Suchergebnisse

Even in new theories of nation which claim that nations were invented in modern times by the intellectuals we still find some foundations for making the difference between »real« and »artificial« nations. This binarism usually introduces the »People« nations of the modernist first-corners, and »Volk« nations of all the others, as in »The Federalist Papers« introduction of representative democracy, and in Herder's »Ideas on the Philosophy of History of the Mankind«. In both cases, national art is treated as an artificial constructive pillar of the Nation and Nation-State. Comparing the case of Slovenia (the nation-founding story of »Martin Krpan« by Fran Levstik from 1858) with the cases of Greece as »the Dream Nation« and of new African nations, the author concludes that nations are not fictitious inventions of the intellectuals but necessary products of history, and that in their production art had an important position due to its aesthetic function. This function makes possible to bridge and to universalize on a territory without any certain grounds and limits, across the gap of any modernist binarism. ; Tudi pri novih teorijah nacije, ki trdijo, da so moderni narodi izum intelektualcev, še ostaja vidno razlikovanje med »pravimi« in »umetnimi« narodi. Ta binarizem običajno navaja razliko med nacijo, utemeljeno v ljudstvu, in nacijo, utemeljeno v narodu, tako kot med argumentacijo za nacionalno državo v ameriških »The Federalist Papers" in Herderjevimi idejami o zgodovini človeštva. Umetnost pa v obeh primerih predstavlja institucionalizirano podporo naciji in nacionalni državi. S primerjavo slovenskega primera (Levstikov »Martin Krpan«) z grškim primerom »sanjskega naroda« in z novimi afriškimi nacijami pridemo do zaključka, da narodi niso izmišljeni izumi intelektualcev, ampak proizvodi zgodovinske nuje, in daje pri proizvodnji nacij umetnost imela pomembno vlogo predvsem zaradi svoje estetske funkcije. Ta omogoča premostitev in zaokrožitev na terenu, kjer ni utrjenih podlag in meja, in takšen je teren modernističnih binarizmov.

"June 1970." ; Prepared by a task force appointed May 1970 by New York State Division of the Budget. ; Cover title. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Anhand eines Überblicks über die Veröffentlichungen zum Forschungsgebiet der 'international organization' wird die Entwicklung der wichtigsten Ansätze für den Zeitraum 1947 bis 1984 dargestellt (und über eine graphische Darstellung quantitativ veranschaulicht). Diese Ansätze werden analysiert, auf Mängel in der wissenschaftlichen Praxis wird verwiesen. Insbesondere der an Normen orientierte Regime-Ansatz wirft Probleme auf, da er eine eindeutige Abgrenzung der verwendeten Begriffe nicht immer zuläßt. Eine 'interpretative Erkenntnistheorie' könnte eine Verbindung zwischen der Regimeanalyse und der Formalanalyse internationaler Organisationen herstellen. (SWP-Tth)

International organization as a field of study is where the action is. The analytical shifts leading up to the current preoccupation with international regimes have been both progressive and cumulative. And the field is pursuing its object of study in innovative ways that are bringing it closer to the theoretical core of more general international relations work. As we point out, however, the study of regimes as practiced today suffers from the fact that its epistemological approaches contradict its basic ontological posture. Accordingly, more interpretive strains, commensurate with the intersubjective basis of international regimes, should be included in the prevailing epistemological approaches. In addition, as a result of its enthusiasm for the concept of regimes, the field has tended to neglect the study of formal international organizations. Interpretive epistemologies can also help to link up the study of regimes with the study of formal international organizations by drawing attention to the roles these organizations play in creating transparency in the behavior and expectations of actors, serving as focal points for the international legitimation struggle, and providing a venue for the conduct of global epistemic politics.