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Abstract Background Health problems in shift workers vary including obesity acting as a risk factor in cerebrovascular diseases. Recent studies have commonly determined the prevalence of obesity in shift workers on the basis of body mass index. The accuracy of BMI for diagnosing obesity are still limited apparently. Consequently, this study aimed to determine the relationship between shift work and obesity according to the total body fat percentage in Korean wage workers. Methods From the Fourth and the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008–2011), after military personnel were excluded, a total of 2952 wage workers (20 ≤ age ≤ 65) whose current jobs were their longest jobs were selected as subjects of the study. The total body fat percentage was used to determine the obesity standards (≥25.7 % in males and ≥36.0 % in females). The subjects were divided into groups by gender and work type (manual vs non-manual), and chi-squared test was used to evaluate the relationship between socio-economic, health behavior, and work-related factors, on the one hand, and obesity, on the other. In addition, multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the effects of shift work on obesity. Results When other factors were controlled for, the risk of obesity in shift work showed a statistically significant increase (odds ratio = 1.779, 95 % confidence interval = 1.050-3.015) in the male manual worker group. However, there were no significant results in the male non-manual and female worker groups. Conclusion Shift work was related to a higher risk of obesity in the Korean male manual worker group.

To be fat hasn't always occasioned the level of hysteria that this condition receives today and indeed was once considered an admirable trait. Fat Shame: Stigma and the Fat Body in American Culture explores this arc, from veneration to shame, examining the historic roots of our contemporary anxiety about fatness. Tracing the cultural denigration of fatness to the mid 19th century, Amy Farrell argues that the stigma associated with a fat body preceded any health concerns about a large body size. Firmly in place by the time the diet industry began to flourish in the 1920s, the development of fat

Abstract
In this article I consider the lived fat body and its relation to clothing by thinking fat experience as analogous to the situation of women as laid out in The Second Sex ([1949, 1951] 2010).

Purpose.The goal of this study was to determine the effect of varying the amount of dietary fat, while holding calories at 1,200 kcals/day, on body weight and percent body fat in 35 obese women.Design.A pretest, midtest, posttest experimental design was employed, and subjects were randomly divided into one of four dietary fat groups, with 10%, 20%, 30%, or 40% of caloric intake as dietary fat.Intervention.Subjects consumed 1,200 kcals/day and a specified percentage of total energy as fat, depending on their dietary group. Protein was held constant at 20%. All subjects engaged in a five day/week walking program.Setting.Participants were recruited from the general community using newspaper advertisements.Subjects.Thirty-five obese women 25 to 45 years of age (means=38 ± 4.97) served as subjects. All were at least 20% above ideal weight and 30% to 52% body fat.Measures.Percent body fat, body weight, and anthropomorphic measurements were taken at baseline, six and 12 weeks. Dietary intake was recorded daily by each subject, and exercise walking logs were maintained by each participant.Results.All subjects lost body weight and body fat; however, there were no significant differences in the rate or amount of body weight or percent body fat lost across the four groups during the intervention.Conclusions.It appears that during calorie restriction and exercise for 12 weeks, percent of calories derived from dietary fats does not influence loss of body weight or percent body fat in adult obese women.

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of a 17-week intervention, including an after-school physical activity (PA) club 3 d/wk, on moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), body mass index (BMI) z score, percentage body fat (%BF), and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) among fifth to eighth grade girls having a BMI z score ≥0, and explore whether intervention outcomes varied by club attendance (1 vs 2 vs 3 d/wk). Design: Secondary analysis of data from a group randomized controlled trial (N = 1519, 10- to 15-year-old girls: n = 753 intervention; n = 766 control). Setting: Twenty-four Midwestern US schools (n = 12 intervention; n = 12 control). Sample: Subsample (n = 1194 girls) from trial's intervention (n = 593 girls) and control (n = 601 girls) groups having BMI z scores ≥0. Measures: Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (min/h), BMI z score, %BF, and CRF ([Formula: see text]: mL/kg/min) were estimated at baseline and postintervention. Analysis: Linear mixed-effect models. Results: Intervention group gained less %BF ( B = −0.35, P = .016), and their CRF decreased less ( B = 0.22, P = .010) than the control. Marginally significant findings showed girls attending the club an average of 1 d/wk had greater increases in %BF ( B = 0.33, P = .087) and MVPA ( B = 0.20, P = .083) and a greater decrease in CRF ( B = −0.20, P = .061) than girls attending 3 d/wk. No differences occurred between girls who attended 2 versus 3 d/wk for any outcomes. Conclusions: The intervention attenuated an increase in %BF and a decrease in CRF among girls at risk for obesity from baseline to postintervention. Offering the after-school PA club 2 d/wk may be adequate for achieving outcomes.

Body image is understudied in aging women. The present perspective article reviews body image, body composition, and aging in women. Sarcopenia, a condition of low muscle mass, is associated with aging, and sarcopenia in combination with excessive body fat causes sarcopenic obesity. Findings of improved health in people with a higher body mass index, known as the obesity paradox, are due to misclassifying healthy people as overweight according to height and body weight instead of according to fat mass and fat-free mass. Body fat infiltrates internal organs in aging adults as increasing levels of body fat are redistributed into the trunk, especially in the abdomen, while subcutaneous fat in the appendages decreases. Accuracy of body image perceptions can determine an individual's control of body weight. Aging women can protect against sarcopenic obesity by increasing fat-free mass with resistance training and by lowering body fat levels with weight management knowledge and skills. Healthy dietary patterns are low in ultra-processed foods that stimulate excessive consumption of calories and increase body fat levels. In combination with the phosphate additives in ultra-processed food which increase sarcopenia and aging, the present article proposes an etiological pathway in which ultra-processed food consumption eventually leads to aging-related sarcopenic obesity.

<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To examine the association of the Family Nutrition and Physical Activity (FNPA) screening tool with weight status, percent body fat, and acanthosis nigricans (AN) in 6- to 13-year-old children from a low socioeconomic, urban community.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Children (<em>N</em>=415) from four elementary schools located around Flint, Michigan were assessed for body mass index, percent body fat, and AN. The FNPA screening tool was completed by parents. Mann-Whitney U tests were used to assess differences in FNPA score by sex and pres­ence of AN. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association of the FNPA (tertiles) with weight status and AN.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Children with AN (13.7%) had a significantly lower FNPA score (56.3 <span style="text-decoration: underline;">+ </span>7.1) compared with children without AN (61.0 <span style="text-decoration: underline;">+ </span>7.1; <em>P</em>&lt;.05). Children with FNPA scores in the lowest tertile (high-risk) had odds ratios of 1.74 (95% CI =1.05 – 2.91) and 2.77 (95% CI =1.22 – 6.27) compared with children with FNPA scores in the highest tertile (low-risk) for being overfat and having AN, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although the FNPA screening tool did not predict risk for being over­weight or obese, it was significantly associ­ated with an increased odds of children at risk for being overfat or having AN. <em>Ethn Dis. </em>2015;25(4):399-404; doi:10.18865/ ed.25.4.399</p>

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) has been considered a reference method for measuring body fat percentage (BF%) in children and adolescents with an excess of adiposity. However, given that the DXA technique is impractical for routine field use, there is a need to investigate other methods that can accurately determine BF%. We studied the accuracy of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) technology, including foot-to-foot and hand-to-foot impedance, and Slaughter skinfold-thickness equations in the measurement of BF%, compared with DXA, in a population of Latin American children and adolescents with an excess of adiposity. A total of 127 children and adolescents (11-17 years of age; 70% girls) from the HEPAFIT (Exercise Training and Hepatic Metabolism in Overweight/Obese Adolescent) study were included in the present work. BF% was measured on the same day using two BIA analysers (Seca((R)) 206, Allers Hamburg, Germany and Model Tanita((R)) BC-418((R)), TANITA Corporation, Sportlife Tokyo, Japan), skinfold measurements (Slaughter equation), and DXA (Hologic Horizon DXA System((R)), Quirugil, Bogota, Columbia). Agreement between measurements was analysed using t-tests, Bland-Altman plots, and Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (c). There was a significant correlation between DXA and the other BF% measurement methods (r > 0.430). According to paired t-tests, in both sexes, BF% assessed by BIA analysers or Slaughter equations differ from BF% assessed by DXA (p < 0.001). The lower and upper limits of the differences compared with DXA were 6.3-22.9, 2.2-2.8, and -3.2-21.3 (95% CI) in boys and 2.3-14.8, 2.4-20.1, and 3.9-18.3 (95% CI) in girls for Seca((R)) mBCA, Tanita((R)) BC 420MA, and Slaughter equations, respectively. Concordance was poor between DXA and the other methods of measuring BF% (c < 0.5). BIA analysers and Slaughter equations underestimated BF% measurements compared to DXA, so they are not interchangeable methods for assessing BF% in Latin American children and adolescents with excess of adiposity. ; The author C.A.A.S was given a doctoral scholarship from Brazilian government by CAPES (Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel) (Proc: 9588-13-2). MM is supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sport FPU14/03329 (predoctoral grant) and EST17/00210 (short stay grant). KG-R received a scholarship from Universidad del Rosario, Colombia, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, to do a Doctorate. The HEPAFIT Study was carried out with the financial support of Instituto Colombiano para el Desarrollo de la Ciencia y la Tecnologia "Francisco Jose de Caldas" COLCIENCIAS (contract code 59700 and no. 122277757900).

This article examines the cultural dimensions of synthetic 'body fat replicas', anatomically modelled objects used in educational and medical settings to train subjects in particular affective responses to fat/ness. Specifically, I focus on theorizing the phenomenological experience of embodied engagements with such models, and exploring the manner in which the replicas are designed to participate in the shaping of emotional orientations toward one's own body and those of others. Appealing to the work of contemporary social and cultural theorists, I consider how the capacity of objects to act as nexuses for the commingling of abstract and concrete, psychological and material, inner space and outer life, and meaning and affect situates these lumps of polyvinyl chloride as valuable aids to elucidating the cultural polyvalence of 'fat'. This article is oriented around the application of a selection of insightful theoretical work, drawn from the multidisciplinary field of science and technology studies, as well as from sociological research on medicine and the body. I argue that, by moving toward an understanding of fat/ness as a phenomenon comprised, in Annemarie Mol's terminology, of 'multiple enactments', we can better understand how 'fat' has come to embody particular sets of meanings and emotions in the context of a contemporary medicalized transnational culture.

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) has been considered a reference method for measuring body fat percentage (BF%) in children and adolescents with an excess of adiposity. However, given that the DXA technique is impractical for routine field use, there is a need to investigate other methods that can accurately determine BF%. We studied the accuracy of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) technology, including foot-to-foot and hand-to-foot impedance, and Slaughter skinfold-thickness equations in the measurement of BF%, compared with DXA, in a population of Latin American children and adolescents with an excess of adiposity. A total of 127 children and adolescents (11–17 years of age; 70% girls) from the HEPAFIT (Exercise Training and Hepatic Metabolism in Overweight/Obese Adolescent) study were included in the present work. BF% was measured on the same day using two BIA analysers (Seca® 206, Allers Hamburg, Germany and Model Tanita® BC-418®, TANITA Corporation, Sportlife Tokyo, Japan), skinfold measurements (Slaughter equation), and DXA (Hologic Horizon DXA System®, Quirugil, Bogotá, Columbia). Agreement between measurements was analysed using t-tests, Bland–Altman plots, and Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (ρc). There was a significant correlation between DXA and the other BF% measurement methods (r > 0.430). According to paired t-tests, in both sexes, BF% assessed by BIA analysers or Slaughter equations differ from BF% assessed by DXA (ρ < 0.001). The lower and upper limits of the differences compared with DXA were 6.3–22.9, 2.2–2.8, and -3.2–21.3 (95% CI) in boys and 2.3–14.8, 2.4–20.1, and 3.9–18.3 (95% CI) in girls for Seca® mBCA, Tanita® BC 420MA, and Slaughter equations, respectively. Concordance was poor between DXA and the other methods of measuring BF% (ρc < 0.5). BIA analysers and Slaughter equations underestimated BF% measurements compared to DXA, so they are not interchangeable methods for assessing BF% in Latin American children and adolescents with excess of adiposity. ; The author C.A.A.S was given a doctoral scholarship from Brazilian government by CAPES (Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel) (Proc: 9588-13-2). MM is supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sport FPU14/03329 (predoctoral grant) and EST17/00210 (short stay grant). KG-R received a scholarship from Universidad del Rosario, Colombia, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, to do a Doctorate. The HEPAFIT Study was carried out with the financial support of Instituto Colombiano para el Desarrollo de la Ciencia y la Tecnología "Francisco José de Caldas" COLCIENCIAS (contract code 59700 and no. 122277757900). The content of this paper reflects the authors' views alone, and the Colombian Community and COLCIENCIAS are not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained herein.