Suchergebnisse

Frontmatter -- Inhalt -- Vorweg -- Einleitung -- TECHNOLOGISCHE ÖFFNUNG: TECHNOLOGIE UND GESELLSCHAFT IM UMBRUCH -- Hardware- und Softwarekomponenten des Personal Computers -- Kybernetische Bewusstseinserweiterungen: Mit Computern denken lernen -- Blickverschiebungen: Der Computer als Massenmedium? -- Fortschritt und Konsum als Verpflichtung: Die USA im Wandel -- TECHNOLOGISCHE SCHLIESSUNG: DAS HEIMISCHWERDEN VON COMPUTERTECHNOLOGIE -- Silicon Valley: Geburtsort des Personal Computer-Dispositivs -- Computer in der Krise: Ein neuer Markt entsteht -- Imagewandel: Inszenierungen des Personal Computers -- Das neue Familienmitglied: PCs zwischen Sozialisierung und Anpassung -- Von ›Family Computing‹ zu ›Home Office Computing‹ -- DER EINZUG DES PERSONAL COMPUTERS INS UNBEWUSSTE -- Resümee -- Dank -- Abbildungen -- Literatur

Situation awareness in teams : Models and measures / Mica Endsley -- Studying team cognition in the C3 fire microworld / BjörnJ. E. Johansson, Rego Granlund, and Peter Berggren -- The dynamical systems approach to team cognition : Theory, models, and measures / Terri A. Dunbar, Jamie C. Gorman, David A. Grimm, and Adam Werner.

How "real" are computer personalities? Using a psychological criterion for "reality," 2 studies tested whether people respond to computer personalities the same way they tend to respond to human personalities. In Experiment 1, dominant and submissive subjects were randomly matched with a computer endowed with the personality characteristics associated with dominance or submissiveness (N = 48). Consistent with similarity-attraction theory in interpersonal interaction, subjects were more attracted to the similar computer compared to the dissimilar computer. Experiment 2 (N = 88) used the same experimental design to assess users' psychological responses to changes in personality-based behavior in computers. Consistent with gain-loss theory in interpersonal interaction, changes in the direction of similarity had a more positive effect on attraction than a consistently similar personality. Loss effects were not obtained. The findings suggest that computer personalities are psychologically real to users.

"Ziel des Vortrages ist es, das vorherrschende Menschenbild in der Soziologie zu untersuchen und das Problem einer kritischen Begrenzung des Sozialen aufzuwerfen. Als Bezugspunkt soll dabei die Theorie von Plessner dienen, deren Nutzen sich dadurch für die soziologische Theorie erschließen lässt. Obwohl die Soziologie, die Weber entworfen hat, zumeist als Humansoziologie verstanden wird, die allein menschliche Handlungen und Interaktionen zu untersuchen hätte, wird bei genauerer Betrachtung die Gewissheit, dass der Bereich des Sozialen mit dem Menschen zusammenfällt, problematisch. Wenn man zugrunde legt, dass Sozialität nur als historisch kontingent verstanden werden kann, wird fraglich, wie der Bereich des Sozialen begrenzt ist und welche Wesen als soziale Subjekte infrage kommen können: Denn es mag für moderne Gesellschaften zutreffend sein, dass nur Menschen soziale Personen sein können; anzunehmen, dies wäre ein generelles überzeitliches Charakteristikum von Gesellschaft, spräche gegen zahlreiche empirische Belege. Neben dem Argument der historischen und kulturellen Bedingtheit fordern verschiedene soziologische Ansätze die Frage heraus, ob Menschen tatsächlich einen exklusiven Akteursstatus besitzen und ferner Tieren oder Techniken nicht ebenso Akteursqualitäten zukommen. Weber selbst hat es als ein offenes Problem aufgefasst, ob nur Menschen oder auch Tiere (oder nur bestimmte Tiere) sozial handelnde Subjekte sind. Das Problem, das Weber skizziert hat, macht die Notwendigkeit deutlich, den Gegenstandsbereich des Sozialen in den Blick zu nehmen und die konsensuelle und implizit wirksame Begrenzung auf Menschen in Zweifel zu ziehen. Sofern menschliche Handlungssubjekte nicht von vornherein (unkritisch) als die einzig möglichen postuliert sind, wird es erforderlich, in einer sozialtheoretischen Grundlagenreflexion zu untersuchen, was unter Sozialität zu verstehen ist. Mit der Weiterentwicklung des Ansatzes von Plessner als Theorie personaler Vergesellschaftung kann das Problem der Intersubjektivität aufgegriffen werden. Fasst man die Theorie der exzentrischen Positionalität nicht als positive Anthropologie auf, besteht die Möglichkeit, eine allgemeine Reflexion auf die Bedingungen vorzunehmen, die gegeben sein müssen, damit ein soziales Verhältnis zustande kommen kann." (Autorenreferat)

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Author -- List of Abbreviations -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- Chapter 2: History of Security Events -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Threat and the Use of Violence in Aviation -- 2.3 Murder at the Controls of an Aircraft -- 2.4 The Second World War, and the Immediate Period Thereafter -- 2.5 The Late 1950s and 1960s -- 2.6 The 1970s Onwards -- 2.7 Conclusions -- Chapter 3: Flight Data Recorders and Cockpit Voice Recorders -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Flight Instrument Recording -- 3.3 Certification and Flight Instrument Recording -- 3.4 Decoding Flight Instrument Data from Data Recorders -- 3.5 Conclusions -- Chapter 4: Flight Controls and Environmental Control Systems -- 4.1 Relevance of Flight Controls Air-Conditioning Systems and Commercial Aviation -- 4.2 Comparing the Underlying Philosophy of Flight Controls for Airbus and Boeing -- 4.3 Air-Conditioning Systems and Commercial Aviation -- 4.4 Conclusions -- Chapter 5: Use of Live Aircraft Data in Aircraft Maintenance Management -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Aircraft Maintenance Management and Its Commercial Importance -- 5.2.1 Maintenance Planning by the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) -- 5.2.2 Unscheduled Maintenance -- 5.2.3 Minimum Standards of Equipment of Systems -- Master Minimum Equipment List -- 5.2.4 Component Reliability and Maintenance Strategy -- 5.2.5 Bathtub Curve for Reliability and Mathematical Predictions -- 5.3 Technical Components Combined with Data Logging -- 5.4 Live Streamed Data and Radio Communication Technologies -- 5.4.1 ACARS -- 5.4.2 British Airways Engineering Maintenance Management -- 5.5 Data Mining of Very Large Data Bases and Commercial Solutions to Predictive Maintenance -- 5.5.1 Rolls Royce Commercial Engines -- 5.5.2 Airbus, Palantir and Skywise.

ABSTRACTA number of recently published studies on human‐computer interface variables report contradictory results. A lack of underlying theory may be the cause. This study investigates the usefulness of employing an intermediate variable–perceived complexity–in examining the impact of two information system (IS) variables on performance: the mode of presentation, which has been extensively studied; and the number of windows, which has scarcely been studied.The study demonstrates the usefulness of understanding the role of perceived complexity in human‐computer interaction. The specific results support past findings with regard to graphs vs. tables and reveal new findings on the role of windows. Most interesting is the interaction between the two IS variables. The use of more windows is significantly more beneficial for tabular, rather than graphical, presentation.The realization that perceived complexity is affected by task complexity and by IS variables has important implications for the design of flexible information systems. These implications are discussed.

Objective: This article describes a series of studies conducted to examine factors affecting user perceptions, responses, and tolerance for network-based computer delays affecting distributed human-computer-network interaction (HCNI) tasks. Background: HCNI tasks, even with increasing computing and network bandwidth capabilities, are still affected by human perceptions of delay and appropriate waiting times for information flow latencies. Method: Conducted were 6 laboratory studies with university participants in China (Preliminary Experiments 1 through 3) and the United States (Experiments 4 through 6) to examine users' perceptions of elapsed time, effect of perceived network task performance partners on delay tolerance, and expectations of appropriate delays based on task, situation, and network conditions. Results: Results across the six experiments indicate that users' delay tolerance and estimated delay were affected by multiple task and expectation factors, including task complexity and importance, situation urgency and time availability, file size, and network bandwidth capacity. Results also suggest a range of user strategies for incorporating delay tolerance in task planning and performance. Conclusion: HCNI user experience is influenced by combinations of task requirements, constraints, and understandings of system performance; tolerance is a nonlinear function of time constraint ratios or decay. Application: Appropriate user interface tools providing delay feedback information can help modify user expectations and delay tolerance. These tools are especially valuable when delay conditions exceed a few seconds or when task constraints and system demands are high. Interface designs for HCNI tasks should consider assistant-style presentations of delay feedback, information freshness, and network characteristics. Assistants should also gather awareness of user time constraints.

Large-scale use of talking computers may be anticipated for reasons of general convenience and special effectiveness. A telephone link to a computer, with touch-tone inputs and stored speech outputs, poses a number of design problems of interest for the human factors specialist. Recommended features include (1) user pacing and optional repetition of speech output in a transactional sequence, (2) use of different voices and other auditory coding to distinguish types of output, and (3) use of tone codes to indicate required input.