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"This book tackles the future challenges and opportunities for planning our cities and towns in a changing climate and recommends key actions for more resilient urban futures. Urban Planning for Climate Change focusses on how urban planning is fundamental to action on climate change. In doing so it particularly looks at current practice and opportunities for innovation and capacity building in the future - carbon neutral development, building back better and creating more resilient urban settlements around the world. The complex challenge of possible urban resettlement from the impact of climate change is covered as a special issue bringing a focus on adaptation, working with nature and delivering real action on climate change with local communities. Norman recommends ten essential actions for urban planning for climate change along with some suggestions to inspire the next generations to embrace these opportunities with creativity and innovation. Featuring key messages and implications for practice in each chapter, this book will be of great interest to students, scholars, practitioners and communities involved in planning more climate resilient urban and regional futures"--

This paper reviews an adaptation plan for the Tokyo Metropolitan Area. The Japanese Government decided to remain in the Paris Agreement and began trying to reduce CO2 with technology after the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011. Nuclear power plants were closed, and some are still under safety review. Newly built thermal power plants will increase CO2 emissions, and the battle among the ministries hinders effective adaptation planning. In 2012, the central government announced three basic approaches: risk management, comprehensive and general planning, and cooperating with local governments. However, the central government's tactics still fall behind other countries', and local governments such as prefectures and municipalities continue to need to mitigate the harmful effects of climate change. Local governments lack the appropriate information, technology, and budget. In 2018, the Ministry of the Environment released guidelines for local governments to draft adaptation plans. Tokyo established a basic environmental plan in 2008 and made an environmental prediction in 2009. By analyzing comparative administrative law and environmental law perspectives, this paper will review improvements to Japan's capacity to adapt and the sensibility of the Tokyo Metropolitan Adaptation Plan. Tokyo has several basic policies: establish a smart energy city, encourage the "3Rs" (recycle, reduce, and reuse), and sustainably use resources. The plan might present a good example for other prefectures, just as the State of California has become a model for other parts of the United States.

?This book provides valuable lessons that will improve public policy and the quality of decisions that will affect generations to come.?Richard Moss, Senior Director Climate and Energy, United Nations Foundation?An excellent addition to the body of knowledge on adaptation to climate change from the developing world, which has been largely missing until now.?Saleemul Huq, Director, Climate Change Programme, International Institute for Environment and Development?This important volume is a valuable effort on adaptation to climate change that needs to be on the desks of those seeking coping strat

The gales of climate change blow the future open and closed. In response, we are having to learn to live with a renewed notion of limits and a novel level of uncertainty. One emerging governance response is a turn to scenario planning, which generates narratives about multiple futures refracted out from the present. Like climate change itself, scenario planning, and the broader field of futures studies it is part of, is historically and socially positioned, belying its application as a mere method or tool. This paper discusses the growing turn to scenario planning within government climate change adaptation initiatives in light of parallel shifts in governance (eg, interest in efficiency and wicked problems) and adaptation efforts (eg, framed as risk management or resilience) and their shared roots in the ambiguities of sustainable development. It provides an extended introduction to a theme issue that provides, overall, a nested discussion of the role of scenario planning by government for climate change adaptation, noting how governance, climate change adaptation, and scenario planning all fold together the motifs of openness and closedness. This paper engages with the emerging field of future geographies and critical interest in future orientations to highlight the way society's growing engagement on climate change adaptation exposes, critiques, replicates, and amplifies our existing orientations to the future and time and their politically contested and embedded character. It points to the way the motif of open futures can be both progressive and conservative, as political and economic interests seek to open up some futures while closing down others in the name of the ambivalent goals of adaptation and sustainable development.

The impact of climate change (CC) on water resources is likely to affect agricultural systems and food security. This is especially true for Nepal, a least developed country, where a high percentage of the population is dependent on agriculture for its livelihoods. It is thus crucial for Nepal?s leaders and resource managers to draft and begin implementing national adaptation plans. This working paper aims to create a more comprehensive understanding of how the impacts of CC will be realized at different scales in Nepal, from household livelihoods to national food security, and the many institutions governing the ultimate adaptation process.

PRELIMINARY The Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation addresses the scientific, social, political and cultural aspects of climate change in an integrated and coherent way. The multi-volume reference focuses on one of the key aspects of climate change: adaptation and how to handle its impacts on physical, biotic and human systems, analyzing the social and normative scientific concerns and presenting the tools, approaches and methods aimed at management of climate change impacts. The high-quality, interdisciplinary contributions provides state-of-the-art descriptions of the topics at hand with the collective aim of offering, for a broad readership, an authoritative, balanced, and accessible presentation of the best current understanding of the nature and challenges posed by climate change. It serves not only as a valuable information source but also as a tool to support teaching and research and as help for professionals to assist in decision-making

PurposeThere is a growing interest in climate change action in the higher education sector. Higher education institutions (HEIs) play an important role as property owners, employers, education and research hubs as well as leaders of societal transformations. The purpose of this paper was therefore to benchmark how universities globally are addressing climate risks.Design/methodology/approachAn international survey was conducted to benchmark the sector's organisational planning for climate change and to better understand how the higher education sector contributes to local-level climate adaptation planning processes. The international survey focused especially on the assessment of climate change impacts and adaptation plans.FindingsBased on the responses of 45 HEIs located in six different countries on three continents, the study found that there are still very few tertiary institutions that plan for climate-related risks in a systematic way.Originality/valueThe paper sheds light on the barriers HEIs face in engaging in climate adaptation planning and action. Some of the actions to overcome such hindering factors include integrating climate adaptation in existing risk management and sustainability planning processes, using the internal academic expertise and curriculum to assist the mapping of climate change impacts and collaborating with external actors to guarantee the necessary resources. The higher education sector can act as a leader in building institutional resilience at the local scale.

Climate change constitutes one of the most pressing challenges faced by tourism today. Tourism research on climate-induced environmental changes has contributed to an increase in knowledge about adaptation during the last decade. Despite a general recognition of the urgent need to adapt, as well as a large-scale scientific effort in this field underlining evidence of potential risk, the impacts of adaptation research on practices and policies in tourism appear to be relatively low. To reduce the gap between adaptation research and practitioner action this thesis aims to increase the understanding of adaptation to climate-induced changes in nature-based tourism, by analyzing the adaptation processes and practices of tourism actors involved in glacier tourism. Glacier tourism is a highly relevant example of a type of tourism which needs to adapt to climate-induced environmental changes. Therefore, this thesis examines: what is the state-of-the-field knowledge concerning relationships among tourism, the glacial environment, and climate change; how do glacier tourism actors adapt to the current and future impacts of climate change; and how can glacier tourism actors' engagement with science contribute to proactive adaptation. The research conducted in this thesis uses a combination of two analytical approaches. An actor-oriented approach is employed to investigate tourism actors' experiences and perceptions of climate change and their adaptation behavior. The other approach draws on transdisciplinary research, involving an active engagement of local stakeholders and scientists to form dialogues to combine knowledge bases, and to verify the social relevance of research on climate change adaptation. An embedded case study design was chosen due to its potential to integrate an actor-oriented approach with transdisciplinary research. The glacier sites of southeast Iceland form the case-study area wherein the adaptation processes of glacier tourism actors were examined. The case study constitutes the setting for the collection of empirical data by means of quantitative methods, such as literature review and visitor surveys, as well as qualitative methods, such as interviews and participatory scenario workshops. The results reveal a limited but growing body of scholarly work that examines the relationships between tourism, glaciers, and climate change impacts and responses. The existing work lacks however important data concerning the motives, preferences, experiences, and behaviors of actors in glacier tourism in general and specifically in the context of climate change. The results of the analysis of tourism actors' adaptation practices furthermore show that climate change has already resulted in several impacts on glacier sites and that operators have responded to these implications in the form of a wait-and-see strategy combined with ad-hoc reactive adaptation. On the other hand, the results also show that visitors to glacier sites are more heterogeneous in their responses to future climate change–induced impacts. Furthermore that adaptation processes of glacier tourism actors are shaped by the interaction of actors' attributes of agency, such as risk perception, concerns, motivations and interests, with structural elements of the glacier destination systems, such as type of visitation implication, prevailing economic rationale or lack of effective climate change institutions. Lastly, the results stress the development and application of a participatory scenario planning process, as a form of science-practitioner engagement, to be a valuable tool to support the adaptation planning of glacier sites through sharing knowledge, elaborating on long-term changes and associated uncertainties, and exploring proactive adaptation options. Climate is only one of the drivers of change that determine the development of glacier tourism. It is thus concluded that climate change implications cannot be understood as isolated factors; rather, they should be viewed as constituting interconnected and cumulative effects on socioeconomic and natural environments. Mainstreaming climate change adaptation into current destination planning and management or integrating climate change adaptation with related science fields, such hazard reduction research or sustainability science, would thus provide more promising approaches than studying climate change adaptation in isolation. ; Loftslagsbreytingar eru ein stærsta áskorun sem ferðaþjónusta heimsins stendur frammi fyrir í dag. Síðastliðinn áratug hafa rannsóknir innan ferðamálafræði á breyttum umhverfisaðstæðum vegna loftlagsbreytinga stuðlað að aukningu rannsókna á aðlögum að loftslagsbreytingum. Þrátt fyrir almenna viðurkenningu á þörfinni fyrir aðlögun að breyttum aðstæðum, og umfangsmiklar rannsóknir sem sýna fram á mögulega áhættu sem fylgir slíkum breytingum, virðast áhrif aukinnar þekkingar um aðlögun á starfsemi og stefnu í ferðaþjónustu enn vera tiltölulega lítil. Með það að leiðarljósi að minnka bilið á milli rannsókna á aðlögun að loftslagsbreytingum og aðgerða ferðaþjónustunnar, leggur þessi doktorsritgerð áherslu á að auka skilning á aðlögun að breyttum umhverfisaðstæðum vegna loftlagsbreytinga í náttúrutengdri ferðaþjónustu, með því að greina aðlögunarferli og starfshætti ferðaþjónustuaðila sem stunda jöklaferðamennsku. Jöklaferðamennska er mjög skýrt dæmi um ferðaþjónustu sem þarf að aðlaga sig að breyttu umhverfi vegna áhrifa loftslagsbreytinga. Meginmarkmið þessarar ritgerðar eru að meta: hver er staða þekkingar á sambandi ferðamennsku, jökulumhverfis og loftslagsbreytinga; hvernig ferðaþjónustuaðilar sem stunda jöklaferðamennsku aðlagist að núverandi og framtíðar áhrifum loftslagsbreytinga; og hvernig tengsl ferðaþjónustuaðila við vísindi geti stuðlað að framvirkri aðlögun. Rannsóknirnar í þessari doktorsritgerð nota sambland af tveimur greiningaraðferðum. Annars vegar gerendanálgun til að rannsaka reynslu og viðhorf ferðaþjónustuaðila til loftslagsbreytinga sem og aðlögunarhegðun þeirra. Hins vegar aðferð sem byggir á þverfaglegri nálgun sem felur í sér gagnvirka þátttöku hagaðila í héraði og sérfræðinga til að ræða saman og mynda sameiginlegan þekkingargrunn, og til að sannreyna félagslegt mikilvægi rannsókna á aðlögun að loftslagsbreytingum. Til að samþætta þessar tvær aðferðir, þ.e. gerendanálgun og þverfaglega nálgun, var ákveðið að styðjast við tilviksrannsókn. Nokkrir áfangastaðir við sunnanverðan Vatnajökul voru valdir sem rannsóknarsvæði, þar sem söfnun gagna fór fram. Stuðst var við bæði megindlega aðferðafræði, svo sem spurningakannanir til ferðamanna, og eigindlega aðferðafræði, svo sem viðtöl, þátttökuathuganir og sviðsmyndagreiningu. Niðurstöður sýna takmarkaða en vaxandi rannsóknavirkni sem beinir sjónum að tengslum ferðamennsku, jökla, áhrifum loftslagsbreytinga og viðbrögðum við slíkum áhrifum. Jafnframt, að enn vanti töluvert af rannsóknum sem beini sjónum að reynslu, hegðun og óskum gerenda í jöklaferðamennsku, bæði almennt en sérstaklega þó í tengslum við loftslagsbreytingar. Niðurstöður sýna enn fremur að loftslagsbreytingar hafa þegar haft töluverð áhrif á jöklasvæðin við sunnanverðan Vatnajökul og að ferðaþjónustuaðilar hafa brugðist við þessum afleiðingum í formi "bíða-og-sjá-til" afstöðu, ásamt samsvarandi afturvirkum aðgerðum. Á hinn bóginn sýna niðurstöðurnar einnig að ferðafólk sem heimsækir jökulsvæðin er innbyrðis breytilegt varðandi viðbrögð við framtíðar áhrifum loftslagsbreytinga. Enn fremur að aðlögunarferli gerenda í jöklaferðamennsku mótist af gagnvirku samspili gerendahæfni þeirra, varðandi þætti eins og áhættuskynjun, hugsjónir, hvata, og áhugasvið, við skipulagningu ferðaþjónustunnar og innviði á einstökum áfangastöðum, svo sem varðandi þau áhrif sem ferðamennskan hefur, viðhorf til hagþróunar og hvort til staðar séu skilvirkar stofnanir sem sinna loftlagsmálum. Síðast en ekki síst, leggja niðurstöður rannsóknanna áherslu á mikilvægi þróunar og beitingu þátttökusviðsmynda til að samtvinna viðhorf hagsmunaaðila í héraði og vísindamanna í skipulagsferli. Slíkar þátttökusviðsmyndir eru mikilvægt verkfæri til að styðja við skipulega aðlögun áfangastaða jöklaferðamennsku að breyttum umhverfisaðstæðum vegna loftlagsbreytinga, í gegnum gagnkvæma miðlun þekkingar, íhugunar um langtíma breytingar og þá óvissu sem þeim fylgir, og skoðunar á mögulegum framvirkum aðlögunaraðgerðum til að mæta slíkum breytingum Loftslagsbreytingar eru aðeins einn þeirra drifkrafta sem stýra þróun jöklaferðamennsku. Ekki er hægt að horfa á áhrif loftslagsbreytinga sem einangraða þætti; heldur verður að horfa heildrænt á alla áhrifaþætti til að skilja betur hin flóknu og gagnvirku tengsl á milli hinna samfélagslegu, hagrænu og umhverfislegu sviða. Með því að setja aðlögun að loftslagsbreytingum í forgrunn í núverandi áfangsstaðaáætlunum og stýringaraðgerðum, eða með því að samþætta aðlögun að loftslagsbreytingum við ákveðin vísindasvið eins og áhætturannsóknir eða sjálfbærnirannsóknir, væri hægt að leiða fram mun betri nálgun en með því að horfa á aðlögun að loftslagsbreytingum sem einangrað fyrirbæri. ; University of Iceland Eimskip Fund, Icelandic Tourism Research Centre, Hornafjörður Research center, the Friends of Vatnajökull, Nature Conservation Fund of Pálmi Jónsson, Kvískerjasjóður research fund and European Union Interreg Northern Periphery and Arctic Programme

Cities face significant impacts from climate change, both now and into the future. These impacts have potentially serious consequences for human health, livelihoods, and assets, especially for the urban poor, informal settlements, and other vulnerable groups. Climate change impacts range from an increase in extreme weather events and flooding to hotter temperatures and public health concerns. Cities in low elevation coastal zones, for instance, face the combined threat of sea-level rise and storm surges. The specific impacts on each city will depend on the actual changes in climate experienced (for example, higher temperatures or increased rainfall), which will vary from place to place. Climate change will increase the frequency at which some natural hazards occur, especially extreme weather events, and introduce new incremental impacts that are less immediate. However, few climate impacts will be truly unfamiliar to cities. Cities have always lived with natural hazards, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, and flooding. In some situations, cities will experience an increase in the frequency of existing climate-related hazards, such as flooding. Climate change considerations can be integrated with disaster risk reduction (DRR) in cities. DRR efforts already familiar to many may be used as a platform from which to develop climate change adaptation plans. In practical terms, disaster risk reduction and climate adaptation can be integrated in many instances, although cities should also consider incremental or gradual changes in climate that affect government operations or community life in less immediate and visible ways than conventional disasters. Approaches to collecting information on climate change impacts in a city can range from highly technical and resource-intensive, to simple and inexpensive. Technically complex assessments are likely to require collaboration with external experts, if a city is not large or well-resourced with sufficient in-house capacity.

Introduction: The State of Climate Change Adaptation in Southeast Asia -- Climate Change Adaptation in Brunei Darussalam -- Climate Change Adaptation in Cambodia -- Climate Change Adaptation in Indonesia -- Climate Change Adaptation in Lao PDR -- Climate Change Adaptation in Malaysia -- Climate Change Adaptation in Myanmar -- Climate Change Adaptation in The Philippines -- Climate Change Adaptation in Singapore -- Climate Change Adaptation in Thailand -- Climate Change Adaptation in Vietnam -- Conclusion: Bridging Science and Policy in ASEAN: The Way Forward.