Suchergebnisse

Die Geodatendienste des IÖR-Monitors stellten bundesweit Indikatoren zur Flächennutzungsstruktur sowie der verkehrsbezogenen Infrastruktur bereit. Diese Daten können unter anderem für die Infrastrukturplanung genutzt werden. Ziel dieses Beitrages ist es, die räumliche Variabilität der aktuellen Ladestationspunkte (Electric Vehicle Charging Points: ECP) als Teil der zukünftigen Elektromobilitätsinfrastruktur bundesweit zu analysieren. Die explorative Analyse wird auf Kreisebene mithilfe eines hybriden Datensatzes, d. h. einer Kombination von offenen, amtlichen und nutzergenerierten (VGI) Datenquellen durchgeführt. Sie umfasst die Analyse der Datenqualität, die Extraktion räumlicher Muster sowie die Erstellung deskriptiver Statistiken. Die höchste Konzentration von ECP gibt es erwartungsgemäß in den Großstädten, davon am meisten in den großen Ballungsräumen. Die bivariate Korrelationsanalye zeigt, dass der Anteil Verkehrsfläche an Gebietsfläche eine robuste Prädiktorvariable des IÖR-Monitors ist. Zur Erstellung deskriptiver Statistiken, zur Extraktion räumlicher Muster und deren Darstellung in Karten und Grafiken wurden ausschließlich offene und frei verfügbare analytische Softwarewerkzeuge eingesetzt. ; Contribution to Book series: Flächennutzungsmonitoring X. IOER Band 76 Flächenpolitik – Flächenmanagement – Indikatoren Note: Open access after passing embargo period 3 months

AbstractAccording to the WHO, all clients should have access to a range of contraceptive methods, including at least one short‐term, one long‐term, one permanent, and one emergency method of contraception. While there are data on the contraceptive method mix available for many low‐ and middle‐income countries, there are limited data on emergency contraception (EC). This is likely due to some surveys not routinely collecting this information, how survey questions are asked, dual method use, and/or low levels of reported use of EC pill (ECP). Even with low reported use in surveys, contraceptive social marketing statistics from DKT International. show a trend in recent years of increasing product sales of ECPs. To understand a more complete scope of ECP use, we use Pakistan as a case study and analyze Pakistan's Demographic Health Survey (DHS) surveys and Pakistan's Contraceptives Logistics Management Systems. Based on commodities dispensed data for ECPs in 2021, about 0.4 percent of all married women in Pakistan use ECPs. While there is currently a small proportion of women, it is growing and the use of ECPs is not zero as indicated by the DHS. Therefore, where available, countries should review their health management information systems data alongside survey data for ECP use.

AbstractIndividuals high in attachment anxiety often experience persistent negative self-perceptions and heightened sensitivity toward perceived relationship threats. These characteristics may extend into past romantic relationships. This study examined whether individual differences in attachment style predict self-evaluations and relationship social comparison frequency. Two hundred and fifty-nine individuals rated themselves, their partner, and their current partner's ex-partner (CPE) or their ex-partner's current partner (ECP) on several dimensions. Individuals high in attachment anxiety experienced more relationship uncertainty but were not less satisfied than individuals low in attachment anxiety. They also made more comparisons in general and to relationships involving an ex-partner, and viewed themselves less positively than they viewed their CPE/ECP. Findings are discussed with respect to the influence that past relationships might hold over anxiously attached individuals' current relationships.

Cet article a pour but essentiel d'analyser les modes de transmission des perturbations externes dans les économies protégées et isolées par le monopole du commerce extérieur, telles les économies centralement planifiées (ECP). L'une de ces perturbations externes a été le changement des prix relatifs sur les marchés mondiaux qui a altéré la structure des avantages comparés pour tous les pays engagés dans le commerce international. L'auteur décrit le mécanisme qui permet aux ECP d'absorber les chocs extérieurs ainsi que les signaux qui s'allument au niveau micro-économique pour engager à des changements structurels. Les canaux de transmission existent : les autorités centrales les médiatisent sous forme d'instruments de leur politique; à moins qu'ils ne prennent la forme de liens financiers entre les secteurs interne et extérieur.

Changing social work from a profession with innovators to a profession that innovates will likely require an innovation movement. This article draws on lessons from a prior movement in social work to suggest implications for a future innovation movement. Empirical clinical practice (ECP), a movement in social work in the 1970–1990s, sought to transform social work into a profession that was thoroughly grounded in the empirical investigation. The success of ECP was stifled by four factors around investment from key stakeholders, developing useable and effective technologies, propagating the movement, and addressing workplace barriers. This article argues that an innovation movement will require early investment from many sectors and levels of the profession, effective arrangements for generating new options for addressing social problems, effective methods for diffusing and implementing the movement, and frank appraisal of organizational contexts that can stymie innovation.

Emergency contraception (EC) has been around for decades, but the first serious introduction and scale-up efforts started in the mid 1990's. This paper reviews programmatic experiences that sought to expand access to emergency contraceptive pills (ECP) in Africa, Asia and Latin America over the last decade. This multiregional review identifies the individual phases of the introductory processes as well as facilitators and barriers to successful scale-up of ECP service provision. Characteristics of successful projects included conduction of multi-sector diagnostic assessments; careful consideration of legal and policy issues; collaborative advocacy and technical assistance for inclusion in public family planning programs by national and international institutions; as well as attention to programmatic areas such as capacity-building, supply-chain and awareness-raising. Lessons learned from varied developing country experiences are discussed as is the need for increased attention to evaluating and disseminating project results.

This paper analyses the implications of collegiality in the European Commission for policy outcomes in European Competition Policy (ECP). The structure of the Commission creates a dilemma, since the antitrust regulator (DG COMP) can either submit its decisions to a vote in the College, or engage in costly strategizing to circumvent it. Relying on the College maintains organizational unity but also risks producing decisions unfavourable to DG COMP and the non-recovery of sunk costs. Forging external alliances, on the other hand, secures policy positions but may also lead to generalized crisis. In this game of strategy I identify the distance between DG policy preferences, the ability of DG COMP to rely on national competition authorities, and the costs of forging external alliances as the main variables affecting equilibrium strategies, and thus equilibrium policy outcomes. Additional empirical work, on ECP and other common policies, should follow.

English is one of the top ten international languages spoken by people globally and it has continued to play a dominant role in various fields and sectors. Despite the importance of English, it has been a subject of political and social debate in the South Africa space. Nevertheless, irrespective of arguments for and against it, English remains an indispensable language to learn and understand for any globally oriented people, institution, and country. Attitude towards a foreign language learning are part of factors that influence success or otherwise in such a language learning process. Thus, this study aims to investigate the attitude of ECP students towards English and English language learning. The study further explores the differences in the attitudes of ECP students by gender. The participants of the study were a sample of 98 students who were selected through a simple random sampling of students from two different academic years of the ECP in the Faculty of Management and Commerce. Descriptive and inferential analytical techniques were applied on information obtained through a closed-ended questionnaire. The study found that respondents have a positive attitude towards English and English Learning. Therefore, this study concludes that social and political debates on language policies in higher institutions of learning should not be done outside the perception and realities of direct receivers of socio-political debate outcomes. Furthermore, strategies to enhance the English language skills of the students in the midst of the eleven recognized national languages that cannot be absolutely accommodated in the South African higher institutions of learning should be continually developed.

Past efforts aimed at promoting a better integration between research and practice are reviewed. These include the empirical clinical practice movement (ECP), originating within social work; the empirically supported treatment (EST) initiative of clinical psychology; and the evidence-based practice (EBP) model developed within medicine. The presence of ECP and EST has diminished within the disciplinary literatures, largely replaced by the thriving EBP approach. One serious problem is that EBP is erroneously conflated with the less sophisticated EST model. Apart from embracing EBP, a number of other suggestions are provided to enhance the role of contemporary research in practice decisions. These include strengthening the professional ethical codes relating to clients' rights to effective treatments, insurance policies which preferentially reimburse effective interventions, and ways to encourage practitioners to undertake research themselves or in collaboration with academics. The article concludes by highlighting the significant practice research careers of four exemplary social workers, Gail Steketee, Myrna Weissman, Stephen Wong, and Gerard Hogarty.

Drylands are natural spaces with landscapes marked by water scarcity. In the current global context of climate change, these regions tend to increase in the occurrence and magnitude of phenomena such as dry and drough. The municipalities of the Brazilian semiarid have higher recurrence of these phenomena. The Brazilian State has acted through actions and public policies that help these municipalities and their populations to face and live with these phenomena and their effects. Among these, Operação Pipa (OP) stands out, which provides access to drinking water. The objective of this study was to perform a spatial and comparative analysis between the Decrees of Emergency Situation (SE) / State of Public Disaster (ECP) and the actuation of the OP in Paraíba in the years 2012-2016. The methodology used was the Spatial Analysis and Cartographic that used the OP information, coming from the Military Command of the Northeast and SE decrees / ECP by dry and drought available in S2iD by Ministry of Regional Development. The results indicate the extent and impacts of the last drought, which more than 90% of the municipalities in the state had their SEs recognized, in relation to the OP, this was present in more than 70% of the municipalities in Paraíba. ; Las tierras secas son espacios naturales con paisajes marcados por la escasez de agua. En el contexto global actual del cambio climático, estas regiones tienden a aumentar la ocurrencia y la magnitud de fenómenos como la sequía. Los municipios del semiárido brasileño tienen una mayor recurrencia de este fenómeno. El Estado brasileño ha actuado a través de acciones y políticas públicas que ayudan a estos municipios y sus poblaciones a enfrentar y vivir este fenómeno y sus efectos. Entre estos, se destaca la Operação Pipa (OP), que permite el acceso al agua potable. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar un análisis espacial y comparativo entre los decretos de Situación de Emergencia (SE) / Estado de calamidad pública (ECP) y la acción de la OP en Paraíba en los años 2012-2016. La metodología utilizada fue el Análisis espacial y cartográfico que utilizó la información de la OP, del Comando Militar del Nordeste, y los decretos SE/ECP debido a la sequía, disponibles en el S2iD del Ministerio de Desarrollo Regional. Los resultados indican el alcance y los impactos de la última gran sequía, que más del 90% de los municipios del estado reconocieron sus SE, en relación com a la OP, esta estaba presente en más del 70% de los municipios de Paraíba. ; As terras secas são espaços naturais com paisagens marcadas pela escassez hídrica. O atual contexto mundial de mudanças climáticas, essas regiões apresentam tendência ao aumento na ocorrência e magnitude de fenômenos como a estiagem e seca. Os municípios do Semiárido brasileiro possuem maior recorrência destes fenômenos. O Estado brasileiro tem atuado através de ações e políticas públicas que auxiliam esses municípios e suas populações no enfrentamento e convivência a esses fenômenos e seus efeitos. Entre essas, destaca-se a Operação Pipa (OP), que possibilita o acesso à água potável. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma análise espacial e comparativa entre os decretos de Situação de Emergência (SE)/Estado de Calamidade Pública (ECP) e a atuação da OP na Paraíba nos anos de 2012-2016. A metodologia empregada foi a Análise Espacial e Cartográfica que utilizou as informações da OP, oriundas do Comando Militar do Nordeste, e os decretos de SE/ECP por estiagem/seca, disponíveis no S2iD do Ministério do Desenvolvimento Regional. Os resultados indicam a extensão e os impactos da última grande seca, o qual mais de 90% dos municípios do estado tiveram as SE reconhecidas, já em relação à OP, esta esteve presente em mais de 70% dos municípios da Paraíba.

1. Einleitung -- 1.1 Was ist generative Grammatik? -- 1.2 Theoretische Zugänge zur Sprache -- 1.3 Argumente für das Sprachvermögen -- 1.4 Grammatik und Sprache -- 1.5 Beschreibung und Erklärung -- 2. Universale Grammatik -- 2.1 Universalgrammatik versus deskriptive Grammatik -- 2.2 UG und Spracherwerb: Ein Gedankenexperiment -- 2.3 Kern und Peripherie -- +2.4 Beschränkungen -- 2.5 Strategien zur Erforschung der UG -- 3. Architektur der Grammatik -- 3.1 Das Gesamtmodell -- 3.2 Die drei syntaktischen Ebenen -- 3.3 Verbindungen zwischen den syntaktischen Ebenen -- 3.4 Die Transformationstypologie -- +3.5 Analyse eines Satzes -- 4. Phrasenstruktur -- 4.1 Die Suche nach Prinzipien -- 4.2 Kriterien für Konstituenz -- 4.3 Der Kopf -- 4.4 Komplexitätsebenen: X?-Theorie -- 4.5 Weitere Beschränkungen: Spezifikatoren, Adjunkte, Objekte, Peripherität des Kopfes -- 4.6 Ein verallgemeinertes X?-Schema -- 4.7 Syntaktische Merkmale -- 4.8 Kongruenz -- 5. Kasus und Rektion -- 5.1 Begriffliches -- 5.2 Kasusregeln des Englischen -- +5.3 Kasuszuweisung versus Kasusüberprüfung -- 5.4 Kasustheorie und NP-Bewegung -- 5.5 Accusativus cum Infinitivo (A.c.I.) -- +5.6 Expletives it, S?-Tilgung und Projektionsprinzip, Burzios Generalisierung -- +5.7 of-Einsetzung -- +5.8 Verben mit for-Komplementierer -- ++5.9 Verben mit zwei Objekten -- 5.10 Kasusvererbung bei Wh-Bewegung -- 6. Bindungstheorie -- 6.1 Intuitiv zulässige Bindung -- 6.2 Das ABC der Bindungstheorie -- 6.3 Zugängliche SUBJEKTE -- 6.4 Leere Kategorien -- +6.5 Regierende Kategorien -- +6.6 Bindungsvererbung bei 'Bewege-?' -- +6.7 Weitere Problemfälle -- 7. Theta-Theorie -- 7.1 Intuitive Vorüberlegungen -- 7.2 Ketten -- 7.3 Theta-Rollen und Kasuszuweisung an Ketten -- 7.4 Das Theta-Kriterium -- 7.5 Theta-Kriterium und Kasustheorie -- +7.6 Das Theta-Kriterium im Verhältnis zu anderen Prinzipien -- +7.7 Das Theta-Kriterium auf weiteren Strukturebenen -- 8. ECP und Pro-Drop -- 8.1 Das ECP -- 8.2 K-Herrschaft und Rektion -- 8.3 Der Pro-drop Parameter -- 8.4 Kasusvererbung bei Inversion -- 9. Kontrolltheorie -- 9.1 PRO und Anaphern -- 9.2 Lexikalische Kontrolle -- 9.3 Zur Reichweite der Kontrollbeziehung -- 9.4 Eine strukturelle Kontrolltheorie? -- 10. Pfadbedingungen -- 10.1 Überkreuzungs-Effekte -- 10.2 ECP-Effekte -- 10.3 Die Subjektbedingung -- 10.4 Schmarotzerlücken -- 10.5 Mehrfachfragen -- 11. Die Satzkategorie(n) -- 11.1 Wh-Bewegung und Skopus -- 11.2 Grenzknoten -- 11.3 Zur Struktur von COMP -- 11.4 Domänen und Domänenerweiterungen -- 11.5 Die Positionen SpecC und C -- 11.6 Der Doppel-COMP-Filter -- 11.7 Uniformitäts- und Differenzthese -- 11.8 Anhang: Zur sogenannten komplementären Verteilung von Komplementierer und Finitum -- 12. Reanalyse -- 12.1 Kriterien für Satzwertigkeit und Kohärenz -- 12.2 Evers' Regel -- 12.3 Von der Verbanhebung zur Reanalyse -- 12.4 Projektionsprinzip und Kohärenz -- 12.5 Statusrektion und Repräsentationsebenen -- 12.6 Scrambling -- Abkürzungsverzeichnis -- Literatur.

Corporate governance is regarded as a system by which an organisation is directed and controlled and it is concerned with structures and responsibilities within organisations. Public entities' corporate governance is a concept that is gaining more interest, both in specialized literature and in practice. Corporate governance practices are not standard across countries and this dissimilarity is a result of diverse legal structures and cultural settings adopted by different states and provinces. The Eastern Cape Public Entities (ECPEs) have an important role to play in pursuing the economic, social and developmental state agenda. The EC province has ten (10) public entities with mandates and enabling legislations to enhance the provincial economic development, growth and sustainability issues. Of the ten (10) public entities, one entity was used for pilot study. Furthermore, one public entity decided to withdraw from the study, as it was voluntary to participate and that resulted in eight public entities participating. In terms of the questionnaire returns, forty-four (44) responses were received from eight (8) public entities. The main objective of this study was to investigate selected factors impacting on effective corporate governance of ECPEs. In this study, positivistic research paradigm was utilised by means of quantitative research method. Non-probability sampling was used. Primary data was collected using the survey method by means of structured self-administered questionnaires. The empirical results showed that ethical value, organisational culture and policy regulatory framework had a statistically significant impact on corporate governance of ECPEs; while employee morale, leadership, and role clarification were found not to have a statistically significant impact on corporate governance. The findings of this study are envisaged to assist in ensuring effective governance of public entities in order to encourage accountability, public confidence or trust in the corporate system and to drive public policy. Furthermore, the findings can help public entities to achieve what is expected, in terms of work performance objectives or productivity in accordance with the norms and standards. ; Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, 2021

AbstractGlobally, there is a need for more family planning method options as currently, available options do not adequately meet the needs of women, specifically those who have infrequent sex. Levonorgestrel (LNG) 1.5 mg is widely available as emergency contraception pills (ECP), and recent research has shown that certain women take it as their main form of contraception. Furthermore, limited studies have found repeat, on‐demand use safe and efficacious.This 12‐month prospective, single‐arm, interventional study in Ghana tested whether a single LNG 1.5 mg on‐demand or pericoital ("around the time of sex") dose contraceptive was acceptable to women who have infrequent sex and if pharmacy provision was feasible. The study sample (1,890) comprised women of reproductive age recruited from urban areas, having infrequent sex (i.e., coital frequency ≤ 6× per month), and not using any other modern methods except condoms or ECP at the time of study inclusion.Results indicated that there is demand and acceptability for a pericoital pill and that pharmacy provision is feasible. Furthermore, precoital use of the pill had high levels of satisfaction and was popular with new users. Adding LNG 1.5 mg for pericoital use to the family planning method mix has the potential to address an important segment of the population currently underserved, decrease unwanted pregnancies, and increase modern contraceptive prevalence rates.