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Sub-Saharan Africa is a critical development priority-it has some of the world's poorest countries and during the past two decades the number of poor in the Region has doubled, to 300 million-more than 40 percent of the Region's population. Africa remains behind on most of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and is unlikely to reach them by 2015. With some of the world's poorest countries, Africa is a development priority for the donor community. A major drag on Africa's development is the underperformance of the critical agriculture sector, which has been neglected both by donors and governments over the past two decades. The sector faces a variety of constraints that are particular to agriculture in Africa and make its development a complex challenge. Poor governance and conflict in several countries further complicate matters. IEG has assessed the development effectiveness of World Bank assistance in addressing constraints to agricultural development in Africa over the period of fiscal 1991-2006.

Intro -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- OVERVIEW -- RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND SHORT- TERM PROSPECTS -- SCALING UP AID: MACROECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS -- FINANCIAL SECTORS: ISSUES, CHALLENGES, AND REFORM STRATEGIES -- FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION -- APPENDIX -- STATISTICAL APPENDIX -- REFERENCES -- PUBLICATIONS OF THE IMF AFRICAN DEPARTMENT, 2003-06.

"This study investigates spousal agreement on reproductive preferences (fertility preferences and ideal number of children) in sub-Saharan Africa. The analysis uses matched couples' data from 14 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) carried out between 1999 and 2004. Additionally, pooled data from the 14 countries are used to explore the aggregate effect of different levels of polygyny (high and low) on spousal agreement on reproductive preferences. Agreement between partners/spouses to have another child ranges from 36 percent in Namibia to 90 percent in Chad. The multivariate analysis indicates that in many countries agreement on having another child is less likely if the woman has some formal education. Additionally, in most countries, the results show that wife's age and the number of living children are consistent predictors of spousal agreement on having another child. Economic status has an important role in 7 of the 14 countries; couples living in wealthier households are less likely to agree to have another child than those in poorer households. Agreement between partners/spouses on the ideal number of children ranges from 13 percent in Chad to 32 percent in Kenya. Overall, a larger proportion of husbands than wives consider a higher number of children to be the ideal. However, the multivariate analysis indicates that, in most countries, the odds of spousal agreement on the ideal number of children are increased if the wife has formal education. The study also looks at the aggregate effect of high and low levels of polygyny on spousal agreement on fertility preferences and ideal number of children. The findings from the multivariate analysis indicates that, regardless of level of polygyny, the most important factors influencing the likelihood that both partners want another child are wife's education, wife's age, number of living children, and household wealth status. However, in countries with high levels of polygyny, type of marriage, difference in spouses' education, and infecundity can havea significant negative impact on agreement to have another child. In all 14 countries, wife's education has a positive impact on spousal agreement on the ideal number of children, regardless of level of polygyny. However, if the husband's level of education exceeds that of his wife, the wife is working for cash, or the household is not poor, the likelihood of spousal agreement on ideal number of children is greater only in the high polygyny group." - p. xi

Intro -- Preface -- References -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Male Same-Sex Sexuality and HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Historical, Legal, and Social Context -- 1.3 HIV Epidemiology -- 1.4 Sexual Identities -- 1.5 Sexual Practices -- 1.5.1 Transactional Sex and Sex Work -- 1.5.2 Sex with Men and Women -- 1.6 Beyond Sexual Behaviour -- 1.6.1 Substance Use -- 1.7 Prevention, Care, and Treatment Cascade -- 1.8 Healthcare Access: Challenges and Facilitators -- 1.8.1 Disclosure and Healthcare Providers Responses -- 1.8.2 Care for Men Who Have Sex with Men Who Are Living with HIV -- 1.8.3 Alternative Strategies -- 1.8.4 Moving Forward -- 1.9 Other Sexual and Gender Minorities -- 1.9.1 Transgender Persons -- 1.9.2 Women Who Have Sex with Women -- 1.10 This Volume -- References -- Chapter 2: Conducting HIV Research with Sexual and Gender Minorities in Sub-Saharan Africa: Experiences from Malawi -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Criminalization of Homosexuality and the HIV Epidemic in Malawi -- 2.3 A Research Project for Men Who Have Sex with Men in Malawi -- 2.4 Developing a Risk Mitigation Plan -- 2.5 Addressing the Concerns of Study Staff -- 2.6 Developing Meaningful Partnerships with Stakeholders -- 2.6.1 Center for the Development of People (CEDEP) -- 2.6.2 Community Advisory Board -- 2.6.3 Law Enforcement -- 2.6.4 Media -- 2.6.5 Community Gatekeepers -- 2.6.6 Institutional Review Board -- 2.6.7 Protocol Advisory Committee -- 2.6.8 Emergency Committee -- 2.7 Recruitment -- 2.7.1 Peer Outreach and Education -- 2.7.2 Snowball Sampling -- 2.7.3 Community Sensitization -- 2.8 Retention -- 2.8.1 Contact and Locator Information -- 2.8.2 Waiting Area -- 2.8.3 Transport -- 2.8.4 Participant Retention Events -- 2.8.5 Health Care -- 2.9 Lessons Learned -- 2.9.1 Stakeholder Engagement -- 2.9.2 Recruitment and Retention.

The book uses marginality as a critical discourse to outline ways colonial and postcolonial education policies in sub-Saharan Africa created and perpetuated it and deprived some groups from realizing the democratic equality role of education. It provides new ideas for integrating policies to address the educational needs of marginalized children.