crecerá a una tasa anual de 2,5% y que hacia el tercer trimestre del año continuará creciendo a un ritmo anual de 2,6%.

The lack of connectivity is one of the impediments to progress for Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia - the countries of the South Caucasus (SC) region. Due to open conflicts and political tensions, cooperation between the three has been extremely difficult. However, there are examples of positive bilateral cooperation, mostly in infrastructure-related projects, as all three countries are trying to attract more foreign direct investment (FDI) and cargo, to enhance trade relations and to diversify their trading partners. Thus, it is no surprise that countries in the SC have expressed interest in participating in China's Belt and Road Initiative. The initiative may lead to improved cross-country coordination, and the countries in the SC may eventually be able to harmonize their trade policies under one umbrella. Achieving both of these goals involves the development of soft infrastructure tools and building and improving a hard infrastructure. Soft infrastructure tools, such as well-established legal and regulatory frameworks, as well as a good hard infrastructure are much needed in the SC.

When India embarked on market-oriented reforms in 1991, there was a desire to break with central planning; with detailed government control of entry barriers, product design and processes within firms. This is not synonymous with deregulation: there are market failures in many industries that require addressing. This led to the establishment of regulators. While the Reserve Bank of India has existed since 1934, there was a wave of establishment of new regulators after SEBI was created in 1988.

We are blessed when incrementalism will suffice. It is nice to be in a place where incremental reforms can get to a good destination. Incremental reforms are much easier and safer. But, Transformative change is harder. It is often easier to duck, by claiming credit for minor things, or claiming that major things were infeasible.

This article assesses the state of the market of poultry products to Russia and Omsk region. Identifies the main problems of the poultry industry. Proposed directions of stabilization and growth of production of poultry products. In conclusion, the conclusion about necessity of measures of state support for the indus-try.

This paper aims to study the relationship between local and foreign macroeconomic variables and Malaysia available Shariah Indices. In our study, we used the Vector Error Correction (VEC) framework by initially looking at the long run and short run relationship between Malaysia available Shariah indices (i.e. KLSI, FTSE Bursa Malaysia EMAS Shariah Index and FTSE Bursa Malaysia Hijrah Shariah Index) and the macroeconomic variables via the Johansen cointegration technique. Monthly data during the twenty two-year period (from January 1990 to December 2011) has been collected from DataStream and tested. The findings show positive relationship between the variables from 1990 to 2006. However, mix results were found after the period till 2011. This study then conclude that the standardized set of macroeconomic variables that specified by earlier researchers still can be relied but in careful policy formulation.

Este artículo pretende responder las siguientes preguntas: ¿Cómo afecta la entrada de proyectos mineros a gran escala la organización rural en el Perú actual? ¿En qué medida los procesos de cambio institucional están asociados a cambios generales en la ruralidad andina y en qué medida son dependientes del desarrollo extractivo? Para responder a estas preguntas enfocamos nuestro análisis en dos de las organizaciones más representativas del espacio andino rural peruano: la comunidad y la ronda campesina.

Although Western Balkan economies are still on the list of EU candidates or potential candidate countries, they do have some integration with EU economies. The EU is the leading trading partner of the Western Balkans and is one of the top destinations for the fl ow of people. The Western Balkan economies have been trying to address their populations' ongoing emigration (the so-called "brain drain" phenomenon) by implementing targeted economic policies. Since one of the main contributors to economic growth is the ability to create innovation, it is crucial to building innovation potential. The main challenge for innovation policy is to provide a favourable environment for entrepreneurship and economic growth to create jobs. Thus, this paper aims to examine innovation potential - an innovation input - as it creates the conditions needed for innovation development. The results of analysing the data (on research and development spending, human resources, an environment friendly to innovation, and intellectual property rights) indicate that the Western Balkan countries are lagging behind the EU in many aspects of innovation potential, so they should still develop their strategies towards creating higher innovation potential. Thus, they will be able to have a higher level of innovation and, as a result, be more competitive in economic terms.

This paper describes the structure and development of agricultural trade of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia in the period 2002-2018. Despite different directions of economic integration followed by these countries, the CIS and Russia in particular have been major trade partners for all South Caucasus countries. Compared to its neighbors, Georgia is relatively less dependent on the Russian market, whereas Azerbaijan's trade dependency on Russia is the highest among the three countries. Moreover, Azerbaijan has the lowest trade diversification level compared to its neighbors. While the share of the EU in agricultural export is moderate for all three countries, this share is highest for Georgia. Increased diversification of agricultural trade would contribute to the stable development of these countries, by reducing their vulnerability to various external shocks as well as upgrading their food systems.

Although food security has improved during the transition period, the issue is still prevalent in the countries of the South Caucasus, which are heavily depending on wheat, the most important staple crop in the region, imported from Russia, and to a limited degree from Kazakhstan and Ukraine. Due to their favorable location next to the largest wheat exporting region, trade costs play a relatively small role and wheat markets in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia are relatively well integrated with the Black Sea export market. Nevertheless, Armenia has the least diversified wheat imports among the South Caucasian countries due to its closed border with Azerbaijan. Despite the well-integrated markets, wheat imports and thus food security remain challenged by repeated restriction of wheat exports by the governments of Russia, Kazakhstan and Ukraine,
most recently implemented as crisis policy during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Financial gerontology can be defined as investigating relations between finances and aging. Authors such as Neal E. Cutler, Kouhei Komamura, Davis W. Gregg, Shinya Kajitani, Kei Sakata, and Colin McKenzie (Kajitani et al. 2017) affirm that financial literacy is an effect of aging with concern about the issue of finances, as well as stating that it is the effect of longevity and aging on economies or the financial resilience of older people.

The newest important technology available to accountants and other business executives is eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL). XBRL is a publicly shared computer language that allows us to electronically report, access, and gather financial information. XBRL is now used by accountants to report their financial information, and by analysts to access financial information of other publicly traded companies. It is critical that our students understand and are able to use XBRL.